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Experiment-1 (1)

The document outlines an experiment focused on digital signal processing using MATLAB, including the generation of continuous and discrete time signals, and the application of the sampling theorem. It covers the creation of various discrete time signals, linear convolution, and the effects of sampling rates on signal representation. Additionally, it discusses the implications of the Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem and aliasing effects in signal processing.

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5 views

Experiment-1 (1)

The document outlines an experiment focused on digital signal processing using MATLAB, including the generation of continuous and discrete time signals, and the application of the sampling theorem. It covers the creation of various discrete time signals, linear convolution, and the effects of sampling rates on signal representation. Additionally, it discusses the implications of the Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem and aliasing effects in signal processing.

Uploaded by

mn22eeb0a09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 1

Basics of Digital Signal and operations, Sampling Theorem and its effect:
MATLAB
Aim: To generate the basic discrete time signal and understand the sampling theorem
1.1. Generation of Continuous time signal and Discrete time signal
%%%%% Generation of analog sinusoidal signals %%%%%%%%%%%
clear all
clc
freq1 = 100; % frequency 1
freq2 = 600; % frequency 2
mag = 2; % magnitude

%%%%% Time length with increment of 0.0001 %%%%


t=0:0.0001:0.02;

%%%%% x and y are continuous time (CT-analog) signals


x = mag*cos(2*pi*freq1*t); %%%% Magnitude*cos(2*pi*f*t)
y = mag*cos(2*pi*freq2*t);
figure(1)
plot(t,x,'r'); hold on; plot(t,y, 'b');
xlabel('time(sec)'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('CT Signal x = blue, y = red');

%%%%%% Discrete time (DT) signal generation %%%%%%


fs = 600; % user defined sampling frequency
Ts = 1/fs; % sampling period = 0.002 sec (2ms)
num_samples = 11; % Number of samples = 1 + (Total Time / sampling period )
n = 0:num_samples-1; % sample index
x2(n+1) = mag*cos(2*pi*freq1*n*Ts ); %%%%% DT signal x
y2(n+1) = mag*cos(2*pi*freq2*n*Ts ); %%%%% DT signal y

%%%% Plot the CT and DT signals of x and y


figure(2)
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, x,'r.-');
title('CT signal x');
xlabel('time(sec)');ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,x2,'rx'); hold on %%%% Command to plot the Discrete time signal
title('DT signal x');
xlabel('samples (n)'); ylabel('Amplitude');

figure(3)
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, y,'r.-');
title('CT signal y');
xlabel('time(sec)');ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y2,'rx');

Output Plots:

2
(Need to write 1 or 2 sentence about the observation made out of the plot for
each simulation plots)
1.2 Elementary Discrete time signal generation
%%%%% Generation of elementary DT signals %%%%%%%%%%%
close all
clear all
clc
%%%%% Code to generate the Unit step sequence %%%%%%

N=input('Enter the length of unit step sequence(N)= ');


n=0:1:N-1;
y=ones(1,N);
subplot(3,2,1);
stem(n,y,'k'); xlabel('Sample '); ylabel('Amplitude')
title('Unit step sequence');

% Code for unit ramp sequence


N1=input('Enter the length of unit ramp sequence(N1)= ');
n1=0:1:N1-1;
y1=n1;
subplot(3,2,2);
stem(n1,y1,'k');
xlabel('Sample'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit ramp sequence');

% Code for sinusoidal sequence


N2=input('Enter the length of sinusoidal sequence(N2)= ');
n2=0:1:N2-1;
y2=sin(0.5*pi*n2); subplot(3,2,3);
stem(n2,y2,'k');
xlabel('Sample'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Sinusoidal sequence');

% Code for cosine sequence


N3=input('Enter the length of the cosine sequence(N3)=');
n3=0:1:N3-1;
y3=cos(0.5*pi*n3); subplot(3,2,4);
stem(n3,y3,'k');
xlabel('Sample'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Cosine sequence');

%Program for exponential sequence


N4=input('Enter the length of the exponential sequence(N4)= ');
n4=0:1:N4-1;
a=input('Enter the value of the exponential sequence(a)= ');
y4=exp(a*n4);
subplot(3,2,5);
stem(n4,y4,'k');
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Exponential sequence');

%Program for unit impulse


n=-3:1:3;
y=[zeros(1,3),ones(1,1),zeros(1,3)];
subplot(3,2,6);
stem(n,y,'k');
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Unit impulse');

3
Output Plots:
1.3 Linear Convolution
(A) MATLAB Code to compute the linear convolution of two
signals
close all
clear all
clc
x=input('Enter x: ')
h=input('Enter h: ')
m=length(x);
n=length(h);
X=[x,zeros(1,n)];
H=[h,zeros(1,m)];
for i=1:n+m-1
Y(i)=0;
for j=1:i
Y(i)=Y(i)+X(j)*H(i-j+1);
end
end
Y
stem(Y); ylabel('Y[n]'); xlabel(' Samples (n)');
title('Convolution of Two Signals without using Inbuilt conv function');

Output Plot:

(B) Verify user answer with the MATLAB Inbuilt function: conv

4
1.4 Shannon- Nyquist Sampling Theorem
clear all;close all;clc;
% signal parameters
T=0.001; %%%%% time step
t=0:10^(-5):T; %Time increment makes smooth signal ( You can verify 10^-3 or 10^-2
to see the non-smooth effect)
f1=1000; %Signal 1 frequency=1kHz
f2=1900; %Signal 2 frequency=1.9kHz
%Generate the original Continuous time signal ;
x=cos(2*pi*t*f1)+cos(2*pi*t*f2); % CT signal
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x);grid on;
title('Continuous time signal');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');
% Maximum frequency component of the signal
fmax=max(f1,f2);

%% sampling condition fs>2fmax


fs1=5*fmax;
n1=0:1/fs1:T; %Time scale
x1=cos(2*pi*f1*n1)+cos(2*pi*f2*n1); %Generated sampled signal
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n1,x1);
hold on;
plot(n1,x1,'r');grid on;
hold off;
title('Over sampling condition:Fs=5*Fmax');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x[n]');
% Exact sampling condition = Nyquist rate;
fs2=2*fmax;%Exact sampling(fs=2fmax)
n2=0:1/fs2:T;%Time scale
x2=cos(2*pi*f1*n2)+cos(2*pi*f2*n2); %Generated sampled signal
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n2,x2);
hold on;
plot(n2,x2,'r');grid on;
hold off;
title('Exact sampling condition:Fs=2Fmax');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x[n]');
%Under sampling condition;
fs3=1.2*fmax;%Under sampling(fs=2fmax)
n3=0:1/fs3:T;%Time scale
x3=cos(2*pi*f1*n3)+cos(2*pi*f2*n3); %Generated sampled signal
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n3,x3);
hold on;
plot(n3,x3,'r');grid on;
hold off;
title('Under sampling condition:Fs=1.2Fmax');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x[n]');
Output Plots:
5
1.5 Aliasing Effect
%%%%% Generation of analog sinusoidal signals %%%%%%%%%%%
clear all
clc
freq1 = 100; % frequency 1
freq2 = 600; % frequency 2
mag = 2; % magnitude

%%%%% Time length with increment of 0.0001 %%%%


t=0:0.0001:0.02;

%%%%% x and y are continuous time (CT-analog) signals


x = mag*cos(2*pi*freq1*t); %%%% Magnitude*cos(2*pi*f*t)
y = mag*cos(2*pi*freq2*t);
figure(1)
plot(t,x,'r'); hold on; plot(t,y, 'b');
xlabel('time(sec)'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('CT Signal x = blue, y = red');

%%%%%% Discrete time (DT) signal generation %%%%%%


fs = 500; % sampling frequency Ts = 1/fs; % sampling period = 0.002 sec (2ms)
num_samples = 1+ (0.02/Ts); % Number of samples = 1 + (Total Time / sampling
period )
n = 0:num_samples-1; % sample index
x2(n+1) = mag*cos(2*pi*freq1*n*Ts ); %%%%% DT signal x
y2(n+1) = mag*cos(2*pi*freq2*n*Ts ); %%%%% DT signal y

%keyboard
% Plot the "analog" signals
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, x,'r.-', t, y,'b-');
my_title = sprintf('Simulated analog signals x= dots, y=solid');
title(my_title);
xlabel('time');ylabel('Amplitude');
% Plot the "sampled" signals
subplot(2,1,2);
%plot(n,x2,'rx', n,y2,'bo')
stem(n,x2,'rx'); hold on
stem(n,y2,'bo')
my_title = sprintf('Simulated digital signals x=x, y=o');
title(my_title);
xlabel('samples');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Output Plots:
Observe the DT signal for different sampling frequencies: 100, 500,1000, 1200,
1800

Conclusion:

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