Republic of the Philippines

Division of La Union
BUTUBUT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Butubut Sur, Balaoan, La Union School ID: 300103

CAPSTONE RESEARCH PROJECT

FORMING CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Grade 12 – EINSTEIN
4th Quarter Week 6 - 8

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

analyze the data obtained from the investigation STEM_RP12-IIa-e-9
draw logical conclusions supported by processed data STEM_RP12-IIa-e-10
make recommendations that are relevant to the study STEM_RP12-IIa-e-11
write a complete scientific report/paper STEM_RP12IIf-j -12
defend the science project before a panel STEM_RP12IIf-j -13

SELF-LEARNING MATERIAL
 LESSON 1: FORMING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS
Conclusions is the first section of your Chapter 5. This section as described by Prieto et al.
(2017), is commonly composed of the inclusive summary of findings of the research study. In this
section, you can find facts that were learned from the inquiry. Conclusion serves an important part
in making a research paper as it is the chance of the researcher to leave a lasting impression.

Research conclusion has its important roles and purpose in a research study. These are
commonly elaborated as the following: a) it stresses out the importance of the thesis statement, b)
it gives the written work a sense of completeness, c) it leaves a final impression to the readers and
d) it demonstrates good organization.

When making the conclusion of your paper, you must abide with the following characteristics
(Prieto et al., 2017). These characteristics will guide you to produce a quality research conclusion.
1. Conclusions are inferences, deductions, abstractions, implications, interpretations, general
statements and/or generalizations based upon the finding.
2. Conclusions should appropriately answer the specific questions raised at the beginning of
the investigation in the order that they are given under the statement of the problem.
3. Conclusions should point out what were factually learned from the inquiry
4. Conclusions should be formulated concisely, that is, brief and short, yet they convey all the
necessary information resulting from the investigation.

Below are the strategies that you could follow in making your conclusions:
1. You briefly discuss or reecho your Introduction.
2. Put a final impression on your readers by giving them a hint of the application of your
research towards their daily life.
3. Get more good impressions by concluding the importance of the study towards the society.
4. Leaving a question to the readers which could be an avenue for gaining new perspective.

LESSON 2: MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS

BASED ON CONCLUSIONS
After crafting your research conclusion, the next step for you to take is to write your research
recommendations. Recommendations will be the last part of your Chapter 5. Recommendation is
commonly known as the section where you can give suggestions on the matters relative to your
research that must be improved. When writing you must take the following considerations:
a. Recommendations must be brief. When writing your recommendations, take note to write
it concisely and as brief as possible.
b. Recommendations should be clear. You must state the specific suggestions that you want
to imply in you study.
c. Recommendations must be precise. When giving suggestions, you should avoid vague
recommendations to secure sufficient results.

As recommendations should be crafted briefly, clearly, and precisely, here are some
guidelines by Prieto et al. (2017) that you can use.
1. You must avoid writing broad and generic recommendations. Also, avoid
Recommendation that are directly related to the topic of the research.
2. Remember that recommendations are one step further than the conclusion.
3. You must take into consideration that recommendations must be specified according to
the areas of concern (i.e. academe, policymakers, etc.)
 LESSON 3: WRITING AND PRESENTING CLEAR
REPORTS
After accomplishing all of the contents of your research paper, the next thing that you must
do is to prepare and write a research report. Accordingly, research reports are defined as written
documents that discusses a certain issue or topic. It is a document which holds all the information
about a research study from its introduction down to the recommendations.
In making your report, you must take the following considerations:
1. You must decide on what are the sections that must be included in your report. Take note
to include the findings and discussion of your study. You should also include the
introduction, methodology, conclusion and recommendations of your study.
2. You must write your report clearly and concisely. Main idea should be highlighted and is
supported by statements for elaboration and explanation. Commonly, research reports are
written in past tense form. Words used should be understandable by all of the possible
readers, thus, jargon terms must be avoided.
3. References should be carefully and accurately cited. Citing your references is a must.
Paraphrasing is also needed to avoid plagiarism.
4. Report should be edited by several times. Checking and proof-reading is a must to secure
that all entries and information stated on the report holds credibility and transparency.

When writing a research report, you must take note that it should be in a straightforward
manner. A research report is composed of five (5) integral parts, namely: The Introduction, Review
of Related Literature, Methodology, Results and Discussion and Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendations. The specifications of the parts are explained below:
a. Introduction Your introduction must contain the explanation regarding the reason of the
conduct of the study. It must also have the research framework, statement of the problem
and objectives, significance of the study, and scope and limitations.
b. Review of Related Literature This chapter focuses on presenting relevant information
regarding the topic. Citing the references appropriately is a must in this section.
b. Methodology Information found in a research methodology is commonly the research
design, research respondents, setting, the research methods and the analysis procedure.
c. Results and Discussion This chapter holds the findings of the study and the discussion
for each finding. Results of the study must be written clearly and objectively. There are a
lot of ways that can be used in presenting results, some of which are by the use of tables,
graphs and figures. These data should then be discussed.
e. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations Commonly, the summary of the research
paper gives brief information about the research problems, methodology and findings.
The conclusion, on the other hand, gives provides direct answers to the research
problems. Recommendations prioritizes the suggestions that can lead to the
improvement of the study.

ACTIVITY 1
Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each number.

_____1. This is a section in the research paper that focuses on providing a comprehensive
summary of the findings and points out what were learned from the study.
A. Summary B. Conclusion C. Recommendations D. References
_____2. What section in a research paper gives the researcher the chance to give suggestions to
matters for the improvement of the research study?
A. Summary B. Conclusion C. Recommendations D. References
_____3. Which of the following is not a purpose of the research conclusion?
A. It stresses out the importance of the thesis statement.
B. It gives the written work a sense of completeness.
C. It does not leave a final impression to the readers.
D. It demonstrates good organization.
_____4. Which of the following characteristics of recommendations states that it should not be
ambiguous and must be specific?
A. Recommendations must be brief C. Recommendations must be precise
B. Recommendations should be clear D. None of the above
_____5. This is defined as written documents that discusses a certain issue or topic.
A. Research study C. Research report
B. Research source D. Research draft
_____6. What content of the research report that focuses on explaining the reason of the conduct
of the study?
A. Introduction C. Methodology
B. Review of Related Literature D. Results and Discussion
_____7. A part of the research report that holds the findings of the study and the discussion of
each findings.
A. Introduction C. Methodology
B. Review of Related Literature D. Results and Discussion
____8. Which among the parts of your research report focuses on presenting relevant information
regarding the research topic?
A. Introduction C. Conclusion
B. Review of Related Literature D. Recommendations
____9. From the given choices below, which consideration in making research reports focuses on
securing the correct in-text citation?
A. Researcher must decide on what are the sections that must be included in your report.
B. Researcher must write your report clearly and concisely.
C. References should be carefully and accurately cited.
D. Report should be edited by several times.
____10. Which of the following considerations in making research reports discusses the
importance of proof-reading?
A. Researcher must decide on what are the sections that must be included in your report
B. Researcher must write your report clearly and concisely.
C. References should be carefully and accurately cited.
D. Report should be edited by several times.
 LESSON 4: SHARING YOUR RESEARCH
What are the Parts of the Research Paper?
Chapter 1. The Problem and It’s Background
Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3. Method and Procedures
Chapter 4. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Chapter 5. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

Chapter 1 The Problem and It’s Background

• Scope and Limitations of the Study-shows the scope of the study and all the limitations which the
research does not cover.
• Definition of Terms- defines technical terms based on how they are use in the study, specifically
in the title. This will give the readers the terms used in the research
Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature • It is designed to locate the problem within a research
tradition
• This provides an overview on how the researcher perceives the issues.
• In this part of the research you can skillfully paraphrase, summarize or write indirect speeches.
 Step 1- Organize the idea on how you present in the chapter
 Step 2- Acknowledge the author of the source material where you gather your literature.
 Step 3-Edit. Rewrite
Chapter 3 Method and Procedures
• This is the part where appropriate methods used is being presented
• This includes the subjects of the study or your respondents:
• Its is the part of your research where you describe the instrument you used for example the
questionnaire • In this part you narrate the process you perform in the study which leads to the
findings.
• If you used statistical treatment liken sampling method and formulas include it in the writings.
Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
• This chapter talks about the result of your study. Here you are going to present the data gathered
using the questionnaire you used by tabulating all the gathered data.
• It is here where you present your interpretation of data as basis of your Summary of Findings.
Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
• This is where you summarizes your interpretation of data in Chapter 4. Your summary should
answer your statement of the problem.
• Your conclusion should be based on your findings. This part provides the answer in for the stated
problem. This is where you will prove your hypotheses.
• Recommendations-should be directly based on the significance of the study. This also includes
the recommended actions that should be done after the conduct of the study such as further the
conduct of the study such as further , etc. assessment of the subject, focus on other factors

Others
Title Page- consists of the research title, names of the researchers and name of the English
teacher Acknowledgement- a personal page where the researchers are given the privilege to
extend gratitude to all people who helped in accomplishing the research
Table of Contents- contains the accurate paging of each part of the research paper
List of Tables/Figures- contains the accurate paging of the tables/figures used in the study
Bibliography/Reference-where you will use your sourced cards. Present the sources using APA
or MLA format
Appendix (e.g., survey questionnaire, interview questions)- attachments
 LESSON 4: RESEARCH PRESENTATION
GUIDELINES
Brief Presentation: This is the visual version of your paper. Your presentationshould include: a
short introduction, your hypotheses, a brief description of the methods, tables and/or graphs related
to your findings, and an interpretation of your data.

The presentations should not be more than 10 minutes long.It is not much time though.
Consider planning about 1 minute per slide. The trick to giving a better presentations is simplifying
your information down into bulleted, diagrams, tables and graphs. Do not rush while presenting.

Title slide (1 slide). Its will contain the title of your paper. If the research is in group list the name
of all the members, your class and section, school and the date of presentation.

Introduction (typically 3-4 slides). Explain why your work is interesting. This part tells the context
of the study. Using pictures is a plus factor to attract audience excitement and attention about the
issue and questions you areaddressing. Clearly state your hypotheses.

Materials and Methods (typically 2-3 slides). This is a clear summary of design. Show a picture
of your respondents and justify why they are appropriate for addressing the questions mentioned
above. Show a picture of the venue/ laboratory set-up or some person doing some work or activity
related to your study. You can show a diorama of your experimental design (sample sizes, sampling
frequency). Mention what parameters you measured but do not go into detail on exact procedures
used. State what statistical tests you used to analyse data.

Results (typically 2-4 slides). You may show a photograph which shows an interesting qualitative
results and state the results. Graphical presentation of results remindsthe audience of your
hypothesis. A simple and clean graphs with complete label is more reliable.. Do not use light colors
in your figures, they do not show up well when projected.

Implications and Conclusions (typically 2-3 slides). Interpret your results correctly. Address
sources of errors and methodological difficulties constructively. Results should be placed in context
and draw implications from them.

Acknowledgement (1 slide). Thank everyone who provided advice or assistance. Verbally thank
your audience for their attention and tell them you would be happy to answer any questions.

Use the following steps when preparing for the oral defense of your Research Paper.
1. Your evaluation is based on your presentation.
2. Prepare for your presentation mentally and physically. If possible sleep early the night before your
presentation.
3. You don’t need to memorize everything but you should know the key points.
4. Familiarize your power point presentation and all the parts of your research including all the
details. 5. Make eye contact with more than one member of the panel of assessors during the course
of your presentation.
6. You may bring mode of verifications for easy reference of your research.
7. Keep the cool. Don’t speak too fast and don’t read your notes. Just glance once in a while.
8. Use simple terminologies. It should be concise to be understood even if the audience is not in the
academe.
9. You may prepare hand-outs or brochure.
10. Space your presentation. Do not focused in one slide only.
11. When the panelist occasionally interact during your presentation, take note of the suggestions.
12. Do not answer in a hurry. Pause and think to organize your thoughts. If you are not clear about
the question, you are entitled to clarify.
13. Put up a good defense without being defensive. Be confident.
14. After the oral defense, meet with your advisor for debriefing and seek advice on how to revise
your thesis.
15. Practice, practice, practice. Rehearse several times with the equipment you will use for your
presentation.

Common project defense questions and answers

1. Why did you choose this topic? Commonly this is the first question and you need to prepare a
good response. Mention your driving motivations for the study. State your research problem and
why you wanted to address it in embarking on your study.
2. Briefly, explain what your research project is all about? To answer this question, understand
completely you research work. If you were asked to submit an abstract, basically repeat it.
3. What is the scope of the study? Briefly state the specific aspects of your research topic that
you choose to cover.
4. What is the significance of the study? Simply state how your research work will helpother
researchers, educators, organization practitioners and policy makers. In short cite the usability of
your research.
5. Did you bridge any gap from your study? In this area, mention how your study addressed the
existing issues/problems/concerns that made you choose your topics.
6. What are your research variables? This question is asked in order to find out if you really know
what your research project is all about. Explain your independent and dependent variable(s) to show
them you really grasp the concept of your research topic. Identify the variables in your project topic,
define and explain them.
7. What research methodology did you use? This is usually the chapter three of your project
report. To respond to this question, you should briefly state the research design procedure you
adopted for the research. Talk about the data collection methods and sampling techniques
employed in the research.
8. Why did you use that research methodology? State the main reason for choosing your
research methodology. For instance, you used survey research method, state your reasons to
collect information from the sample without influencing the population of the study.
9. Why do you think your research is reliable? To answer this question, simply tell your
audience/panellist that the threats to research reliability (which are participants error, participant
bias, research error, and researcher bias) did not occur during the research.
10. Why do you think your research is valid? To answer this question, simply tell your
audience/panellist that the findings from your study can be generalized to other relevant settings,
group or case study.
11. In what way(s) does your research project contributes to knowledge? You may refer to
your significance of the study. You talk about your research objectives in addressing the problem.
Briefly state that your project will advance understanding in your research field.
12. What are the limitations encountered No research task is perfect. It is common for at the least
one issue to be identified. To answer this question, communicate about the weaknesses that had
been out of your control.
13. Which programming language did you use to write your program? (for computer science
students) State the programming language and database used in the development of your
software/program. If you did not design the program yourself or you were assisted by a friend or
colleague, find out from the person which programming language was used. You might also ask the
person to give you a crash course on the programming language.
14. Show us how your software works (for computer science students) Make sure you are
familiar with how the software program works. Also, ensure that there aren't any errors in the
software. Go beforehand and show the panel of assessors how the software program functions. You
can also display them some records which you entered previously
15. What source of data was employed for the research? a. Simply state the data collection
methods that were used in the study. You should state if primary sources such as questionnaires,
interview, observation OR secondary sources such as textbooks, journals, articles, e.t.c were used.
If you combined primary and secondary sources, briefly talk about it.
16. What are your findings? Show the descriptive results from the study in a convincing and clear
style. Make sure your findings refer to your research objectives/questions.
17. Based on your findings what are you recommendations/suggestions? This is where you
talk about the importance and implications of your findings from three levels namely: a. Research
(various ways other researchers can improve or refine the study) b. Theory (the new contributions
that you are adding to the body of knowledge) and c. Practice (how the information gotten from your
study can make practice better, improve the operational procedures, solve problems, improve policy
making e.t.c).
Note: Avoid the temptation to make recommendations that are not supported by your findings. Do
not recommend based on your beliefs.
18. What is the strongest point in your project? The duration of the oral defense might just be
10 - 15 minutes, as such the questioners will not have the time to ask you about every detail. They
will want to focus on the major thoughts and ask you the most essential components of your
research. Be equipped to answer.
19. If you could change something regarding your study, what would it be? a. You can get
your answer from the limitations of your study. Consider the constraints and the kind of data
collection
20. Do you have any closing comments Thank the panel of assessors and let them know that the
revisions/corrections that were given (such as rewriting the conclusion, tables/graphs that are not in
the right format, something you said during the defense and they want you to include it in the report
or some other issues they noticed you did not capture) would be implemented and shown to your
supervisor.

ACTIVITY 2
Write the the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

________ 1. Which of the parts of the Research Paper is NOT correct?

A. Chapter 1. The Problem and It’s Background
B. Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature
C. Chapter 3. Method and Procedures
D. Chapter 4. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
________ 2. Which of the following statement is NOT true.
A. Title Page is consists of the research title, names of the researchers and name of
the English teacher
B. Table of Contents contains the accurate paging of each part of the research paper
C. List of Tables/Figurescontains the accurate paging of each part of the research
paper
D. Acknowledgement is a personal page where the researchers are given the
privilege to extend gratitude to all people who helped in accomplishing the research
________ 3. Which is not true about summary, conclusions and recommendations?
A. Your conclusion should be based on your findings.
B. This is where you summarizes your interpretation of data in Chapter 4.
C. Recommendations should be directly based on the significance of the study.
D. Its is the part of your research where you describe the instrument you used for
example the questionnaire
________ 4. This chapter talks about the result of your study. Here you are going to present the
data gathered using the questionnaire you used by tabulating all the gathered data.
A. Method and Procedures
B. Presentation, Analysis. and Interpretation of Data
C. Introduction
D. Review of Related Literature
________ 5. How will answer your panelists if they will ask you “What is the significance of the
study?
A. Simply state how your research work will help other researchers, educators,
organization practitioners and policy makers.
B. In this area, mention how your study addressed the existing
issues/problems/concerns that made you choose your topics
C. To answer this question, simply tell your audience/panellist that the findings from
your study can be generalized to other relevant settings, group or case study.
D. Show the descriptive results from the study in a convincing and clear style. Make
sure your findings refer to your research objectives/questions
________ 6. Which of the following statement is NOT true about revising your research paper?
A. Be sure to proofread and edit as needed.
B. Read the paper from the last word to the first word.
C. Having someone else read it aloud to you is a waste of time.
D. After receiving some suggestions, create new outline by noting points you want to
hit.
________ 7. Which of the following should be practiced before Oral defense EXCEPT____?
A. You may prepare hand-outs or brochure
B. Prepare for your presentation mentally and physically
C. You need to memorize everything but you should know the key points.
D. You may bring mode of verifications for easy reference of your research.
________ 8. We review the relevant literature to know:
A. What is already known about the topic
B. What concepts and theories have been applied to the topic
C. Who are the key contributors to the topic
D. All of the above.
________ 9. In research, what writing style format is widely used?
A. APA 6th edition B. MLA C. CMOS 17th Edition D. Turabian
________ 10. These are statements of the specific intent or purpose of the research
A. Introduction C. Literature Review
B. Objectives of the Research D. Summary and Findings
________ 11. Which of the following does NOT describe a Research Problem
A. It is the main focus of the study.
B. It is the question (s) that the research will answer.
C. It must be composed of measurable concepts that cannot be operationally
defined.
D. It can be a result of observation (induction) or can be deduced from existing
theory.
________ 12. Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of a Research Proposal
A. The proposal might not be consistent with the donor’s interests.
B. It must be made to someone who either accepts, rejects or modifies it.
C. It is being written for presentation to another party in order to gain its acceptance.
D. It does require presentation with a sufficient degree of clarity and persuasiveness
to be convincing.
________ 13. Which of the following is not a purpose of the research conclusion?
A. It stresses out the importance of the thesis statement
B. It gives the written work a sense of completeness
C. It does not leave a final impression to the readers
D. It demonstrates good organization.
________ 14. It is part of the research where you should define or identify the general topic, issue,
or area of concern, thus providing an appropriate context for reviewing the literature.
A. Literature Review B. Rationale C. Introduction D. Summary
________ 15. It designed to identify related research, to set the current research project within a
conceptual and theoretical context
A. Literature Review B. Rationale C. Methodology D. Conclusion

References
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior high school:
Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 2 for senior high school:
Quantitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
Torneo, A.R. & Clamor-Torneo, H.S. (2017). Practical research 2: An introduction to quantitative
research. Quezon City: SIBS Publishing House, Inc.
A Research Guide for Students. Retrieved from https://www.aresearchguide.com/revise-a-paper-
properly.html
Excelsior Online Writing Lab. Retrieved from https://owl.excelsior.edu/research/revising-and-
editing-a-research-paper/
http://www.drpaulwong.com/how-to-prepare-for-the-oral-defense-of-your-thesisdissertation/
https://www.acavent.com/2018/06/12/powerpoint-presentation-from-research-paper/
http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/cpurrin1/powerpointadvice.htm

PREPARED BY: CHECKED BY:

MS. RECHILLE-ANN V. ESPERANZA MA. CRESTITA G. DANDOY

Subject Teacher Principal II