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The document discusses the structure and function of plant and animal cells, highlighting key organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. It also covers stem cells, their ability to differentiate into specialized cells, and their potential applications in medicine, along with associated risks. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of cell differentiation and provides examples of specialized cells and their functions.

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16 views6 pages

Study+guide+-+Chapter+2b+Cell+structure+%26+organisation+V3.0

The document discusses the structure and function of plant and animal cells, highlighting key organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. It also covers stem cells, their ability to differentiate into specialized cells, and their potential applications in medicine, along with associated risks. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of cell differentiation and provides examples of specialized cells and their functions.

Uploaded by

ozdemirrdemirr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structure, function &

organisation of living
organisms
Cell structure & organisation
Part 1 of 2
BIOLOGY

Cell structure and function

Ribosomes are not shown in this diagram because they


are too small at this scale. If shown, they will be the
smallest structures, usually represented as small circles.
Cell structure & Function
Plant and animal cells share many of the same organelles:
Organelle Structure Function

Nucleus Contains genetic Controls cell activities


material surrounded
by membrane.

Cytoplasm Gel-like substance Location for most of cell’s


chemical reactions.

Mitochondria Small organelles Site or respiration (to


produce energy as ATP)

Ribosomes Smallest organelles Site of protein synthesis

Cell Outer surface of cell Controls substances


membrane going in and out

Cell structure & Function


Plant have a few extra organelles that animal cells do not.

Organelle Structure Function

Chloroplasts Contain green Site of


pigment called photosynthesis (to
chlorophyll produce glucose
and O2)

Vacuole Large organelle Supports cell


containing sugars and shape.
salts

Cell wall Rigid structure made Supports cell and


of cellulose (a strengthens it.
carbohydrate)
Structure, function &
organisation of living
organisms
Cell structure & organisation
Part 2 of 2
BIOLOGY

Stem cells
● Stem cells (a.k.a. undifferentiated cells
or unspecialised cells) can:
○ divide to produce undifferentiated
cells,
○ differentiate in to different types
of cells.
● Found in
○ Early embryos (a.k.a. Embryonic
stem cells)
■ Can turn into any type of cell
○ Adult bone marrow (a.k.a. Adult
stem cells)
■ Can only turn in to some cells
e.g. blood cells.
Cell differentiation
● Cell differentiation: The process by which a cell changes to become
specialised for its function.
● As stem cells differentiate, they develop different organelles and
turn in to different types of cells.

Specialised cells
● Carry out specific functions:
○ Red blood cells - Carry oxygen
○ White blood cells - Defend body
against disease
○ Plant root hair cells - increase
surface area for absorption.
○ Plant guard cells - control open
and close of stomata.
○ Neurones (nerve) cells - transmit
nerve impulses
Stem cells in medicine
● Stem cells can be grown in a lab to produce clones
(genetically identical cells).
● Examples:
○ Bone marrow stem cells can be used to replace
faulty blood cells in another person.
○ Embryonic stem cells can be used to replace
■ Faulty insulin-producing cells in diabetics
■ Faulty nerve cells people with spinal injuries
● Risks
○ Contaminated stem cells may pass viruses
between patients.
○ Some people are against embryonic stem cell
research because of the relationship with human
life.

Structure, function &


organisation of living
organisms
Cell structure & organisation
EXAM QUESTION
BIOLOGY WALKTHROUGH
EXAM QUESTION WALKTHROUGH

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