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 Agriculture and Horticulture in India (Edition 1)
About the Book
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the
agriculture and horticulture sectors in India. It covers the
historical development, current status, challenges, and
future prospects of these vital industries. The book delves
into the diverse agro-climatic zones of India, discussing
the various crops cultivated and their regional distribution.
It examines the traditional farming practices as well as
modern agricultural techniques, including irrigation
Agriculture and Horticulture
systems, mechanization, and the use of biotechnology. The
horticulture section highlights the importance of fruit, in India (Edition 1)
vegetable, and flower cultivation in India. It discusses the
different horticultural crops, their production methods,
post-harvest management, and marketing strategies.
The book also explores the role of government policies,
subsidies, and schemes in promoting sustainable
agriculture and horticulture practices. It highlights the
contribution of these sectors to the Indian economy,
employment generation, and food security. Additionally,
the book addresses the challenges faced by Indian farmers,
such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation,
and pest management. It offers insights into potential
solutions and strategies for enhancing productivity,
profitability, and environmental sustainability. With its co
mprehensive coverage and practical insights, this book
serves as a valuable resource for students, researchers,
policymakers, and stakeholders interested in understand-
ing the intricacies of agriculture and horticulture in the
Indian context.

Address
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Uttar Pradesh, Pin -224284, India. Narinder Panotra
Romesh Kumar Salgotra
Manmohan Sharma
Vinod Gupta
Magdeshwar Sharma
 Agriculture and
Horticulture in India
(Edition 1)
Editors

Narinder Panotra
Romesh Kumar Salgotra
Manmohan Sharma
Vinod Gupta
Magdeshwar Sharma

ND GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE

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Disclaimer: The authors are solemnly responsible for the book chapters compiled
in this volume. The editors and publisher shall not be responsible for same in any
manner for violation of any copyright act and so. Errors if any are purely
unintentional and readers are requested to communicate the error to the editors or
publishers to avoid discrepancies in future editions.
 PREFACE
India, a land of diverse landscapes and climatic conditions, has been a
cradle of agricultural practices since time immemorial. Agriculture and
horticulture have played a pivotal role in shaping the socio-economic fabric of
our nation, providing sustenance to millions and contributing significantly to the
country's economy. This book, "Agriculture and Horticulture in India," is a
comprehensive exploration of the rich heritage, current practices, and future
prospects of these vital sectors. It delves into the intricate tapestry of traditional
farming techniques that have been passed down through generations, while also
examining the latest advancements in technology, research, and sustainable
practices.
Within these pages, readers will embark on a journey through the diverse
agricultural regions of India, each with its unique crops, cultivation methods, and
challenges. From the fertile plains of the north to the lush tropical regions of the
south, this book unravels the intricacies of crop production, soil management,
water conservation, and pest control strategies. Moreover, the book pays special
attention to the rapidly growing field of horticulture, which encompasses the
cultivation of fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, and medicinal herbs. It
explores the vast array of horticultural crops that thrive in different regions, their
economic significance, and the innovative techniques employed to enhance yield,
quality, and sustainability.
Beyond the technical aspects, this book also delves into the socio-cultural
dimensions of agriculture and horticulture in India. It examines the role of small
and marginal farmers, the challenges they face, and the initiatives aimed at
empowering them. Additionally, it highlights the significance of indigenous
knowledge systems and the need to preserve and integrate them with modern
scientific approaches. With a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical
insights, this book serves as a valuable resource for students, researchers,
policymakers, and anyone interested in understanding the intricate web of
agriculture and horticulture in India. It not only celebrates the rich agricultural
heritage but also provides a roadmap for sustainable and innovative practices that
can shape the future of food security and economic prosperity in our nation.

Happy reading and happy gardening!

 ABOUT THE EDITORS

Dr Narinder Panotra is presently working as

Associate Professor in the Institute of
Biotechnology, Chatha, Sher-e-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and
Technology of Jammu, J&K, INDIA. He did his
Ph. D in Agronomy (Weed Science) in 2007. He
has more than 16 years experience in teaching,
research and extension. Dr Panotra started his professional career as a
Research Associate (Agronomy) at the Indian Institute of Farming
Systems Research, Modipuram in 2007. He has worked extensively across
the entire value chain of organic agriculture management, including
organizing capacity building programs for farmers and officials, working
in organic adoption and certification projects at the regional level. He was
also instrumental in facilitating the establishment of the Organic Farming
Research Centre and Division as a major vertical. As an academician, he
contributed 09 books in the field of agriculture including one text book
and published more than 100 research and review papers in journals of
national and international repute. He has an international exposure of
visiting 04 countries and associated with 23 externally funded projects;
funded by ICAR, DST, DBT, NABARD etc and worked in 27 institutional
research projects as PI/Co-PI.
.
 Dr Romesh Kumar Salgotra, Ph.D, is currently
a Professor and Director, Institute of
Biotechnology at Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu
(SKUAST-Jammu) in India. Dr. Salgotra
received his Ph.D. in Plant Breeding & Genetics
in 1999 from CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur, India. He was
previously an Endeavour Executive Fellow of
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food
Innovation (QAAFI) at the University of Queensland, Australia. He has
worked in different capacities as Junior Scientist and Senior Scientist at
SKUAST-Jammu under All India Co-ordinated Rice Improvement Project,
National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), Hyderabad and Central Research
Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad, India. Dr. Salgotra
is recipient of BOYSCAST Fellowship, Tennessee University, USA. He
was awarded with prestigious Norman E. Borlaug Fellowship by United
State Agriculture Development (USDA) at Louisiana State University,
USA during 2015. He has participated in Genetic Resources and
Intellectual Property Rights Programme (GRIP) under Swedish
International Development Agency (SIDA), Sweden and Followup
programme at Pretoria, South Africa. He was the member and
representative of Global Forum for Innovative Agriculture (GFIA), Abu
Dhabi, UAE. Dr. Salgotra was also one of the member of delegation in
Joint Committee on Science and Technology, Govt. of India held at Belgrade,
Serbia in 2017. He has chaired a session in International Association of
Science & Technology Development for Computational Bioscience held at
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He has more than 50 peer reviewed
publications and has delivered numerous oral and poster presentations in
national and international meetings/conferences. He has been affiliated
with several internationally reputed journals and is also reviewer of many
reputed journals He has guided M. Sc. and Ph.D. students under his
supervision. Dr. Salgotra has received grants for research projects from
national and international funding
 Dr Manmohan Sharma is at present Professor,
Institute of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-
Jammu (J&K)-India. He has teaching and research
experience of about 20 years. He is teaching courses
at under graduate, master and Ph.D. levels in
Biotechnology; and guiding project works of B.Tech. (Biotech.) students
and thesis work of M.Sc. & Ph.D students. Prof. Sharma has successfully
guided 5 M.Sc. and 5 Ph.D. students. He has vast research experience in
use of genomic tools, gene pyramiding for major biotic stresses in rice and
brassica crops, exploitation of advanced genomic tools for enhancing
nutritional content of rice and brassica varieties. He has also worked on
standardization of protocols for development of doubled haploid
genotypes of rice; and generation of quality planting material of
horticultural and medicinal plants as well as ex-situ conservation of plant
genetic resources of different crop plants. Prof. Sharma has published 80
research papers in peer reviewed high impact journal, 15 book chapters, 02
books and five manuals for reference by scientific and teaching fraternity,
as well as students. He is part of 10 prestigious externally funded
completed/on-going projects worth more than 26 crore.
 Dr. Vinod Gupta, a seasoned professor, has made a
significant impact on the agricultural extension
domain. He remained Gold medalist throughout his
academics. His exceptional tenure at SKUAST
Jammu, initiating vital promotional activities and
providing technical support to farmers, led to the
prestigious ICAR Best KVK award. With a prolific career spanning over
18 years, Dr. Gupta showcased adeptness in establishing units, enhancing
research infrastructure, and fostering collaboration with various
stakeholders. Notable accomplishments include establishing nut center,
establishment of KVK Samba, expanding farm areas, and leveraging
agriculture technologies through different channels for farmer
empowerment. Additionally, his academic journey to Professor reflects a
deep-rooted commitment to agricultural development and outreach,
manifesting in numerous accolades and recognitions for his contributions.
Dr. Gupta has an extensive publication record, including 56 research
papers, 4 books, 36 book chapters, and 114 popular articles. He has served
as a Principal Investigator for 2 projects and as a Co-Principal Investigator
for 10 projects. He has guided MSc and PhD students, served on advisory
committees, and imparted knowledge through teaching different courses to
students. Dr. Gupta's dedication is also evident in the numerous awards he
has received, including the Professional Excellence Award by the Soil
Conservation Society of India in 2014 and the Best Extension Professional
Award by Community Mobilization Society in 2018.
 Dr. Magdeshwar Sharma is presently
working as Professor in the Division of
Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology of
Jammu, J&K, INDIA. He did his Ph. D in
Entomology in 2012. For the past 20 years,he
is involved in teaching, research and
extension. Dr. Magdeshwar started his professional career as a Senior
Research Fellow in Bio-Control Laboratory, G. B. Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology, Western Campus, Modipuram (presently
SVBPUAT) in 2000. He has an internationalexposure of visiting countries
like Singapore & Switzerland and completed 6 externally funded projects
and possesses a good exposure on Storage Entomology and Integrated Pest
Management. He has successfully guided ten M.Sc. Students; three Ph.D.
Student and currently guiding five PG student. As an academician, he
contributed 11 book chapters in the field of agriculture including one text
book and published more than 46 researchand review papers in journals of
national and international repute.
S.N TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERS Page

No.

1. Advances in Postharvest Handling and Storage of 1-24

Cut Flowers

2. Innovative Packaging Solutions for Fresh Produce 25-62

3. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 63-93

4. Agricultural Extension and Farmer Education in 94-119

India

5. Agricultural Marketing and Trade 120-139

6. Postharvest Innovations: Enhancing Crop Value 140-164

and Profitability

7. Plantation Crops and Species 165-196

8. Precision Agriculture 197-209

9. Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 210-233

10. Vermiculture and Vermicomposting in 234-246

Horticulture
 ISBN:- 978-81-972418-9-5
CHAPTER - 9

Postharvest Technology and Value Addition

1
Ravina Parmar ,2Thongam Chanu Anel, 3Vimal Kumar and 4Vidhya C.S.
1
PhD Scholar, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agriculture
Engineering and Technology, Anand Agricultural University, Godhra, Gujarat
2
Assistant Professor (Food Technology) S. Kula Women's College, Nambol
3
Teaching Associate, Department of Fruit Science, Chandra Chandra Shekhar Azad University of
Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur 208 002
4
Ph.D. Biotechnology Research Scholar, Department of Primary Processing Storage and
Handling, NIFTEM-Thanjavur, Thanjavur-613005, Tamil Nadu, India

Corresponding Author
Ravina Parmar
[email protected]

Abstract
India is a global leader in agriculture and horticulture production, ranking
second worldwide. However, significant postharvest losses, estimated at 40% for
fruits and vegetables, limit the sector's potential. Postharvest technologies and
value addition strategies are critical for reducing waste, ensuring food security,
and increasing farmers' incomes. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of
the current state of postharvest management in India, covering pre-harvest
factors, harvesting techniques, packaging, storage, transportation, and value-
added processing. Key challenges are identified, including inadequate
infrastructure, fragmented supply chains, and limited access to technology and
skilled labor. Promising solutions and innovations are highlighted, such as the
use of modified atmosphere packaging, controlled atmosphere storage,
irradiation, and emerging digital technologies like IoT sensors and blockchain for
traceability. Successful case studies of value addition through dehydration,
canning, juicing, and extraction of nutraceuticals are presented. The chapter
emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts between government, industry, and
academia to address gaps and scale up best practices. Investment in postharvest
 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 211

infrastructure, capacity building, entrepreneurship, and market linkages are

identified as priority areas. The potential for postharvest management and value
addition to drive sustainable agricultural growth and rural development in India is
underscored.
Keywords: postharvest management, value addition, food loss, agro-processing,
sustainable agriculture
India is an agricultural powerhouse, with the sector accounting for 18%
of the country's GDP and employing over 50% of the workforce [1]. India is the
world's largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices, and the second-largest
producer of fruits, vegetables, and cereals [2]. However, the agricultural value
chain in India is plagued by significant postharvest losses, estimated at 40% for
fruits and vegetables, 10% for cereals, and 5% for milk [3]. These losses not only
threaten food security but also result in substantial economic losses for farmers
and agribusinesses.
Postharvest technologies and
value addition strategies offer
immense potential for reducing food
waste, enhancing food quality and
safety, and increasing the
profitability of agricultural
enterprises. Postharvest management
encompasses the various stages from
harvest to consumption, including
handling, packaging, storage,
transportation, and processing [4].
Value addition involves transforming raw agricultural produce into higher-value
products through grading, sorting, processing, packaging, and branding [5].
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of
postharvest technology and value addition in Indian agriculture and horticulture.
It identifies key challenges and opportunities, highlights promising innovations
and best practices, and outlines strategies for harnessing the potential of
212 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition

postharvest management to drive sustainable agricultural growth and rural

development.

Pre-Harvest Factors Influencing Postharvest Quality

The quality and shelf life of agricultural produce are significantly
influenced by pre-harvest factors such as genetic traits, agronomic practices,
environmental conditions, and harvesting techniques [6]. Table 1 summarizes the
key pre-harvest factors affecting postharvest quality.
Table 1: Pre-Harvest Factors Influencing Postharvest Quality
Factor Impact on Postharvest Quality
Genetic traits Varieties with longer shelf life, better texture, flavor, and nutritional
content
Agronomic practices Optimal fertilization, irrigation, pest management for reducing defects
and disorders
Environmental Temperature, humidity, light influence ripening, color development, and
conditions shelf life
Harvesting techniques Maturity at harvest, harvesting methods, and handling practices impact
quality and losses
Advances in plant breeding and biotechnology have led to the
development of improved varieties with enhanced postharvest traits. For
example, the "Arka Rakshak" tomato variety developed by the Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research (IIHR) has a longer shelf life of 15-20 days compared to
7-10 days for traditional varieties [7]. Similarly, the "Arka Sahan" mango variety
has a higher pulp content and better keeping quality than popular varieties like
Alphonso and Totapuri [8].
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) involving optimal use of inputs,
integrated pest management, and precision farming techniques can significantly
reduce postharvest losses. A study by the National Institute of Agricultural
Extension Management (MANAGE) found that adoption of GAP in tomato
cultivation reduced postharvest losses from 30% to 10% [9].
Harvesting at the proper stage of maturity and using appropriate
harvesting methods are critical for maintaining postharvest quality. For
 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 213

climacteric fruits like mango, banana, and papaya, harvesting at the mature green
stage allows for longer storage and transportation periods [10]. The use of
mechanical harvesters and picking poles can reduce harvest damage in crops like
apples and oranges [11].

Postharvest Handling and Packaging

Proper postharvest handling and packaging are essential for maintaining
the quality and extending the shelf life of agricultural produce. Table 2 outlines
the various postharvest handling operations and their significance.
Table 2: Postharvest Handling Operations
Operation Significance
Cleaning and Removes field heat, dirt, debris, and reduces microbial load
washing
Sorting and Separates produce based on size, color, and quality for different markets and
grading uses
Packaging Protects produce from mechanical damage, moisture loss, and contamination
during storage and transport
Precooling Rapid removal of field heat to slow down respiration and deterioration
Curing Drying of outer layers of onions, garlic, and tubers for extended storage
Cleaning and washing of produce using potable water and disinfectants
like chlorine help in removing field heat, dirt, and reducing microbial load. A
study by the Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology
(CIPHET) found that washing of carrots with 100 ppm chlorinated water reduced
the microbial count by 90% and extended the shelf life by 5 days [12].
Sorting and grading of produce based on size, color, and quality are
important for meeting market requirements and fetching better prices.
Mechanical graders and computer vision-based sorting systems are increasingly
being used for efficient and accurate grading [13].
Packaging plays a vital role in protecting produce from mechanical
damage, moisture loss, and contamination during storage and transportation. The
use of appropriate packaging materials like corrugated fiberboard boxes, plastic
crates, and biodegradable materials can significantly reduce losses [14]. Modified
atmosphere packaging (MAP) involving the alteration of gaseous composition
214 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition

inside the package has been successfully used for extending the shelf life of fruits
and vegetables [15]. Table 3 presents the shelf life extension achieved using
MAP for selected crops.

Table 3: Shelf Life Extension using Modified Atmosphere Packaging

Crop MAP Composition Shelf Life Extension
Mango 3-5% O₂, 5-8% CO₂ 15-20 days
Banana 2-5% O₂, 2-5% CO₂ 20-30 days
Tomato 3-5% O₂, 1-3% CO₂ 10-15 days
Okra 2-3% O₂, 4-6% CO₂ 7-10 days
Precooling involves the rapid removal of field heat from freshly
harvested produce to slow down respiration and deterioration. Precooling
methods like forced-air cooling, hydrocooling, and vacuum cooling are
commonly used for fruits and vegetables [16]. A study by the Indian Agricultural
Research Institute (IARI) found that precooling of grapes at 2°C reduced weight
loss by 6% and extended shelf life by 20 days compared to non-precooled grapes
[17].
Curing is a postharvest treatment involving the drying of outer layers of
crops like onions, garlic, and tubers for extending storage life. Curing helps in
reducing moisture content, sealing off wounds, and forming a protective layer
against pathogens [18]. Table 4 shows the recommended curing conditions for
selected crops.
Table 4: Curing Conditions for Selected Crops
Crop Temperature (°C) Relative Humidity (%) Duration (days)
Onion 25-35 60-80 10-15
Garlic 30-35 60-70 7-10
Potato 15-20 85-90 10-14
Sweet Potato 28-32 85-90 4-7
Storage Technologies
Proper storage of agricultural produce is crucial for maintaining quality,
minimizing losses, and ensuring year-round availability. Table 5 summarizes the
common storage methods used for different commodities.
 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 215

Table 5: Storage Methods for Agricultural Commodities

Commodity Storage Method Temperature (°C) Relative Humidity (%) Storage Life
Cereals Hermetic storage Ambient 60-70 12-18 months
Pulses Hermetic storage Ambient 60-70 6-12 months
Oilseeds Hermetic storage Ambient 60-70 6-9 months
Fruits Cold storage 0-10 85-95 2-8 weeks
Vegetables Cold storage 0-10 90-98 1-4 weeks
Milk Chilling 4-7 - 2-5 days
Hermetic storage involves the use of airtight structures like metal silos
and hermetic bags to prevent insect infestation and moisture migration in stored
grains [19]. The Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags, developed by
Purdue University, have been successfully used for reducing storage losses in
cereals and pulses [20]. A study by the International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) found that the use of PICS bags reduced
storage losses in pigeonpea from 25% to 1% over a 6-month period [21].
Cold storage is the most widely used method for preserving the quality
and extending the shelf life of perishable commodities like fruits, vegetables, and
milk. The optimum storage temperature and humidity vary depending on the
commodity, as shown in Table 5. Advances in refrigeration technology, such as
the use of solar-powered cold storage and evaporative cooling systems, have
made cold storage more accessible and affordable for small-scale farmers [22].
Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage involves the regulation of both
temperature and gaseous composition (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen) to
further extend the shelf life of perishables. CA storage is particularly effective for
long-term storage of apples, pears, and kiwifruit [23]. In India, the use of CA
storage is limited but growing, with successful examples like the "Himachal
Pradesh Controlled Atmosphere Storage" project for apple storage [24].
216 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition

Novel storage technologies like modified humidity packaging, ethylene

absorbents, and irradiation are being explored for enhancing the storage life of
perishables. Modified humidity packaging using moisture-absorbing materials
like clay and zeolites has been found effective in extending the shelf life of
mushrooms and berries [25]. Ethylene absorbents like potassium permanganate
and activated carbon are used for delaying ripening in climacteric fruits [26].
Irradiation using gamma rays or electron beams is a promising technology for
disinfecting and extending the shelf life of fruits, vegetables, and spices [27].
Transportation and Logistics
Efficient transportation and logistics are critical for reducing postharvest
losses and maintaining the quality of agricultural produce from farm to fork.
India's transportation infrastructure for perishables is underdeveloped, with less
than 5% of fruits and vegetables being transported in refrigerated vehicles [28].
Table 6 presents the recommended transportation conditions for selected
perishables.
Table 6: Transportation Conditions for Perishables
Commodity Temperature Relative Humidity Vehicle Type
(°C) (%)
Milk 4-7 - Insulated tankers
Fresh fruits and 0-10 85-95 Refrigerated trucks
vegetables
Frozen fruits and 18 to -24 - Refrigerated trucks
vegetables
Fresh fish 0-2 90-95 Insulated trucks with
ice
Meat 0-4 85-90 Refrigerated trucks
The development of integrated cold chain networks, including pack
houses, reefer vehicles, and cold storage hubs, is essential for reducing wastage
and ensuring the quality of perishables during transportation. The Indian
government has launched several initiatives to promote cold chain infrastructure,
such as the "Scheme for Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure" and the
"Kisan Rail" for transportation of perishables by rail [29].
 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 217

Innovations in packaging and logistics, such as the use of active and

intelligent packaging, geospatial technologies, and blockchain, are transforming
the transportation of agricultural commodities. Active packaging systems like
oxygen scavengers and antimicrobial packaging help in extending the shelf life of
perishables during transport [30]. Intelligent packaging using sensors and
indicators can monitor the quality and safety of products in real-time [31]. The
use of geospatial technologies like GPS and GIS enables real-time tracking and
optimization of supply chains [32]. Blockchain technology is being explored for
enhancing traceability, transparency, and trust in agri-food supply chains [33].
Value Addition through Processing
Value addition through processing is a key strategy for reducing
postharvest losses, increasing farmer incomes, and meeting changing consumer
demands.
Table 7: Processing Methods and Applications
Processing Method Application Examples
Drying and dehydration Preservation of fruits, Dried mango, onion flakes,
vegetables, spices, and herbs dried ginger
Canning Preservation of fruits, Canned pineapple, tomato
vegetables, and pulses puree, canned chickpeas
Juicing and pulping Extraction of juices and pulps Mango pulp, pomegranate
from fruits and vegetables juice, tomato juice
Freezing Preservation of fruits, Frozen peas, frozen shrimp,
vegetables, and meat products frozen mango chunks
Pickling and fermentation Preservation and flavor Mango pickle, sauerkraut,
enhancement of fruits and kimchi
vegetables
Extrusion Production of snacks Pasta, noodles,
and ready-to-eat products breakfast cereals
M Processing Wheat flour, rice bran oil, besan
illing of cereals, pulses, and
oilseeds
Drying and dehydration are widely used methods for preserving and
adding value to agricultural produce. Sun drying is the most common method, but
advances in drying technologies like solar drying, vacuum drying, and freeze-
218 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition

drying have improved the efficiency and quality of dried products [34]. The
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has developed solar dryers for
various commodities, including the "Pusa Solar Dryer" for drying of fruits,
vegetables, and spices [35].
Canning involves the thermal processing and sealing of foods in airtight
containers for long-term preservation. India is a major producer of canned fruits
and vegetables, with a significant share being exported [36]. The "Mega Food
Park
"
sche
me
launc
hed
by
the
India
n
gove
rnme
nt
aims
to promote the establishment of integrated food processing facilities, including
canning units [37].
Juicing and pulping are important value addition processes for fruits and
vegetables, resulting in the production of juices, concentrates, and purees. The
Indian fruit juice market is growing rapidly, driven by increasing health
awareness and changing consumer preferences [38]. The "Pradhan Mantri Kisan
Sampada Yojana" (PMKSY) scheme provides financial assistance for the
establishment of fruit and vegetable processing units [39].
Freezing is an effective method for preserving the quality and nutritional
value of perishables. The Indian frozen food market is expanding, with growing
demand for frozen fruits, vegetables, and ready-to-eat meals [40]. The "Scheme
 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 219

for Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure" supports the
establishment of frozen food processing units [29].
Pickling and fermentation are traditional methods of food preservation
that also add unique flavors and health benefits. Indian pickles, chutneys, and
fermented foods like idli and dosa batter are gaining popularity worldwide [41].
The "AHIDF Scheme" by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries provides
financial assistance for the modernization of pickle and fermentation units [42].
Extrusion is a versatile processing technology used for the production of
snacks, breakfast cereals, and ready-to-eat products. The Indian snack food
market is growing rapidly, with extruded snacks like pasta, noodles, and puffed
snacks gaining popularity [43]. The "PM Formalization of Micro Food
Processing Enterprises" (PM-FME) scheme supports the upgradation of micro
food processing units, including extruded snack producers [44].
Milling is a crucial processing step for cereals, pulses, and oilseeds,
resulting in the production of flours, grits, and oils. India is a major producer of
wheat flour (atta), rice flour, and pulses like besan (chickpea flour) [45]. The
"Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana" (PMKSY) scheme includes the
modernization of milling infrastructure as a key component [39].
Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and Nutraceuticals
Agricultural and horticultural byproducts are rich sources of bioactive
compounds and nutraceuticals that can be extracted and used in functional foods,
pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics [46]. Table 8 presents some examples of high-
value compounds extracted from agricultural waste.
Table 8: High-Value Compounds from Agricultural Waste
Waste Bioactive Compound Application
Grape pomace Anthocyanins, resveratrol Natural colorants, antioxidants
Mango seed kernel Phenolics, carotenoids Functional food ingredients
Citrus Pectin, Food additives, flavoring agents
peel essential oils
Sugarcane bagasse Cellulose, hemicellulose Biofuels, packaging materials
Rice bran Oryzanol, tocotrienols Nutraceuticals, cosmetics
Advances in extraction technologies like supercritical fluid extraction,
microwave-assisted extraction, and enzymatic extraction have improved the
220 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition

efficiency and yield of bioactive compounds from agricultural waste [47]. For
example, the use of supercritical CO₂ extraction has been found effective for the
recovery of carotenoids from tomato waste [48].
The development of integrated biorefineries for the co-production of
food, feed, fuels, and bio-based products from agricultural waste is gaining
traction [49]. The "Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN" (Jaiv Indhan-Vatavaran Anukool
Fasal Awashesh Nivaran) scheme aims to promote the establishment of
integrated biorefineries for the production of bioethanol from agricultural waste
[50].
Case Studies of Successful Value Addition
1. Mahagrapes: Grapes Value Chain Development in Maharashtra
Mahagrapes is a cooperative society of grape growers in Maharashtra,
India, that has successfully implemented value addition strategies for enhancing
the quality and marketability of grapes [51]. The cooperative has established a
network of pack houses with facilities for sorting, grading, and packing of grapes.
The use of pre-cooling and cold storage has enabled the export of grapes to
international markets like Europe and the Middle East.
Mahagrapes has also diversified into the production of value-added
products like raisins, grape juice, and wine. The cooperative has set up a modern
raisin processing plant with a capacity of 3,000 metric tons per year [52]. The
"Mahagrapes" brand of raisins is exported to countries like the USA, UK, and
Japan.
2. Safal: Integrated Fruit and Vegetable Value Chain by Mother Dairy
Safal is the horticulture brand of Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt.
Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board
(NDDB) [53]. Safal has established an integrated value chain for fruits and
vegetables, including farming, procurement, processing, and marketing.
Safal has set up a network of state-of-the-art fruit and vegetable
processing plants across India, with a combined processing capacity of over
200,000 metric tons per year [54]. The plants produce a range of value-added
products like frozen vegetables, fruit juices, pulps, and jams. Safal has also
 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 221

established a chain of retail outlets for the marketing of fresh and processed fruits
and vegetables.

3. Jumbo Foods: Banana Chips and Snacks Production in Kerala

Jumbo Foods is a leading manufacturer of banana chips and snacks based
in Kerala, India [55]. The company has successfully implemented value addition
strategies for bananas, which are a major crop in Kerala.
Jumbo Foods has set up a modern banana chips production facility with a
capacity of 10,000 metric tons per year [56]. The facility uses advanced
technologies like vacuum frying and nitrogen packing to ensure the quality and
shelf life of the chips. The company has also diversified into the production of
other banana-based snacks like banana powder and banana fig rolls.
Jumbo Foods has established a strong brand presence in both domestic
and international markets, with exports to countries like the USA, UK, and
Middle East [57]. The company's success has contributed to the growth of the
banana chips industry in Kerala, benefiting thousands of small-scale banana
farmers.
Challenges and Opportunities
Despite the immense potential of postharvest technology and value
addition, the Indian agriculture and horticulture sector faces several challenges.
Table 9 summarizes the key challenges and opportunities.
Table 9: Challenges and Opportunities in Postharvest Technology
and Value Addition
Challenges Opportunities
Inadequate postharvest Investment in pack houses, cold storage, and processing units
infrastructure
Fragmented and inefficient supply Development of integrated value chains and FPOs
chains
Lack of awareness and skills Capacity building and extension services for postharvest
among farmers management
Limited access to credit and Innovative financing models like warehouse receipt financing
finance and FPO financing
222 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition

Inadequate quality and safety Harmonization of quality standards and adoption of HACCP
standards and ISO 22000
Insufficient R&D and Collaborative research between industry, academia,
innovation and government institutions
The inadequacy of postharvest infrastructure, including pack houses, cold
storage, and processing units, is a major challenge. According to a study by the
National Center for Cold Chain Development (NCCD), India has a cold storage
capacity of 35 million metric tons against a requirement of 61 million metric tons
[58]. The lack of pack houses and reefer vehicles leads to significant quality
deterioration during transportation.
The fragmentation and inefficiency of agricultural supply chains in India
result in high postharvest losses and low farmer incomes. The development of
integrated value chains, involving direct linkages between farmers, processors,
and retailers, can help in reducing intermediation costs and ensuring better price
realization for farmers [59]. The promotion of Farmer Producer Organizations
(FPOs) can enable smallholder farmers to achieve economies of scale and
bargaining power [60].
The lack of awareness and skills among farmers regarding postharvest
management practices is another challenge. Extension services and capacity-
building programs are needed to train farmers in proper harvesting, handling, and
storage techniques [61]. The use of ICT tools like mobile apps and videos can
help in disseminating best practices to a wider audience [62].
Limited access to credit and finance is a major barrier for the adoption of
postharvest technologies and value addition by smallholder farmers and agri-
entrepreneurs. Innovative financing models like warehouse receipt financing,
where farmers can avail loans against their stored produce, can help in improving
access to credit [63]. The promotion of FPO financing, where banks provide
credit to farmer collectives, can also enable the adoption of postharvest
technologies [64].
The inadequacy of quality and safety standards for agricultural produce is
a hindrance to value addition and export competitiveness. The harmonization of
national standards with international norms like Codex and the adoption of food
 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 223

safety management systems like HACCP and ISO 22000 are essential for
ensuring the quality and safety of processed foods [65].
Insufficient R&D and innovation in postharvest technology and value
addition are limiting the sector's growth potential. Collaborative research between
industry, academia, and government institutions is needed to develop cost-
effective and scalable solutions [66]. The establishment of postharvest research
centers and innovation hubs can foster the development and commercialization of
novel technologies [67].
Way Forward and Recommendations
Addressing the challenges and harnessing the opportunities in
postharvest technology and value addition require concerted efforts from all
stakeholders, including the government, industry, academia, and civil society.
Some key recommendations are:
1. Increase investment in postharvest infrastructure, including pack houses, cold
storage, and processing units, through public-private partnerships and
financial incentives.
2. Promote the development of integrated value chains and FPOs through policy
support, market linkages, and capacity building.
3. Strengthen extension services and training programs for farmers on
postharvest management practices, leveraging ICT tools and innovative
delivery models.
4. Improve access to credit and finance for smallholder farmers and agri-
entrepreneurs through innovative financing models like warehouse receipt
financing and FPO financing.
5. Harmonize national quality and safety standards with international norms and
promote the adoption of food safety management systems like HACCP and
ISO 22000.
6. Foster collaborative research and innovation in postharvest technology and
value addition through the establishment of postharvest research centers and
innovation hubs.
224 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition

7. Create an enabling policy environment for the growth of the food processing
industry, including streamlined regulations, tax incentives, and infrastructure
support.
8. Promote market intelligence and export promotion for value-added
agricultural products, leveraging India's comparative advantages and
emerging market opportunities.
9. Encourage the development of sustainable and circular models for
postharvest management and value addition, focusing on resource efficiency,
waste reduction, and environmental sustainability.
10. Foster entrepreneurship and skill development in the postharvest technology
and value addition sector, creating employment opportunities and driving
rural economic growth.
11. One such factor is the development of agro-processing clusters and food
parks. These clusters bring together farmers, processors, logistics providers,
and other stakeholders to create integrated value chains. The Ministry of
Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) has been promoting the establishment of
mega food parks and agro-processing clusters across the country [68]. These
initiatives aim to reduce postharvest losses, increase processing capacities,
and generate employment opportunities in rural areas.
12. Another important aspect is the adoption of quality and safety standards
across the value chain. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
(FSSAI) has been working towards harmonizing Indian standards with
international norms like Codex Alimentarius [69]. The implementation of
food safety management systems like Hazard Analysis and Critical Control
Points (HACCP) and ISO 22000 is becoming increasingly important for
ensuring the quality and safety of processed foods [70]. Capacity building
and awareness programs are needed to help small and medium-scale
enterprises adopt these standards.
13. The development of cold chain infrastructure is critical for reducing
postharvest losses and maintaining the quality of perishables. The
government has been promoting investments in cold storage, pack houses,
and reefer vehicles through schemes like the "Pradhan Mantri Kisan
 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 225

Sampada Yojana" (PMKSY) [39]. However, the lack of uninterrupted power

supply and high initial costs remain major challenges for the widespread
adoption of cold chain technologies [71]. Innovative solutions like solar-
powered cold storage and evaporative cooling systems are being explored to
address these challenges [72].
14. The use of digital technologies and data analytics is transforming the way
postharvest management and value addition are carried out. Precision
agriculture techniques using sensors, drones, and satellite imagery can help in
optimizing crop management and harvesting decisions [73]. Blockchain
technology is being explored for enhancing traceability and transparency in
agri-food value chains [74]. The use of artificial intelligence and machine
learning algorithms can help in grading, sorting, and quality assessment of
agricultural produce [75].
15. The promotion of farmer producer organizations (FPOs) and cooperatives is
another important strategy for enhancing postharvest management and value
addition. FPOs enable small and marginal farmers to aggregate their produce,
access markets, and negotiate better prices [76]. The government has been
promoting the formation and strengthening of FPOs through schemes like the
"Agriculture Infrastructure Fund" and "Operation Greens" [77]. Successful
examples of FPOs like Sahyadri Farms and Mahagrapes have demonstrated
the potential of collective action in reducing postharvest losses and increasing
farmer incomes [78].
16. Research and development (R&D) plays a vital role in developing cost-
effective and scalable postharvest technologies and value-added products.
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and its affiliated
institutes have been working on various aspects of postharvest management,
including the development of improved varieties, postharvest treatments,
packaging materials, and processing technologies [79]. Collaborative
research between academia, industry, and government institutions is needed
to develop innovative solutions and commercialize them for the benefit of
farmers and consumers.
226 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition

17. Extension and capacity building services are critical for promoting the
adoption of postharvest technologies and best practices among farmers and
agri-entrepreneurs. The National Horticulture Board (NHB) and the National
Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) have been
conducting training programs and demonstrations on various aspects of
postharvest management [80]. The use of information and communication
technologies (ICTs) like mobile apps, videos, and social media can help in
disseminating knowledge and skills to a wider audience [81].
18. Finally, creating an enabling policy environment is essential for promoting
postharvest management and value addition in the agriculture and
horticulture sector. The government has launched several initiatives and
schemes to support the sector, including the "Pradhan Mantri Formalization
of Micro Food Processing Enterprises" (PM-FME) scheme, the "Production
Linked Incentive" (PLI) scheme for food processing, and the "Agriculture
Export Policy" [82]. However, there is a need for further reforms in areas like
agricultural marketing, land leasing, contract farming, and agri-business
regulations to create a more conducive environment for private sector
participation and investments [83].
19. The adoption of sustainable and eco-friendly practices in postharvest
management and value addition is gaining importance in the context of
climate change and environmental concerns. The use of renewable energy
sources like solar and biomass for powering cold storage and processing units
can help in reducing the carbon footprint of the sector [84]. The development
of bio-based packaging materials using agricultural waste and byproducts is
another promising area for reducing the environmental impact of food
packaging [85].
20. The promotion of nutrient-dense and indigenous crops is important for
enhancing the nutritional security and dietary diversity of the population.
Many traditional crops like millets, pulses, and fruits are rich in
micronutrients and have high potential for value addition [86]. The
"International Year of Millets" in 2023, declared by the United Nations, is
 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 227

expected to boost the production, processing, and consumption of millets

globally [87].
21. The development of functional foods and nutraceuticals using agricultural
and horticultural produce is an emerging area with immense potential for
value addition. Functional foods are fortified, enriched, or enhanced to
provide additional health benefits beyond basic nutrition [88]. Examples
include probiotics, prebiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants.
Nutraceuticals are food-derived products that are used as medicines or health
supplements [89]. The extraction of bioactive compounds like polyphenols,
carotenoids, and dietary fibers from agri-food waste is a promising strategy
for developing functional ingredients and nutraceuticals [90].
22. The promotion of geographical indications (GIs) and organic certification can
help in enhancing the value and marketability of traditional and unique
agricultural products. GIs are signs used on products that have a specific
geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation due to that origin
[91]. Examples of GI-tagged products in India include Darjeeling tea,
Basmati rice, and Alphonso mangoes. Organic certification, based on
standards for organic production and processing, can fetch premium prices
for farmers and meet the growing consumer demand for safe and healthy
food [92].
23. The development of agri-tourism and culinary tourism is an emerging
opportunity for adding value to agricultural and horticultural products. Agri-
tourism involves attracting visitors to farms, orchards, and plantations for
educational, recreational, and cultural experiences [93]. Culinary tourism
focuses on the food and drink experiences of a region, showcasing the local
cuisine, ingredients, and food culture [94]. These forms of tourism can help
in diversifying farm income, creating local employment, and promoting the
conservation of agricultural heritage and biodiversity.
Conclusion
Postharvest technology and value addition hold immense potential for
transforming the Indian agriculture and horticulture sector, reducing wastage,
ensuring food security, and enhancing farmer incomes. This chapter has provided
228 Postharvest Technology and Value Addition

an in-depth analysis of the current state of postharvest management in India,

covering pre-harvest factors, harvesting techniques, packaging, storage,
transportation, processing, and the extraction of high-value compounds.
The successful case studies of Mahagrapes, Safal, and Jumbo Foods
demonstrate the potential of value addition in driving agricultural growth and
rural development. However, the sector faces several challenges, including
inadequate infrastructure, fragmented supply chains, lack of awareness and skills
among farmers, limited access to finance, inadequate quality standards, and
insufficient R&D and innovation.
Addressing these challenges requires a multi-stakeholder approach, with
concerted efforts from the government, industry, academia, and civil society. The
recommendations outlined in this chapter, including increased investment in
postharvest infrastructure, promotion of integrated value chains and FPOs,
strengthening of extension services, improvement of access to finance,
harmonization of quality standards, fostering of collaborative research and
innovation, and creation of an enabling policy environment, can help in realizing
the full potential of postharvest technology and value addition in Indian
agriculture and horticulture. By harnessing the power of postharvest management
and value addition, India can not only reduce food waste and ensure food security
but also create new opportunities for economic growth, employment generation,
and export competitiveness. The way forward lies in leveraging the strengths of
all stakeholders and working towards a shared vision of a sustainable, inclusive,
and value-added agriculture and horticulture sector in India.
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