Factors that

affecting
Weather
Objective:
- Trace the path of typhoons that
enter the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR) using a
map and tracking data
Weather
● is the condition of the variables in the
atmosphere at any given location for a short
period of time. Most of the weather changes
occur in the troposphere, the lowest part of
the atmosphere immediately above Earth’s
surface.
● The weather can be affected by several
factors—temperature, atmospheric pressure,
wind, humidity, clouds, and precipitation.
 WEATHER AND CLIMATE

The weather is the short-term or

temporary condition of the
atmosphere observed over a short
period of time.

The climate is the usual condition of

the atmosphere in a place or region.
Factors that affecting
Weather
1. Temperature
is the measurement of hotness or coldness of
a particular area. It is commonly measured
by using a thermometer and is reported in
two common ways—Celsius (°C) and
Fahrenheit (°F). The coldest temperature on
Earth is recorded in the places near the
North and South poles, while the warmest
temperature is recorded in places near or
along the equator.
An area’s temperature is relative.
For instance, a weather with a
recorded 37°C temperature can
be considered cool if it has been
40°C during the past consecutive
days; or it can be considered as a
warm weather if the past week has
been rainy.
2. Atmospheric pressure
is defined as the overhead weight of
atmosphere. When there is a sudden shift
in the atmospheric pressure, the weather
can be directly affected. A high pressure
system usually brings clear skies while a low
pressure system can indicate an incoming
typhoon.
The altitude also affects
atmospheric pressure: the higher
the altitude, the lower the
atmospheric pressure and vice
versa. This can be observed in
high places like mountains. For
example, Mt. Kilimanjaro in
Africa is known for the ice caps
on its mountain top. However,
the atmosphere at the foot of
the mountain is warm and can
be considered as tropical.
 The altitude also affects atmospheric
pressure: the higher the altitude, the lower the
atmospheric pressure and vice versa. This can
be observed in high places like mountains. For
example, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa is known for
the ice caps on its mountain top. However,
the atmosphere at the foot of the mountain is
warm and can be considered as tropical.
3. Wind
The movement of air is referred to as winds. Winds
are formed, according to the temperature
differences of Earth’s surface. When the winds are
colder, they blow from high pressure areas; but
when the winds are warmer, they blow from low
pressure areas. However, the pressure gradient
causes air to move from a region of high pressure to
a region of low pressure.
4. Humidity
When you feel warm and somewhat dry even on a
clear and cloudy day, you may say that the
weather is humid. Humidity is the amount of water
vapor in the atmosphere. It is expressed in relative
humidity, or the percentage of the maximum
amount of water that air can hold at a given
temperature. A 100% relative humidity means that
the air is saturated and cannot hold any more
water vapor. The excess water vapor will be come
precipitation which causes rain to pour.
The most humid places on
Earth can be found in countries
along the equator. Places such
as Manila, Jakarta, Kuala
Lumpur, and Singapore are
known to be humid for almost
all year-round because of the
warm air saturated with water
from the bodies of water that
surround them.
5. Clouds
Clouds are condensed water vapor floating in
Earth’s atmosphere. They are formed when the
drops of water in the air turn into water vapor. At
high altitudes, the vapor is cooler. The cooler air
then causes the water vapor to stick to particles of
dust, ice, and sea salt.
The clouds affect the weather condition in such a
way that they reflect heat and keep the ground
warmer at night and serve as shade during the day.
Since clouds are made of water droplets, they can
also cause rainfall. This happens when the water
droplets join together and produce larger water
drops that fall down to Earth because of gravity.
When the air is cooler, the water from the clouds
form snowflakes, which will then become sleet or
hail.
Different forms of clouds are also
factors that affect weather
conditions.

a.Cirrus clouds signify a mild and

calm weather.

b.Nimbostratus clouds can bring

rain or snow.

c.Cumulonimbus clouds cause

thunderstorms, heavy rain
pour,and even tornadoes.
6. Precipitation
All forms of moisture that fall from the air to Earth’s
surface are called precipitation. It is an important
component of the water cycle wherein the
condensed water vapor from the different water
forms returns to Earth and supplies water for plants
and soil.
The amount of precipitation depends on location. For
instance, places called polar deserts receive only a
little amount of precipitation. On the other hand,
areas near the oceans can experience rainfall more
frequently because of precipitation.
DO YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTION OR
CLARIFICATION?
Thank
you!
21
 Weather
Prediction and
Probability
Objective:
- Trace the path of typhoons that
enter the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR) using a
map and tracking data
Accurate weather forecasting is important in
giving people enough time to prepare for harsh
weather conditions. With timely and precise
forecasts, people will be able to move to higher
ground or safer parts of a structure, vacate their
homes or other risky areas, and take other
necessary measures. All of these steps can
potentially save them from injury, loss of
property, and most importantly, death.
Many weather predictions are based on the
probability or chance of occurrences of types of
weather. They can also be based on relationships
between factors affecting the weather.
1. Forecasting Using Weather Maps
For many years, weather data have been gathered at
different locations and sent by electronic means to a
central location where they are plotted to produce
weather maps. These maps provide a synoptic weather
map, which is a summary of factors affecting the weather
for a short period of time.
2. Forecasting Using Mathematical Models
Computer modeling has helped people’s ability to work
out the probabilities of an enormous number of possible
relationships among weather factors. Weather forecasting
has become more accurate in recent years because of
the computer's ability to compare rapidly the present
conditions around the world with data from previous years.
After a quick calculation of the probabilities, forecasts are
produced.
A mathematical model using linear regression
equations is used to predict weather. Weather
parameters, like temperature, humidity, and
amount of rainfall, have been predicted through
the use of correlation values over different
periods.
3. Other Utilities in Weather Prediction
RADAR, which stands for RAdio Detection And Ranging
instrument, reflects radio waves off the aerosols of
precipitation and clouds, giving the forecasters pieces of
information about the intensity and distance of
approaching storms.
PAGASA has lots of Doppler weather radars installed on the
different parts of the country, which enables it to monitor
the movement of a typhoon, amount of rainfall, and
real-time atmospheric forecast. In 2013, PAGASA acquired
its 16th Doppler radar that would ensure that no typhoon
could enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility(PAR)
undetected.
DO YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTION OR
CLARIFICATION?
Chapter Review
Page 145-146