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Chapter: structure of atom

Type ncert

Materials Chapter 1.pdf

atom = a-tomio means uncutable

dalton atomic theory

(1) Elements consist of indivisible small particles (atoms).
(2) All atoms of the same element are identical; different elements have
different types of atom.
(3) Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
(4) ‘Compound elements’ (i.e. compounds) are formed when atoms of different
elements join in simple ratios to form ‘compound atoms’ (i.e. molecules).

explains law of conservation of mass,law of constant composition and law of

multiple proportion.

discovery of sub particles (electron,proton,and neutrons)

cathode ray discharge tube

high voltage low pressure

scintillation of zinc sulphide

cathode to anode (electrons)

electron are basic constituent of all the atoms

Chapter: structure of atom 1

 charge to mass ratio of electron
jj thomson

applied magentic field and electrical field

delfection

e/me=1.75X 1011 C/kg

charge on electron

Chapter: structure of atom 2

 R.A. Millikan

oil drop experiment

charge on electron=−1.6X 10−19 C 

mass of electron= 9.10 X 10−31 kg

discovery of proton
canal ray (perforated cathode ray)

anode to cathode

depends on gas used

discovery of neutron
chadwick (1932)

bombard thin sheet of beryllium by alpha paricles

thomson atomic model

jj thomson 1898

watermelon with red area =positive and sphere seeds= electorn

features: -

mass of the atom is unifromly distributed over the atom

able to explain overall neutrality of the atom

failed in last (think by yourself)

radio activity
elements which emit radiation on their own called radio active elements

Chapter: structure of atom 3

 phenomenon is called radioctivity

1. alpha rays - 2 proton 2 neutron inshort nuclie of helium gas

2. beta rays - negative charge particles similar to electrons

3. gamna rays - neutral in nature do not consists of particles its like x rays

4. alpha<beta<gamna

rutherford nuclear model of atom

its the experiment which lead him to a new model of atom

very very less diffraction than expected

most of the space is empty in a atom

volume occupied by the nucleus is negligible compared to the total volume of

the atom

Chapter: structure of atom 4

 radius of the atom - 10−10 m

radius of nucleus -10−15 m

formula for radius of every neucleus-

R=Ro ∗ (A)1/3  where, Ro=1.33 X 10−15 m

model -

drawbacks
electrons moves in an orbit like planets around suns but have acceleration

according to electromagnetic theory of maxwell charged particle when

accelerated should emit e.m radiation

hence radiation go out so as energy with it means orbit radius should reduce
by time and in last electron should drop in nucleus and got destroyed

which do not happens and hence it do not explain stability of an atom

distance of closest approach=4K Z e2 /mv

 2
 where K is const,Ze is atomic
no and mv is mass and velocity of the alpha particle

Chapter: structure of atom 5

 atomic number and mass number
atomic number (z)=no of proton=no of electron (neutral atom)

mass nubmer(a) = no of proton + no of neutron

ISO(s)

1. Isotopes - same atomic no different mass no

eg- protium deutrium and tritium (hydrogens’ isotopes

2. isobar - different atomic no same mass no

eg - carbon-14 nitrogen-14

3. isodiaphers - same neutron - proton value

eg- boron and carbon

4. same no of neutrons

eg - k and c , n=20

** note: chemical properties of atoms controlled by the number of electrons **

** hence isotopes shows almost same chemical behaviour**

Chapter: structure of atom 6

 wave nature of electromagnetic radiation
absorption and emission of radiation by heated objects are called thermal
radiation

it is made of em waves

james maxwell

when electrically charged particle moved under acceleration alternating

electrical and magnetic field are produced

which are transmitted in the for mof em waves/radiation

light is a form of radiation

em waves differs from one other by wavelength or frequeny

and called em spectrum

Chapter: structure of atom 7

 it goes like “gaadi xuv in my range”

gaadi-gamma

x-xrays

uv-ultravoilet rays

in-infrared

my-microwave

range-radio

and between uv and infrared rays visible rays are present a small protion
around 1015 Hz 

frequency = no of waves passing through a point in 1 sec

wavelength distance b/w two crust or trough

Chapter: structure of atom 8

 all em waves travels with same speed

3X 10 m/s
8


known as speed of light

c=λν

wavenumber=1/λ

planck’s quantum theory

assumed that radiation sub divided into discrete chunks of energy

atoms and molecules emit or absorb energy only in discrete quantities not in
continous manner

called quantum in case of light its called photon

the enrgy related to it ‘E’ is directly proportional to to its frequency

so, E=hv

where h= planck’s const (6.6 X 10−34 Js)

photoelectric effect

Chapter: structure of atom 9

 electron is ejected when a beam of light hit a metal surface

electron got ejected with no time lag

number of electron ejected is directly proportional to the intensity or

brightness of light

each metal have threshold frequency( ie minimum frequency for electron

ejection

if the frequency of light is more than threshold frequency the electron will
eject with kinetic energy

2
hv = hvo + 1/2mv
​

line spectrum of hydrogen

spectrum is a band just like vibgyor

consists of different series

name of the seires are of their founder

series ground shell excited shell spectral region

Lyman 1 any UV

Balmer 2 any visible

Paschen 3 any infrared

Brackett 4 any infrared

Pfund 5 any infrared

wavenumber for any series of hydrogen spectrum -

2 2 −1
wavenumber = Ro (1/n − 1/n )cm
1 2
​ ​ ​

where Ro = 109,677 cm−1 

​

Chapter: structure of atom 10

Chapter: structure of atom 11