Laplace Transformation

We are always familiar with some operations that transform functions into functions. An outstanding
example is the differential operator D which transform each functions of a large class (those possessing
a derivative) into another function. In this chapter we shall study another transformation (a mapping of
functions into functions) which is known as a Laplace Transform. It is generally used in solving
problems of Engineering Science). Mathematics & Physics that involves diff. equations (especially in
boundary value problems).

Laplace Transform:

Let F(t) be any functions of t specified for t>0. Then the Laplace transform of F(t) is denoted by L{F(t)}
∞
and is defined by L{F(t)} =∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 …. (i)
The integral in (i) is a function of the parameter S. Let us Call that function f(s).
We may write,
∞
L{F(t)} =∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠) …. (ii)
The operator L, like the diff. operator D is a linear operator .

If F1(t) & F2(t) have Laplace transforms and if C1 & C2 are any constants, then,
L{ C1 F1 (t) + C2 F2(t) } = C1L {F1(t) } + C2L {F2(t)}

Transforms of elementary Functions:

Ex. 1 find L (𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ) .
∞
L (𝑒 𝑘𝑡 )= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . (𝑒 𝑘𝑡 )dt
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑘)𝑡 dt
For s ≤ k, the exponent on e is +ve or zero and the integral diverges.
For s> k, the integral converges.
Indeed , for s> k,
∞
L (𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑘)𝑡 dt
𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑘)𝑡 ∞
= [− ]0
𝑠−𝑘
1
= 0 + 𝑠−𝑘
1
Thus we find that L (𝑒 𝑘𝑡 )= , s>k
𝑠−𝑘
1
If k=0 , thus L (𝑒 0 )= L(1) = 𝑠 , s>0

∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 1 ∞ 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 1
Ex.2 L(t) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 tdt =[t ] + ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =0 + 𝑠 [− ] = 𝑠2 , s>0
−𝑠 0 𝑠 𝑠 0
∞
Ex.3 L(sin kt) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
We know , I =∫𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡𝑑𝑡 =[ sinkt ] − ∫ 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−𝑠 −𝑠
1 𝑘 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= - 𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ) − 𝑠 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡 + 𝑘∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
−𝑠 −𝑠
 1 𝑘 𝑘2
= - 𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ) − 𝑠2 [coskt 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠2 ∫ (sinkt)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
𝑘2 −(𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡+𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
I ( 1+ 2 ) =
𝑠 𝑠2
−𝑠𝑡
I=∫𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡𝑑𝑡
−𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡+𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡)
= 𝑠2 +𝑘 2
∞
i.e. L {sinkt} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡+𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡) ∞
=[ ]0 … . (𝑖)
𝑠2 +𝑘 2
−𝑠𝑡
For +ve s, 𝑒 →0 as t→∞ . Furthermore, sin kt & cos kt are bounded as t→∞. Therefore (i) yields,
1(0+𝑘) 𝑘
L {sinkt} = 0+ = 𝑠2 +𝑘 2 , s>0
𝑠2 +𝑘 2
1
If k=1 , then L{sint} = 1+𝑠2

𝒌
*Evaluate {coskt} or show that L { coskt} = 𝒌𝟐 +𝒔𝟐

∝
L {coskt} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡

∝ ∝ 𝑑 ∝
= coskt∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫0 { (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡}𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

∝
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 ∝ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 −𝑘 ∝
=[ −𝑠
] − ∫0 {(−𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡) −𝑠
𝑑𝑡 = 0 + 𝑠 𝑠
∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

∝
1 𝑘 ∝ 1 𝑘 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡 ∝ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
=𝑠 − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡
𝑠 0
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠 − 𝑠
{[ −𝑠
] − ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡 −𝑠
𝑑𝑡 }
0

1 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 ∝ 1 𝑘2
=𝑠− × 0 − 𝑠 . 𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠 − 𝐿 {𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡}
𝑠 𝑠2

𝟏 𝒌𝟐
L {coskt} = 𝒔 − 𝑳 {𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒌𝒕}
𝒔𝟐

𝑘2 1 1 𝑠2 𝑠
⇒ {coskt} = (1 + 𝑠2 ) = = × 𝑘 2 +𝑠2 = 𝑘 2 +𝑠2 [proved}
𝑠 𝑠

𝒔
*Evaluate L (coshat) = 𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑆+𝑎+𝑆−𝑎 𝑠
L ( coshat) = L [ ] = 2 L (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) + 2 L(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )=2 [𝑠−𝑎 + 𝑠+𝑎 ]=2 [ ]= 𝑠2 −𝑎2
2 𝑠2+ 𝑎2

Show that:
2 3 5
 L {t2-3t +5} = 𝑠3 - 𝑠 + 𝑠 , s>0
2(2𝑠+7)
 L{e-4t + 3e-2t} =(𝑠+2)(𝑠+4) , s>-2
 L {coshkt} ; L {sint cost} ; L {cos2t}
1 𝑠
= L { 2 (𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 )} = 𝑠2 −𝑘 2 , s>|k|
2
 L{t2e3t} = (𝑠−3)3
  Find also L {a+bt} , L{a}

Example: Obtain L (tn) for n +ve integer.

∞
Proof: We have , L (tn) =∫0 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡, s>0
−𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 𝑛 ∞ −𝑠𝑡 𝑛−1
=[ ] 0 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑠 0
𝑛 𝑛−1
= 0 + 𝑠 L {𝑡 } , s>0
𝑛−1
Similarly we get, L{𝑡 𝑛−1 } = L{𝑡 𝑛−2 } and so on.
𝑠
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)….𝑠.1
L{tn} = L {𝑡 0 }
𝑠𝑛
∟𝑛 1 1
= 𝑠𝑛 . 𝑠 , since L{t0} = L{1} = 𝑠
∟𝑛
=𝑠𝑛+1 , s>0.

Step function:
For a given function g(t) if it is multiplied with fc (t) then

fc (t) g(t) = 0 if 0 ≤ 𝑡 < C

= g(t) if t ≤ C is called step function.

Example: Find the Laplace transform of H(t)

Where H(t) = t , 0<t<4
= 5 , t>4
∞ −𝑠𝑡
Here, L{H(t)} =∫0 𝑒 𝐻(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
4 ∞
=∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡+ ∫4 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 5𝑑𝑡
𝑡 1 5
= [- 𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 - 𝑠2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]40 + [- 𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]∞
4
1 𝑒 −4𝑠 𝑒 −4𝑠
= 𝑠2 + -
𝑠 𝑠2

Example: Find L{A(t)}, where

A(t) = 0 , 0<t<1
= t , 1<t<2
= 0 , t>2
2
L{A(t)} = 0+ ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 0
1 1 1 2
Ans. (𝑠2 +𝑠 ) 𝑒 −𝑠 - (𝑠2 +𝑠 ) 𝑒 −2𝑠 , s>0

Example: Find L {ψ (t)} where ,

(i) ψ(t) = 4 , 0<t<1
= 3 , t >1
1
Ans. 3 ( 4 - 𝑒 −𝑠 ), s>0
(ii) ψ(t) = 1 , 0<t<2
=t , t>2
 1 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠
Ans. 𝑠 + + , s>0
𝑠 𝑠2
(iii) ψ(t) = sin2t , 0<t<𝜋
= t , t>𝜋
2(1− 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 )
Ans. , s >0
𝑠2 +4

*Find L{ 𝝍(t) {where 𝝍(𝒕)= sin2t if 0<t<𝝀

t if t> 𝝀 ∞
∞
L{ 𝜓(t)}=∫0 𝑒 −𝑠 𝜓(t) at

𝜆 𝜆
=∫0 𝑒 −𝑠 sin2t𝑒 −𝑠 𝑎𝑡 + ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝜆 𝜆 𝑑 𝜆 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞
=[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫0 (𝑑𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡} 𝑑𝑎 + [ −𝑠 𝑡] − ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
1

𝜆 ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝜆 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= [ −𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] − ∫0 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + [ −𝑠 𝑡] − ∫𝜆 𝑑𝑡
0 −𝑠 𝜆 −𝑠

∞
2 𝜆 𝜆𝑐̅𝜆𝑠 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 0 + 𝑠 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + (0 + ) + 𝑠 [ −𝑠 ]
−𝑠 𝜆

𝜆
2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 4 𝜆 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝜆 −𝜆𝑠 1
= 𝑠 [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ] + 5 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐̅ + 𝑠2 𝑐̅ 𝜆𝑠
−𝑠 0 −𝑠 𝑠

2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 1 𝜆 𝜆 1
=𝑠 ( −𝑠 + 𝑠 ) − 𝑠2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠 𝑒 −𝜆𝑠 + 𝑠2 𝑒 −𝜆𝑠

2 2 2 𝜆 1 𝜆
= (𝑠2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠2 ) 𝑠2 +4 + (𝑠2+𝑠2 ) 𝑒 −𝜆𝑠 [𝑙𝑒𝑡, 𝑖𝑛 ∫0 sin2at ]

2 2 4 4 2 2
= − 𝑠2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠2 − 𝑠2 𝑖𝑛 (1 + 𝑠2 ) 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑠2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠2

*Find L{A(t)} where A (t)= {𝟎 𝒊𝒕 𝒐 < 𝒕 < 𝟏

1 if 1< t <2

0 if t > 2
1 2 ∞
L{A(t)} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0 𝑎𝑡 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 + ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0 𝑑𝑡

2
= 0 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡

2 2 𝑑
= L{A(t)} =∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0 𝑑𝑡 − ∫1 (𝑑𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡} 𝑑𝑡

2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= [ −𝑠 . 𝑡] - ∫1 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑠

2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= [ −𝑠 . 𝑡] - ∫1 𝑑𝑡
1 −𝑠
 2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= [ −𝑠 . 𝑡] + ∫1 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑠

2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 2
= [ −𝑠 . 𝑡] + 𝑠 ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1

2 2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= [ −𝑠 . 𝑡] + 𝑠 [ −𝑠 ]
1 1

𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 𝑒 −𝑠.2 𝑒 −𝑠.1

=[ −𝑠 . 2 − . 1] + 𝑠 [ .2− ]
−𝑠 −𝑠 −𝑠

−𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠 1 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠

=[ + ]+𝑠[ + ]
−𝑠 𝑠 −𝑠 𝑠

2𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠
= + − +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2

1 1 1 1
= (𝑠 + 𝑠2 ) 𝑒 −𝑠 - (𝑠 + 𝑠2 ) 𝑒 −2𝑠 (Ans

*Find L{F(f)} when = { 1 if o < t < 2

t if t > 2
2 ∞
L {F(t)} = ∫0 −𝑠𝑡. 1 𝑑𝑡 + ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑎𝑡

2 ∞
= ∫0 −𝑠𝑡. 1 𝑑𝑡 + ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑎𝑡

2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ ∞ 𝑑 ∞
=[ ] + ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑎𝑡 − ∫2 { (𝑡) 𝑎𝑡 ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑎𝑡}𝑑𝑡
−𝑠 1 𝑑𝑡

2 2 8
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 2𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= [ −𝑠 ] + [𝑡. ] − ∫2 . 𝑑𝑡=[ −𝑠 − −𝑠] + [0 − ] + 𝑠 [ −𝑠 ]
0 −𝑠 1 −𝑠 −𝑠 2

𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 2𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 1 1 1

= −𝑠 + 𝑠 + + = 𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 )𝑒 −2𝑠 (Ans)
𝑠 𝑠2
 Shifting property:
𝑛! 𝑛!
(I) L{tn} =𝑠𝑛+1 → L {ekttn} = (𝑠−𝑘)𝑛+1
𝑘 𝑘
(II) L{sinkt} = 𝑠2 → L{eat sinkt} = (𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝑘 2
𝑠 𝑠−𝑎
(III) L{coskt} = 𝑠2 +𝑘 2 →L{eat coskt} = (𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝑘 2

1st Transformation or Shifting Property

If L { F(t)} = f(s) , then L { eatF (t)} = f(s-a).
∞
We have L {F(t)} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)
∞
Then , L {eatF(t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡. = F(s-a)

2 ∟5
1)Show that , L {t2e3t } = (𝑠−3)3 , L {t5e2t} = (𝑠+2)6
2
2)L { e-t sin2 t} = (𝑠+1)( 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)
𝑠4 +4𝑠2 +24
3) L { (t2+1)2} = 𝑠5
4𝑠2 −4𝑠 +2
4) L { (t+3)2 et} = (𝑠−1)3

Theorem: L {F(t) } = f(s) , then L{ eat F(t)} = f(s-a)

Theorem : If L-1 { f(s)} = F(t) then L-1{f(s-a) } = eat F(t)

Proof:
Follows from above, then,
∞
we have, f(s) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∞
f(s-a) = ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∞
=∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 {𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)}𝑑𝑡
=L { eatF (t) }
L-1 {f (s-a)} = eat F(t)
or,L-1 { f(s-a) } = eat L-1 { f(s)} ; [L{F(s)} =f(s)]
L {f(s)} = e L {f(s-a) } …… (i)
-1 -at

15 3 3
(i) L-1 {𝑠2 +4𝑠+13 } = 5L-1 { (𝑠+2)2 +32 } =5e-2t L-1 {(𝑠−2+2)2 +32 }
3
=5e-2t L-1 {𝑠2 +32 }
= 5 e-2t sin 3t
𝑠+1 𝑠+1
(ii) L-1 {𝑠2 +6𝑠+25} = L-1 { }
(𝑠+3)2 +16
𝑠−2
= e-3t L -1
{𝑠2 +42 }
𝑠 1 4
= e-3t [ L-1 {𝑠2 +42 } - 2 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +42 }]
1
= e-3t (cos 4t - 2 sin 4𝑡 ) (Ans)
Show that :
3𝑠+1 3(𝑠−1)+1
(i) L-1 {(𝑠+1)4 } = e-tL-1 { (𝑠−1+1)4 }
3𝑠−2
= e-tL-1 { }
𝑠4
3 2 3
= e-t{ 2 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 } (Ans)
6
𝑠 1
(ii) L-1 {𝑠2 +2𝑠+5 } = e-t( cos 2t - 2 sin 2𝑡 )
𝑠2
(iii)L-1 { (𝑠+2)3 } = e-2t ( 1-4t + 2t2 )
1 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
(iv) L-1 { (𝑠+𝑎)𝑛+1 } = ∟𝑛
𝑠 1 -at
-1
(v) L { (𝑠+𝑎)2 +𝑏2 } = e ( bcos bt – a sin bt)
𝑏
𝑠
(vi) L-1 { 𝑠2 +2 } =cos√2𝑡
1 1
(vii) L-1 { 𝑠2 −3 } = sin h √3𝑡
√3

1) L {y} = L{et }
1
or, S L{y} – y(0) = 𝑠−1
1 𝑠
or, S L {y} =𝑠−1 + 1 = 𝑠−1
1
or, L{y} = 𝑠−1
1
or, y = L-1 {𝑠−1} = et

3
2) SL {y} = 𝑠−1 +7
7𝑠−4
= 𝑠−1
7𝑠−4 4 3
L{y} = 𝑠(𝑠−1) =𝑠 + 𝑠−1
y = 4+3et

1 𝑠
3) SL {y} = L{y} = - 𝑠+1 +1 = 𝑠+1
𝑠 𝑠
L{y} =𝑠2 − 1 = (𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)
1 1 1
= 2 [ 𝑠−1 + ]
𝑠+1
1
y = 2 (et + e-t )

1
4) S2L {y} – 3SL {y} + 2L {y} = 𝑠−3
1
L{y} = (𝑠−2)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−3)
1 1
y = 2 et – e2t +2 e3t
1 9
y’ = 2 et – 4e2t +2 e3t
 1
5) (s2 + 1 ) L {y} = 𝑠−1
1
L{y} = (𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +1)
1 1 1 𝑠+1
= 2 . 𝑠−1 - 2 . 𝑠2 + 1
1 1 −𝑠 1
= 2 [𝑠−1 + 1+ 𝑠2 - 1+ 𝑠2
1
y = 2 ( et- cos t – sin t)

4
6) S2L {y} -2S-3 +SL {y} -2 -24 {y} = - 5
4
or, (s2 + s-2) L {y} = - 5 +25 +5
2𝑠2 +5𝑠−4
L {y} =𝑠(𝑠−2)(𝑠−1)
2 1 1
= − +
𝑠 𝑠+2 𝑠−1
y= 2- e3t + et

4
7) S2L {y} – 4 – 2s- 2SL{y} = - 5
4 4𝑠−4
(s2 -2s) L {y} = - 5 + 4 = 5
4𝑠−4
or, L {y} = 𝑠2 (𝑠−2)
1 2 1
= - 𝑠 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠−2
y = -1 + 2t + e2t

Multiplication by tn :
𝑑𝑛
IF L { F(t) } = f(s) , then L { tn F(t)} = (-1)n 𝑑𝑠𝑛 f(s)
= (-1) f(n)(s) , where n=1,2,3 …
∞
We have f(s) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 F(t) dt
Then by Leibnitz’s rule for differentiating under the integral sign we get,
𝑑𝑓 𝑑 ∞
= f’(s) = 𝑑𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
∞ 𝑑
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
∞
= ∫0 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 {𝐿𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)}𝑑𝑡
= (-1) L {t F(t) }
L {tF(t)} = (-1) f’(s)
By mathematical indirection or directly it can be proved that ,
L { tn F (t) } = (-1)n f(n) (s)
𝑎
Ex. L {sin at} = 𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑑 𝑎
L { ts- at} = (-1) 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )
2𝑎𝑠
= 𝑠2 +𝑎2
 𝑑 𝑠
Similarly, L {t cos at} = (-1) 𝑑𝑠𝑛 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )
2𝑠3 − 6𝑎2 𝑠
= .
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )3

𝒌
Example: Prove that L{e –at sin kt } = (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 +𝒌𝟐 , s+a >0

∞
We have , L{e-atsin kt } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 sin 𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑝𝑡 sin 𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑘
= 𝑝2 +𝑘 2
𝒌
L{e –at sin kt } = (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 +𝒌𝟐 , s+a >0

*Evaluate L { C3 + cos2t + sint + t3}

L { C3t + cos2t +sint + t3}

= L { C3t } + L {cos2t} + L { sint} + L {t3}

1 𝑠 𝑠 3!
= 𝑠−3 + + +
𝑠2+ 22 𝑠2+ 12 𝑠4

1 𝑠 𝑠 6
= + + 𝑠2+ 1 + 𝑠4 (Ans)
𝑠−3 𝑠2+ 4

*Find the Laplace Transform of t sinat

𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡
L {t sinat} = L ( )
2!

1 1 1 1 1 (𝑠+𝑖𝑎)2 −(𝑠−𝑖𝑎)2 1 (𝑎2 +2𝑖𝑎𝑠−𝑎2 )−(𝑎2 −2𝑖𝑎𝑠−𝑎2 )

= 2 [𝐿 (𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 )]= 2! [(𝑠−𝑖𝑎)2 − (𝑠+𝑖𝑎)2 ]= 2! [ (𝑠−𝑖𝑎)2 (𝑠+𝑖𝑎)2 ]=2! (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2

1 4𝑖𝑎𝑠 2𝑎𝑠
= 2!. (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 = (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 (Ans

𝒆−𝒂𝒔
*Prove that, L [𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂)] = 𝒔

∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
L [𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0 + ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0 + 1𝑑𝑡= 0 + [ −𝑠 ] =0 + [ −𝑠 ]
𝑎 𝑎
 Inverse Laplace Transform

Definition :
If the Laplace transform of a function F(t) is f(s) i.e, if L{F(t)} = f(s) , then, F(t) is called an
inverse Laplace transform of f(s) and we write symbolically F(t) = L-1 {f(s)} where L-1 is called
the inverse Laplace Transformation operator.
Then, if C1 & C2 are consts. Then,
L-1 {C1 f1 (s) + C2 f2 (s)} = C1L-1 {f1(s)} +C2L-1{f2 (s)}
Then, L-1{f(s)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑓(𝑠 − 𝑎)}
1 1
since, L { 𝑒 −3𝑡 } = 3+3 we can write, L-1 { } = 𝑒 −3𝑡
𝑠+3
Similarly:
𝑠 𝑠
L-1{ 𝑠2 +𝑘 2 } = cos kt , L-1{ 1+𝑠2 } = cost
𝑠 𝑠
L-1{ 𝑠2 +𝑘 2 } = sin kt , L-1{ 1+ 𝑠2 } = sin t
4 3𝑠 5
L-1 { 𝑠−2 - 𝑠2 + 𝑠2 +4 }
1 𝑠 5 2
= 4L-1 { 𝑠−2 } -3L-1 { 𝑠2 +42 } + L-1 { 𝑠2 +22 }
2
5
=4e2t – 3cos 4t + 2 sin2t

1 1 ∟𝑛
1)L-1 { 𝑠𝑛+1 } = L-1 { ∟𝑛 . 𝑠𝑛+1 }
1 ∟𝑛
= ∟𝑛 L-1 { 𝑠𝑛+1 }
1
= ∟𝑛
1 1 1
2)L-1 {(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) } = L-1 { 𝑠−2 − 𝑠−1 } = 𝑒 2𝑡 -𝑒 𝑡
15 15 5𝑥3
3) L-1 {𝑠2 +4𝑠+13} = L-1 {(𝑠+2)2 +9 } = L-1{ (𝑠+2)2 +32}
3
=5L-1{(𝑠+2)2 +(3)2 }
= 5e-2tsin 3t
𝑠+1 𝑠+1
4) L-1 {𝑠2 +6𝑠+25} =L-1{ (𝑠+3)2 +16}
(𝑠+3)−2
= L-1{ (𝑠+3)2 +42 }
(𝑠+3) 1 4
= L-1{ (𝑠+3)2 +42 } - 2 L-1 { (𝑠+3)2 +42}
1
=𝑒 −3𝑡 (cos 4t - 2 sin 4t) (ans)
1
5)Show that , L-1 {𝑠2 −6𝑠+10} =e3tsin t
1 1
6) L-1 {𝑠2 +2𝑠+5} = e-t (cos2t - 2 sin2t)
sin 𝑘𝑡 1
7) Since, L { } = 𝑘 L { sin kt}
𝑘
1 𝑘
= 𝑘 𝑠2 +𝑘 2
1
=𝑠2 +𝑘 2
1 sin 𝑘𝑡
L-1 {𝑠2 +𝑘 2 } = 𝑘
1 1 1 1
Otherwise , L {𝑠2 +𝑘 2 } = 𝑘 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +𝑘 2 = 𝑘 sin kt
-1
 1 1
𝑠+1 (𝑠+ )+
8) Find L-1{𝑠2 +𝑠+1} = L-1 2
1 2 √3 2
2
(𝑠+ ) +( )
2 2
−𝑡
𝑒 2 √3𝑡 √3𝑡
= { √3𝑐𝑜𝑠 + sin }
√3 2 2
1
9)L { cosh kt} = 2 [𝐿 {𝑒 𝑘𝑡 } + 𝐿 {𝑒 𝑘𝑡 }]
1 1 1
= 2 [ 𝑠−𝑘 + ]
𝑠+𝑘
𝑠
= 𝑠2 −𝑘 2 , s> |k|
𝑠
L-1 {𝑠2 −𝑘 2 } = cosh kt
∞ ( 𝑠−𝑘)𝑡
10)Find L {tekt } = ∫0 𝑒 − 𝑡𝑑𝑡
∞
=∫0 𝑒 − 𝑝𝑡
𝑡𝑑𝑡
1
=𝑝2 , p>0
1
= (𝑠−𝑘)2 , s>k
1
L-1 { (𝑠−𝑘)2 } = t ekt
𝑠+1 3𝑠+1 𝑠2
11) Find inverse transform of 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5 , (𝑠+1)4 , (𝑠+2)3

Laplace Transform of Derivatives:

If L { f(t) } = f(s) then, L{ F’ (t) } = SL { F(T) } – {F (0)}

= sf (s) – F(0)
and L {F”(t)} = S2 L {F (t)} – SF(0)- F’(0)
∞
Proof: L { F’(t)} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∞
= [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 F(t)]∞
0 - ∫0 (−𝑠)𝑒
−𝑠𝑡
𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∞
= [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 F(t)]∞
0 + s∫0 𝑒
−𝑠𝑡
𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
= SL {F(t)} – F(0)
−𝑠𝑡
[Since 𝑒 𝐹(𝑡) → 0𝑎𝑠 𝑡 → ∞]
L{F’(t)} = SL {F’(t)} – F” (0) …. (i)
Again, L { F”(t)} = SL {F’ (t)} – F’(0) [ by(i) ]
=S {SL {F(t) }- F(0) ] – F’(0)
L{F” (t)} = S {F(t)} – SF (0) – F’(0)
2

these may b written as -

𝑑𝑦
L{ } = SL {y(t)} – y(0)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦
and L { } = S2L { y(t)} – Sy(0) – y’(0)
𝑑𝑡 2

In a similar way, we get,

L { 𝐹 𝑛 (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝑓(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝐹(0) − 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝐹 ′ (0)………… 𝐹 𝑛−1 (0) (proved)

*Solve the initial value problem y”+5y+6=0, y(0)=2, y’(0)= 3

Let, y=𝑒 𝑚𝑥

y’= 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥

y”= 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥

𝑚2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0

m=-3, -2

y=C1e-2x+C2e-3x

y (0) =C1+C2 ………….(i)

y’= 2C1e-2x-3C2e-3x

y’(0)= -2C1-3C2

3 = -2C1-3C2 …………..(ii)

4 = 2C1+2C2
3 = -2C1-3C2
7= -C2
∴C2=-7
C1 = 9
∴ y = 9e-2x-7e-3x

Apply Laplace transform on the given eqn:

L{y”+5y’+6} = 0
⇒ 𝑠 2 𝑓(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) + 5{𝑠𝑓(𝑠) − 𝑦(0) + 6𝑓(𝑠) = 0
⇒ 𝑠 2 𝑓(𝑠) − 2𝑠 − 3 + 5𝑠𝑓(𝑠) − 5 × 2 + 6𝑓(𝑠) = 0
⇒ 𝑓(𝑠){𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6} = 2𝑠 + 13

2st13
⇒ f(s) = 𝑠2 𝑡5𝑠𝑡6
2𝑠𝑡13
∴ f(s)= (𝑠𝑡3)(2𝑡𝑠)

2𝑠𝑡13 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 + 2) 𝑆 + 3 𝑆 + 2
2st13 = A(s+2) + B(s+3)
Let, S = -3
-4 +13 = B
∴B=9
-6 +13 = A(-1)
∴ A = -7
−7 9
F(s) = 𝑠+3 + 𝑠+2
 −7 9
𝐿−1 {𝑓(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 {𝑠𝑡3}+ 𝐿−1 {𝑠+2}

Y(t) = −7−3𝑡 + 9𝑒 −2𝑡 (Ans)

*Solve y”+y = 0, y(0)=0, y’(0)=1

L {y”+y} = 0
⇒ 𝑠 2 𝑓(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) + 𝑓(𝑠) = 0
⇒ 𝑠 2 𝑓(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦 − 0 − 1 + 𝑓(𝑠) = 0
⇒ 𝑠 2 𝑓{𝑠 2 + 1) = 1
1
⇒ 𝑠𝑓 =
𝑠2 +1
1
⇒ 𝐿−1 {𝑓(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { }
𝑠2 + 1
⇒ 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
*Solve x’-5x = 𝒆𝟓𝒕 , 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟎
L(x’) – SL {x} =L{𝑒 5𝑡 }
1
⇒ 5x(s) –x (0) – 5x(s) = 𝑠−5
1
⇒ 5x(s) - 05(x)s = 𝑠−5
1
⇒ x(s)(s -5) = 𝑠−5
1
⇒ x(s) = ( 𝑠−5)2
1
⇒ x(t) = 𝐿−1 { ( 𝑠−5)2
}

= 5𝑒 𝑡 (Ans)

*Y’ + 2y = 𝒆𝒕 , Y(0) = 1
⇒ L{y’} + 2L{y} = L{ 𝑒 𝑡 }
1
⇒5s(s) – 1 +2y(s) = 𝑠−1
1
⇒ (s+2) y(s) = 1 + 𝑠−1

𝑠
⇒ (s+2) y(s) =𝑠−1

𝑠
⇒ (s+2) y(s) =𝑠−1

𝑠
⇒ y(s) =(𝑠−1)(s+2)

1 𝑠 2 𝑠
⇒ y(s) = 3 . 𝑠−1 + 3 . 𝑠+2

1 1 2 1 1 2
⇒ 𝐿−1 {y(s)} =𝑠 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1} + 3 𝐿−1 {𝑠+2} ⇒ y(t) = 3 𝑒 𝑡 +3 𝑒 −2𝑡 (Ans)
Ex. 1 Solve the initial value problem. y”+y = 0, y(0)= 0, y’(0)=1 …. (i)
[We shall assume throughout that a sol. Of (i) exists and that the sol. And its derivatives are
sufficiently well behaved to the existence of the needed transforms. ]
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the diff. equation, we have,
L{ y” + y} =0 or, L {y”} + L{y} = 0
or, s2L{y} – s y(0) – y’(0) + L{y} = 0
or, (s2 + 1) L {y} = s X 0 +1 [Using the given condition]
1
or, L {y} = 1+𝑠2
1
or, y{t} = L-1 {1+𝑠2 } = sin t
y(t) = sin t is the soln. of the equation.

Ex.2 Solve y”+y = 1 , y(e) = 2, y’(0)= 0

Applying the Laplace operator to the given equation, we have,
L {y” +y} = L {1} or, L {y”} + L {y } = L {1 }
1
or, s2L {y} –s(y) (0)-y’(0) + L {y} = 𝑠 , s>0
1 2𝑠2 +1
(s2 + 1 ) L {y} = 𝑠 +2s + 0 = 𝑠
2𝑠2 +1 1 𝑠
or, L {y} = 𝑠(𝑠2 +1) = 𝑠 + (𝑠2 +1)
1 𝑠
y(t) = L -1 {𝑠 + (𝑠2 +1) } = 1+ cos t
Solve the initial value problem: Answer

1) y” +k2y = 0 ; y(0) =1 ; y’(0) = 0 . y =cos kt

2) y” + k2y = 0 ; y (0) = 0 , y’ (0) = k . y = sin kt
3) y’ = et ; y(0) = 1 . y= e0
4)y’ = 3et ; y(0) = 7 . y = 4+ 3et
𝑒 𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑡
5) y’-y = - e-t ; y(0) = 1 y= 2
𝑒 𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡
6) y’+ y = e ; y(0) = 0
t
y= 2
𝑒𝑡 𝑒 3𝑡
7) y” -3y’+ 2y = e ; y(0) = y’(0) = 0
3t
y= - e2t +
2 2
1 𝑡
8) y”+ y = e ; y(0) = y’(0) = 0
t
y = 2 (𝑒 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
9) y” + y’ -2y = -4 ; y(0) = 0 , y’(0) = 4 y= 2+et – e-2t
10 ) y” + 2y’ = -4 ; y(0)= 0 , y’(0) = 4 y=e 2t + 2t – 1
𝑡3
12) x” + 2x’ +x = 3te –t , x(0) =4 , x’(0) = 2 ; x(1) = (4+6t+ ) e-t
𝑥
13) x” +4x’ + 4x = 4e-2t , x(0) = -1 , x’(0) =4
14) x” +x = 6cos2t ; x(0) = 3 , x’(0) = 1 Ans. 5cos t – 2 cos2t +sint

15) y”- y = 5 sin 2t ; y(0)=0 , y’(0) = 1

16) x" + 4x = 2t – 8 ; x(0) =1, x’(0) = 0
17) x” +2x’ = 8t ; x(0) = x’(0) = 0
18) u’ +4u = 15et ; u(0) = 1 , u’ (0) = 3
19) u” + 4u’ +3u = 12, u(0) =7 , u’(0) = 1
20) y” +9y = 40ex , y(0) = 5, y’ (0)= -2