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Symmetry Analysis of Differential Equations An
Introduction 1st Edition Daniel J. Arrigo Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Daniel J. Arrigo
ISBN(s): 9781118721407, 1118721403
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.32 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
Symmetry Analysis of
Differential Equations
Symmetry Analysis of
Differential Equations
An Introduction

Daniel J. Arrigo
Department of Mathematics
University of Central Arkansas
Conway, AR
Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Arrigo, Daniel J. (Daniel Joseph), 1960-

Symmetry analysis of differential equations : an introduction / Daniel J. Arrigo,
Department of Mathematics, University of Central
Arkansas, Conway, AR.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-72140-7 (cloth)
1. Lie groups–Textbooks. 2. Lie groups–Study and teaching (Higher) 3. Lie
groups–Study and teaching (Graduate) 4. Differential
equations, Partial–Textbooks. I. Title.
QA387.A77 2014
515′ .353–dc23
2014007305

Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4
 To the late Bill Ames,
my teacher, my mentor, my friend.
 Contents

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii

1 An Introduction 1
1.1 What Is a Symmetry? 1
1.2 Lie Groups, 4
1.3 Invariance of Differential Equations, 6
1.4 Some Ordinary Differential Equations, 8
Exercises, 12

2 Ordinary Differential Equations 15

2.1 Infinitesimal Transformations, 19
2.2 Lie’s Invariance Condition, 23
Exercises, 27
2.3 Standard Integration Techniques, 28
2.3.1 Linear Equations, 28
2.3.2 Bernoulli Equation, 30
2.3.3 Homogeneous Equations, 31
2.3.4 Exact Equations, 32
2.3.5 Riccati Equations, 35
Exercises, 37
2.4 Infinitesimal Operator and Higher Order Equations, 38
2.4.1 The Infinitesimal Operator, 38
2.4.2 The Extended Operator, 39
2.4.3 Extension to Higher Orders, 40
2.4.4 First-Order Infinitesimals (revisited), 40
2.4.5 Second-Order Infinitesimals, 41
2.4.6 The Invariance of Second-Order Equations, 42
2.4.7 Equations of arbitrary order, 43
2.5 Second-Order Equations, 43
Exercises, 55

vii
viii Contents

2.6 Higher Order Equations, 56

Exercises, 61
2.7 ODE Systems, 61
2.7.1 First Order Systems, 61
2.7.2 Higher Order Systems, 67
Exercises, 71

3 Partial Differential Equations 73

3.1 First-Order Equations, 73
3.1.1 What Do We Do with the Symmetries of
PDEs? 77
3.1.2 Direct Reductions, 80
3.1.3 The Invariant Surface Condition, 83
Exercises, 84
3.2 Second-Order PDEs, 84
3.2.1 Heat Equation, 84
3.2.2 Laplace’s Equation, 91
3.2.3 Burgers’ Equation and a Relative, 94
3.2.4 Heat Equation with a Source, 100
Exercises, 107
3.3 Higher Order PDEs, 109
Exercises, 115
3.4 Systems of PDEs, 115
3.4.1 First-Order Systems, 115
3.4.2 Second-Order Systems, 120
Exercises, 124
3.5 Higher Dimensional PDEs, 126
Exercises, 132

4 Nonclassical Symmetries and Compatibility 133

4.1 Nonclassical Symmetries, 133
4.1.1 Invariance of the Invariant Surface
Condition, 135
4.1.2 The Nonclassical Method, 137
4.2 Nonclassical Symmetry Analysis and Compatibility, 146
4.3 Beyond Symmetries Analysis–General
Compatibility, 147
4.3.1 Compatibility with First-Order PDEs–Charpit’s
Method, 149
 Contents ix

4.3.2 Compatibility of Systems, 157

4.3.3 Compatibility of the Nonlinear Heat
Equation, 159
Exercises, 160
4.4 Concluding Remarks, 161

Solutions 163
References 171
Index 175
 Preface

H ave you ever wondered whether there is some underlying the-

ory that unifies all the seemingly ad-hoc techniques that are used
to solve first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs)? In the
1880s Sophus Lie did [51]. He was able to show that a majority of the
techniques used to integrate ODEs could be explained by a theory
known as Lie group analysis, where the symmetries of a differential
equation could be found and exploited.
This is a self-contained introductory textbook on Lie group
analysis, intended for advanced undergraduates and beginning
graduate students, or anyone in the science and engineering fields
wishing to learn about the use of symmetry methods in solving
differential equations. This book has many detailed examples, from
the very basic to the more advanced, guiding one through the
method of symmetry analysis used for differential equations. The
methods presented in this book are very algorithmic in nature, and
the author encourages the reader to become familiar with one of
the computer algebra packages, such as MapleTM or MathematicaⓇ
to help with the calculations, as they can get extremely long and
tedious.
The material presented in this book is based on lectures given
by the author over the last 12 years at the University of Central
Arkansas (UCA). This book consists of four chapters. In Chapter 1,
the reader is introduced to the idea of a symmetry and how these
symmetries can leave objects invariant and, in particular, differential
equations.
Chapter 2 concentrates on constructing and exploiting sym-
metries of ordinary differential equations. In particular, the focus
is on standard techniques for integrating first-order ODEs: lin-
ear, Bernoulli, homogeneous, exact, and Riccati equations are
considered. This chapter then considers symmetry methods for
second-order equations, higher order equations, and systems of
ordinary differential equations.

xi
xii Preface

Chapter 3 extends the ideas to partial differential equations

(PDEs). This chapter starts with first-order PDEs and then gradu-
ates to second-order PDEs. The power of the method is seen in this
chapter, where the heat equation with a source term is considered.
This chapter then moves to higher order PDEs and systems of
PDEs, where several of the examples (and exercises) have been
chosen from various fields of science and engineering.
The last chapter, Chapter 4, starts with a discussion of the non-
classical method–a generalization of Lie’s “classical method” and
then shows its connection with compatibility. Finally, this chapter
ends with a very brief discussion what’s beyond.
Each chapter has a number of exercises; some are routine while
others are more difficult. The latter are denoted by ∗. Many of the
answers are given, and for some of the harder or more elaborate
problems, a reference to the literature is given.
The material presented in Chapters 1–3 is more than enough for
a one-semester course and has been the basis of the course given here
at UCA over the last 12 years.
Lastly, for further information and details, including available
programs, it is encouraged that you please visit the book’s accompa-
nying website at symmetrydes.com.
 Acknowledgments

F irst and foremost, I wish to extend my thanks to W.F. Ames.

He was the first to expose me to the wonderful world of the sym-
metry analysis of differential equations during my PhD studies at
Georgia Tech. His patience and support was never ending. I was
fortunate to work with Phil Broadbridge and Jim Hill at the
University of Wollongong (Australia) for several years while I was
a post-doc. I learned so much from them. As this book emerged
from lecture notes for a course that I’ve taught at the University
of Central Arkansas, I wish to thank all my students over the past
dozen years for their valuable input. In particular, I thank Regan
Beckham, David Ekrut, Jackson Fliss, Luis Suazo, and Bode Sule,
who were all student researchers and became my coauthors. I would
also like to thank David Ekrut and Crystal Spellmann, who read a
large portion of this manuscript and gave me valuable suggestions.
I would also like to thank Susanne Steitz-Filler with John Wiley &
Sons. She helped make this work come to life and helped make the
transition so easy.
Finally, I wish to thank my wife Peggy for her patience, undi-
vided support, and encouragement while this project was underway.
My love and thanks.

DANIEL J. ARRIGO
University of Central Arkansas
Conway, AR

The lake is calling, I must go.

xiii
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
said to be effective.
C.F.S.

19. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 119.

20. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 119.

21. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 163.

22. Ibid., p. 164.

23. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 202.

24. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 204.

25. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 265.

26. See p. 103.

27. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 268.

28. Ibid., p. 268.

29. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 288.

30.
General Michell to Viscount Palmerston.
December 31, 1840.
Our situation will be very embarrassing until the negotiations are
terminated, since any act of hostility on our part may be construed
into a breach of faith, and may disturb arrangements half concluded.
I am, therefore, anxiously expecting orders from Lord Ponsonby
upon the subject. In the meantime his Excellency’s latest instructions
to General Jochmus, and upon which he is prepared and resolved to
act with energy, dictate a continuance of offensive operations.

31. Alluding to the probability of his retiring by D’Jenin.

 32. He does not give the date.

33. Captain Stewart and General Michell do not confirm this.

34.
General Jochmus to Admiral Stopford.
Head-quarters, Jaffa,
Sir, Jan. 17, 1841.
I have the honour to inform your Excellency, that on the 14th
instant I directed a division of ten battalions of infantry, 1800
irregular and Tatar horse, 150 regular cavalry, and 14 pieces of
artillery, to march from Ramla towards Gaza.
This latter village is abandoned by the enemy, who has a flying
camp of 1200 regular and 1800 irregular horse, with eight pieces of
horse artillery, at three-quarters of an hour’s march south of Gaza,
whence he draws his forage and provisions: but ravages, at the
same time, the country, carrying off cattle and mules to a great
extent from most of the villages south of Ramla.
The object of my movement was the protection of these villages,
but principally the destruction of the enemy’s provisions at Gaza, in
case Ibrahim Pacha, distressed in the Desert, should have struck off
south of the Dead Sea towards Gaza.
On the 14th of January the division encamped at Ashdod; on the
15th it could only make a march of three hours to El-Meshdel on
account of the incessant heavy rain, which poured down ever since it
left Ramla.
Towards the afternoon, a reconnoitring party of the enemy of 500
horse approached the camp; but the commanding officer making a
very silly manœuvre was taken in flank and rear by about 400 or 500
of our cavalry, who pursued him for two hours, taking between forty
and fifty prisoners, and killing and wounding as many. Our loss was
about four killed and twelve wounded.
Hearing nothing positive about Ibrahim’s immediate approach, and
the low country towards Gaza having become a complete marsh by
the continued floods of rain up to the 16th in the evening, and the
troops having been completely drenched day and night in the
bivouacs, I suspended the movement, and sent the infantry and
guns to Jaffa, advancing, at the same time, the cavalry detachments
to the neighbourhood of Ascalon and some villages towards the river
of that name, with their head-quarters at El-Mesde, intending to
resume the operations the moment the ground had become
practicable; but on my arrival here, informed officially of the
complete submission of Mehemet Ali Pacha, and the consequent
cessation of the state of rebellion of his army, our troops have been
ordered to cease offensive hostilities. His Excellency the Seraskier
Ahmed Zacharias Pacha commanded in person since we left Ramla.
I have, &c.,
(Signed) A. Jochmus, Lieut.-Gen.

35. “Very small kettle-drums, or basins, about six inches in

diameter, covered with a parchment, and fixed on each side of the
pommel of the saddle as holster-pieces are, and beat with pieces of
leather straps. They make a monotonous noise, and always
accompany Arab cavalry.”

36. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 294.

37. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 295.

38. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 295.

39. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 295. Tahir Bey reports that
after Ibrahim re-crossed the Jordan, he lost all his infantry, and
arrived at Kerek with his cavalry only.

40. See page 124.

41. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 298.

42. See page 128.

43. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 270.

 44. Ibid., pp. 271, 272.

45. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 272.

46. Ibid., p. 276.

47. “The latter,—by the bye,—being no pass at all, but an open

place in the plains to the eastward of Gaza.”

48. Although these instructions from Sir Charles Smith were so

termed,—and Colonel Napier has documents from his successor,
General Michell, to prove that they were satisfactorily executed,—it
appears strange that this mission of the Colonel’s should never have
been publicly made known.

49. “Moïadjumah, literally meaning the ‘meeting of the waters.’”

50. “He had lately succeeded Sir Charles Smith.”

51. “Mr. Wood, in one of his official reports, gives General

Jochmus the credit of this reconnoissance, whereas I am not aware
that the latter was, at this period, ever across the Jordan.”

52. This title was conferred in consequence of a promise made by

the Sultan, through Lord Ponsonby, that Colonel Napier should
receive the nishan or order of that rank—which promise has as yet
been kept with true “Turkish faith.”

53. See Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 203, 268.

54. Letter to the Seraskier and Hussein Pacha, dated January 21,
1841. Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 275, 276.

55.
Memorandum for Colonel Alderson’s guidance.
Jaffa, January 22, 1841.
 Accounts having been received by the Seraskier that a
considerable number of Egyptian troops have advanced towards
Gaza, his Excellency has requested that an English officer of rank
and discretion should proceed to the quarters of the Egyptian officer
commanding the troops in that neighbourhood, to act as
Conservator of the Peace. In all probability the Egyptian
Commandant will not feel himself authorized to order any of these
troops to retire until he shall receive directions from Ibrahim Pacha;
but you will point out to him the evident necessity that exists for the
avoidance of any the smallest act of hostility or plunder, if he would
not break the Convention and renew the war. So long as you are
satisfied that he is acting in good faith, and doing everything
possible to maintain order and peace towards the Turkish troops and
inhabitants of the neighbourhood, you will remain with him, taking
occasion at all times to point out and to urge upon him the propriety
of hastening, by any means in his power, the evacuation of Syria, in
the terms of Mehemet Ali Pacha’s order to his son Ibrahim Pacha.
Should you have reason to object to any of his proceedings, you will
at once remonstrate and protest: should he persist, you will formally
take your leave, and immediately return to the British head-quarters,
giving notice that you have done so to the officer commanding the
nearest post of the Ottoman troops, and putting him on his guard.
You will communicate with head-quarters as frequently as possible,
and notify as exactly as you can the number and state of the
Egyptian troops in that district.
You will have with you copies of the letters which have been
forwarded to Ibrahim Pacha, and of Commodore Sir Charles Napier’s
letters from Alexandria to General Michell and to Captain Stewart.
The Seraskier Pacha has declared that he has no design to deprive
the Egyptians of their arms, baggage, or guns; and that he wishes,
by every fair and safe means, to facilitate the retirement from Syria
of the Egyptian forces. Copies of the instructions given to the
officers sent to Ibrahim Pacha, and to accompany General Jochmus,
will also be furnished to you: and you will observe that the
immediate evacuation of Syria is the principal object to which all
others are to be considered as secondary.
 By desire of General Michell,
(Signed) Houston Stewart.

56. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 307.

57. See page 89.

58. See these documents in pages 176-178.

59. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 329.

60. “Izzet Pacha.”

61.
General Jochmus to the Seraskier.
Head-quarters, Jerusalem,
27 Zilkadé, 1257, (Jan. 22,
1841,) 11 A.M.
I have the honour to inform your Excellency that I arrived here
yesterday evening. Lieutenant-General Hassan Pacha also returned
here yesterday from Chalil-Rachman; and Selim Pacha, with the
brigade of Chalid Pacha, will be here to-day, so that this evening a
force of twenty-one battalions, and eighteen guns will be assembled
at Jerusalem. The cavalry of Riza Pacha will this evening or to-
morrow morning join that of the Murchardsou, who must have
arrived yesterday evening at El-Chalil. The forces, in the central
positions in which they are, ought to be more than sufficient to
support our negotiations with Ibrahim, if they should have taken
place; but as the latter must be, according to the statements of all
the deserters, to the south of the Dead Sea, there is no longer any
occasion for negotiation. His army is in complete disorder, for want
of provisions, owing to the capture of Maan: and all the deserters
state, that even before reaching the magazines (now burnt), the
whole infantry subsisted for four or six days upon camel’s flesh. I
found Baron Dumont here, who corroborates the complete defeat of
the Egyptians. As he saw the three first columns pass within gun-
shot, and as in the second where, according to all accounts, the
artillery ought to have been, he only saw a great number of camels
and mules, it is generally believed here that Ibrahim has buried his
cannons in the Desert.
The third column only of his infantry was seen, reduced to 5000
men; a separate body at Jufila of 2000 men, who were some days
since with Ibrahim Pacha near to Kerek: all these people were half
dead with hunger. The losses of Ibrahim in men, in horses, and in
beasts of burden, in passing the Jordan, were very great. Finally, his
Excellency Hassan Pacha upon the news of peace, sent a safe
conduct to Ahmed Menikli Pacha, commander of the Egyptian
cavalry, and gave him to understand that he would not attack him in
his retreat, provided that he did not come to plunder the villages
near to Chalil. Ahmed Menikli Pacha, conducted by an officer of
Hassan Pacha, then chose the road towards Gaza in his retreat upon
Egypt. The cavalry, reduced to 2500 horses and 700 dismounted
horsemen, was in the most miserable condition: and had it not been
for the Convention, two battalions in the almost impracticable passes
of the Wadi-el-Ghor, one day south of Chalil, would have been
sufficient to stop that column. It appears to be very necessary for
the troops coming towards Gaza to withdraw, in order that there
may never be more than 3000 men at a time in this place. I request
your Excellency to communicate this letter to General Michell.
I have, &c.,
(Signed) A. Jochmus, Lieut-
General.
P.S. There is plenty of barley at El-Chalil, and there are other
provisions there, but rice and butter must be sent there.

62. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 315.

63.
Guarantee by Menikli Pacha, and the other Chief Officers of
the Egyptian Army, at present encamped near Gaza.
 Gaza, January 28, 1841.
We, the Undersigned, being assembled in council with Commodore
Houston Stewart, Royal British Navy, and Lieutenant-Colonel
Alderson, Royal Engineers, after the discussion which has taken
place, have pledged ourselves, that his Highness Ibrahim Pacha will,
on his arrival at Gaza, execute the orders of his Highness Mehemet
Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt, for the evacuation of Syria, and that he will
not make any movement whatever against those orders; for all of
which we give our signatures and affix our seals.
(Signed) Ahmed Menikli, Gen. of Division; Kourchid, Gen.
of Division; Selim, Gen. of Division; Ahmed Dramaly, Gen. of
Division; Ishmael, Gen. of Brigade; Ibrahim, Gen. of Brigade;
Mahmoud Bey, Capt. Navy.

Captain Houston Stewart and Lieutenant-Colonel Alderson to

Menikli Ahmed Pacha and the other Chief Officers of the
Egyptian Army at present encamped near Gaza.
Gaza, January 28, 1841.
In consequence of the written guarantee which you have now
given us, making yourself responsible that his Excellency Ibrahim
Pacha, as well as yourselves, will implicitly obey, and forthwith carry
into effect with perfect good faith, the orders of his Excellency
Mehemet Ali Pacha for the evacuation of Syria by the whole of the
Egyptian army: We, Houston Stewart, Captain of Her Britannic
Majesty’s ship Benbow, and Senior Naval Officer on the coast of
Syria, and Lieutenant-Colonel Ralph Carr Alderson, Royal Engineers,
representing here the united forces of Great Britain, do pledge
ourselves that no molestation nor any obstacle be put in the way of
such evacuation, and that you are perfectly safe in diminishing your
forces here as fast as possible; and, further, that provided you
continue to make that diminution to the satisfaction of the said
Lieutenant-Colonel Alderson, we promise to insist with his Excellency
the Seraskier, Zacharias Pacha, Commanding-in-Chief the Ottoman
forces, that no advance shall be made by the Turkish troops now at
Megdill, nor Governor be sent to Gaza, until Colonel Alderson shall
have reported the evacuation complete; and we promise, that if the
Turkish authorities refuse to ratify and accept any one of these
conditions, we will immediately, and in perfect honourable faith, give
you notice thereof.
(Signed) Houston Stewart.
R. C. Alderson.

Guarantee by the Seraskier, the Moustechar Effendi, and

Lieutenant-General Jochmus.
We, the Undersigned, upon the received declaration of his
Excellency Menikli Ahmed Pacha and the other Egyptian Generals
and Officers, to carry forthwith into execution the entire evacuation
of Syria and the Desert, consent and promise faithfully to abstain
from any hostile movement, according to the promise given by
Commodore Stewart and Colonel Alderson, with the proviso that the
forces at present near and at Gaza, march on El-Arish within seven
days from this, embarking such men in transports as are sick, unfit
for campaign, and unable to march according to Colonel Alderson’s
judgment, and provided no movement is made by any Egyptian
force at Gaza, east or northward.
Given under our hand and seal at the Imperial head-quarters of
Jaffa, January 30, 1841.
(L.S.) Moustechar Effendi, Seraskier,
Jochmus, Lieutenant-General.

64. See Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 292, 301, 307, 366, 367.

65. See page 124.

66. See General Jochmus’s letter and accompanying statement, in

Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 305-307.

67. See Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 282, 332.

68. Ibid., pp. 309, 310.

 69. Ibid., p. 307.

70. “Does not this division of Ibrahim’s army at El-Mezereib at

once convince any military man that he considered peace as
concluded; and that a want of provisions was the only enemy he had
to fear? he therefore divided his troops, so that one arm should not
retard the other.
“Cavalry, by forced marches, were enabled to get on faster than
the infantry, encumbered as they were by women, &c., and barley
was no doubt very scarce.
“In a military point of view, either in advancing or retreating in an
enemy’s country, it would be considered very injudicious to have
infantry without cavalry on the route; that Ibrahim knew this well,
his sending for the two regiments of cavalry of the guard, on finding
at Rieha (Jericho) that the Turkish troops were in position to resist
his march via Hebron, fully shows.”

71. “The number of the guns has been variously stated, but I
believe they were between 150 and 200.”

72. See pp. 46, 54.

73. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 305.

74. See page 151.

75. A private document furnished by him to me. His public report

appears in the Levant Papers, Part III., p. 309.

76. See pages 175, 176.

77. See Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 164, 311.

78. Ibid., p. 288; and p. 119, et seq. of this volume.

79. See page 71.

 80. See pp. 92, 95.

81. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 221.

82. Ibid., p. 207.

83. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 208.

84. I think there could not be much difficulty in proving that he did
give such orders, when we consider the terms in which his Lordship
speaks of General Jochmus’s conduct, in his letter to Viscount
Palmerston, already given. See p. 195.

85. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 226.

86. See Appendix, Vol. I.

87. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 219.

88. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 221.

89. Ibid., p. 222.

90. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 224.

91. See Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 88, 89.

92. Ibid., p. 169.

93. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 171.

94. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 183.

95. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 185.

96. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 185, 192.

97. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 197.

 98. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 229.

99. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 229.

100. See these documents in the Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 247-
252.

101. See Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 239, 240.

102. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 325.

103.
The Grand Vizier to Mazloum Bey.
19 Zilkadé, 1256. (12 January, 1841.)
In the letter which I wrote and sent by your Excellency to his
Highness Mehemet Ali Pacha, there is nothing clear or precise
relative to the hereditary succession to the Government of Egypt. It
is said, in general terms, that he shall be reinstated in the
Government of Egypt. It is then probable, it is to be presumed, that
his Highness will conceive suspicions in this respect; and it is for this
reason that it has been judged necessary to give the following
explanations upon this point.
As the letter which Mehemet Ali Pacha sent to me, and by which
he offered his submission to His Imperial Majesty, commenced by
making mention of the Convention which had been concluded
between him and Commodore Napier, and as the Sublime Porte had
not accepted that Convention, which it regarded as null and of no
effect, it was thought that if I had spoken in my letter of the
hereditary succession, it would have been, in substance, to
recognise the Convention, and that is the reason why it was omitted
to speak of it.
Nevertheless, His Imperial Majesty, whose goodness and favours
are shed over his servants truly submissive, entertaining with regard
to Mehemet Ali Pacha the benevolent intentions which are in unison
with the sentiments of moderation by which the High Allied Powers
are animated, it is certain that as soon as he shall have proved by
facts, as has been declared in my letter, the submission which he has
offered, by immediately restoring the Ottoman fleet, and by making
over, without delay, to the Commissioners of the Sublime Porte, the
countries which are known to be in question, and which are situated
out of Egypt, His Highness will be pleased to reinstate him in the
government of Egypt, with right of hereditary succession.
The requisite conditions laid down by the Treaty of Alliance, and
other points connected with those conditions, are about to be
settled; and as all this will be arranged at the same time that the
investiture of the hereditary succession shall take place, I abstain for
the moment from entering into details upon this subject.
However, it is important that His Highness should know in a few
words what is doing, and that he should be apprized beforehand,
that if a single one of the conditions which shall have been laid
down, is not observed, the hereditary succession will be abolished.
You will therefore formally ratify to Mehemet Ali, on the part of His
Imperial Majesty, in case that, in conformity with what has been said
above, his submission shall be a fact, the conditional hereditary
succession aforesaid. And in order altogether to dispel the doubts
which he might have in this respect, and to inspire him with entire
confidence, you will even allow him, if necessary, to see my present
official despatch.
Such are the orders of the Sultan, in conformity with which you
will be careful to act, and it is for this purpose that I write to you the
present despatch.

104. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 242.

105. The firmans are given at length, as are also the instructions
of the Turkish Envoy, and the official notifications connected with the
affair, in the Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 241-254.

106. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 235.

107. See Vol. I., p. 249; Vol. II., p. 15.

 108. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 241.

109. Ibid., p. 263.

110. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 326.

111. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 321.

112. See these documents in the Levant Papers, Part III., pp. 341,
353.

113. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 371.

114. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 372.

115. Ibid., p. 374.

116. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 378.

117. Ibid., p. 364.

118. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 385.

119. Ibid., p. 382.

120. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 389.

121. See pages 171, 244, 245.

122. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 404.

123. See Vol. I., pp. 254-278.

124. “Maronite Emirs or Princes.—1. Emir Hyder of Solymah. 2.

Emir Faoul Shehab. 3. Emir Faris Shehab. 4. Emir Youssouf Shehab.
5. Emir Mahmoud Shehab. 6. Emir Abdallah Umrad. 7. Emir Ali Kaid
Bey. 8. Emir Ali Faris.
 “Druse Scheiks or Chieftains.—9. Scheik Hamoud Naked. 10.
Scheik Kassim. 11. Scheik Abbas. 12. Scheik Nickul el Cassim (a
Christian).
“And about sixty followers.”

125. See the correspondence on this subject in Vol. I., pp. 254,
258, et seq.

126. “The Emir Youssouf, the son of the Emir Solyman Shehab, of
El Haded, who died of fever in Upper Egypt.”

127.
Viscount Palmerston to Lieutenant-Colonel Napier.

(Extract.) Foreign Office, May 14, 1841.

I have to instruct you, immediately on the receipt of this despatch,
to proceed to Alexandria to demand from Mehemet Ali the release of
the Syrian soldiers, whom he promised Sir Charles Napier to dismiss;
and you will accompany those soldiers back to Syria.
I have applied to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to
provide you with a passage on board the steam-vessel which
conveys the mail from Gibraltar to Malta; and the Admiral at Malta
will be instructed to send you on to Alexandria, and also to make
arrangements for conveying the Syrian soldiers, when released by
Mehemet Ali, from Egypt to the coast of Syria.
You will report your proceedings in execution of this instruction
directly to me, and also to Colonel Bridgeman, or the officer
commanding the British detachments on shore in Syria, to whose
orders you will be subject while employed on this service; and who
will be instructed to direct you to return to your regiment when the
service is completed.
I inclose a despatch to Colonel Hodges, directing him to join you
in demanding from Mehemet Ali the release of these Syrians; and
you will deliver the same to Colonel Hodges, if he should be at
Alexandria, when you arrive there. But you will not delay making the
demand, if Colonel Hodges should not have arrived.
 128. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 417.

129. See Levant Papers, Part III., p. 433.

130. Ibid., p. 435.

131. Ibid., p. 472.

132. See Levant Papers, Part I., p. 1.

133. See Levant Papers, Part I., p. 307.

134. See Levant Papers, Part I., p. 553.

135. Forwarded by Colonel Campbell to Lord Ponsonby, and

published in the Levant Papers, Part I., pp. 362-365.

136. See Vol. I., pp. 62-66.

137. John Chumarian.

138. See page 151.

 Transcriber’s Note
Hyphenation has been retained as printed. Where a
word is hyphenated on a line break, the hyphen is
retained or removed depending on instances elsewhere
in the text.
The printer provided a short list of errata for this
volume. The changes indicated there have been
incorporated into this text.
In the Table of Contents, the page indicated for
Appendix I (p. 301) should be p. 299, and has been
corrected.
The title of Appendix No. VI (Protocol) was misprinted
as No. V.
The first footnote, on p. 33, has no anchor in the text.
This has been added at an appropriate point.
Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have
been corrected, and are noted here. The following issues
should be noted, along with the resolutions. The
references are to the page and line in the original.
40.4 is disposed to acce[e]pt Removed.
the submission
41.3 the 17th Chewal, (the Per Errata.
[22nd of November/11th
of December,)
90.21 the quickest possible Inverted.
co[u/n]veyance
114.6 after which you[ you] Redundant.
would attack
148.6 “[‘]Having arrived at Removed.
Naplouse, I was to order
185.17 who was [an-eye Misplaced.
witness/an eye-witness]
199.4 [Opposed/Approved] by Per Errata.
the other Allied Ministers
222.5 for their consi[ed/de]ration Transposed.
224.11 it was possible for Replaced.
Mehe[n/m]et Ali
242.7 by incurring Inserted,
responsibi[li]ty
242.22 I do not intend to[ ]enter Inserted.
into the political merits
262.6 showed no symptoms of Inserted.
fulfil[l]ing
262.11 back to their country[,/.] Replaced.
303.26 that you may[ be] pleased Inserted.
to turn your eye
318.1 No. V[I]. See Vol. II., page Added.
36
332.6 with which you have Added.
honoured me[.]
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WAR IN SYRIA,
VOLUME 2 (OF 2) ***

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