Contents

Preface
Series Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Acronyms
Part One Introduction
1 History and Overview
1.1 Overview
1.2 History
1.2.1 Early H istory
1.2.2 The Vietnam War
1.2.3 Resurgence
1.2.4 Joint Operations
1.2.5 Desert Storm
1.2.6 Bosnia
1.2.7 Afghanistan and Iraq
1.3 Overview of UAV Systems
1.3.1 Air Vehicle
1.3.2 Mission Planning and Control Station
1.3.3 Launch and Recovery Equipment
1.3.4 Payloads
1.3.5 Data Links
1.3.6 Ground Support Equipment
1.4 The Aquila
1.4.1 Aquila Mission and Requirements
1.4.2 Air Vehicle
1.4.3 Ground Control Station
1.4.4 Launch and Recovery
1.4.5 Payload
1.4.6 Other Equipment
1.4.7 Summary
References
2 Classes and Missions of UAVs
2.1 Overview
2.2 Examples of UAV Systems
2.2.7 Very Small UAVs
2.2.2 Small UAVs
2.2.3 Medium UAVs
2.2.4 Large UAVs
2.3 Expendable UAVs
2.4 Classesof UAV Systems
2.4.1 Classification by Range and Endurance
2.4.2 Informal Categories of Small UAV Systems by Size
2.4.3 The Tier System
2.4.4 Another Classification Change
2.5 Missions
Reference
Part Two The Air Vehicle
3 Basic Aerodynamics
3.1 Overview
3.2 Basic Aerodynamic Equations
3.3 Aircraft Polar
3.4 The Real Wing and Airplane
3.5 Induced Drag
3.6 The Boundary Layer
3.7 Flapping Wings
3.8 Total Air-Vehicle Drag
3.9 Summary
References
Bibliography
4 Performance
4.1 Overview
4.2 Climbing Flight
4.3 Range
4.3.1 Range for a Propeller-Driven Aircraft
4.3.2 Range for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft
4.4 Endurance
4.4.1 Endurance for a Propeller-Driven Aircraft
4.4.2 Endurance for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft
4.5 Gliding Flight
4.6 Summary
5 Stability and Control
5.1 Overview
5.2 Stability
5.2.1 Longitudinal Stability
5.2.2 Lateral Stability
5.2.3 Dynamic Stability
5.2.4 Summary
5.3 Control
5.3.1 Aerodynamic Control
5.3.2 Pitch Control
5.3.3 Lateral Control
5.4 Autopilots
5.4.1 Sensor
5.4.2 Controller
5.4.3 Actuator
5.4.4 Airframe Control
5.4.5 Inner and Outer Loops
5.4.6 Flight-Control Classification
5.4.7 OveralI Modes of Operation
 5.4.8 Sensors Supporting the Autopilot
6 Propulsion
6.1 Overview
6.2 Thrust Generation
6.3 Powered Lift
6.4 Sources of Power
6.4.1 The Two-Cycle Engine
6.4.2 The Rotary Engine
6.4.3 The Gas Turbine
6.4.4 Electric Motors
6.4.5 Sources of Electrical Power
7 Loads andStructures
7.1 Overview
7.2 Loads
7.3 Dynamic Loads
7.4 Materials
7.4.1 Sandwich Construction
7.4.2 Skin or Reinforcing Materials
7.4.3 Resin Materials
7.4.4 Core Materials
7.5 Construction Techniques
Part Three Mission Planning and Control
8 Mission Planning and ControlStation
8.1 Oerview
8.2 MPCS Architecture
8.2.1 Local Area Networks
8.2.2 Elements of a LAN
8.2.3 Levels of Communication
8.2.4 Bridges and Gateways
8.3 Physical Configuration
8.4 Planning and Navigation
8.4.1 Planning
8.4.2 Navigation and Target Location
8.5 MPCS Interfaces
9 Air Vehicle and Payload Control
9.1 Overview
9.2 Modes of Control
9.3 Piloting the Air Vehicle
9.3.1 Remote Piloting
9.3.2 Autopilot-Assisted Control
9.3.3 Complete Automation
9.3.4 Summary
9.4 Controlling Payloads
9.4.1 Signal Relay Payloads
9.4.2 Atmospheric, Radiological. and Environmental Monitoring
 9.4.3 Imaging and Pseudo-Imaging Payloads
9.5 Controlling the Mission
9.6 Autonomy
Part Four Payloads
10 Reconnaissance/Surveillance Payloads
10.1 Overview
10.2 Imaging Sensors
10.2.1 Target Detection, Recognition, and Identification
10.3 The Search Process
10.4 Other Considerations
10.4.1 Stabilization of the Line of Sight
References
Bibliography
11 Weapon Payloads
11.1 Overview
11.2 History of Lethal Unmanned Aircraft
11.3 Mission Requirements for Armed Utility UAVs
11.4 Design Issues Related to Carriage and Delivery of Weapons
11.4.1 Payload Capacity
11.4.2 Structural Issues
11.4.3 Electrical Interfaces
11.4.4 Electromagnetic Interference
 11.4.5 Launch Constraints for Legacy Weapons
11.4.6 Safe Separation
11.4.7 Data Links
11.5 Other Issues Related to Combat Operations
11.5.1 Signature Reduction
11.5.2 Autonomy
Reference
12 Other Payloads
12.1 Overview
12.2 Radar
12.2.1 General Radar Considerations
12.2.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar
12.3 Electronic Warfare
12.4 Chemical Detection
12.5 Nuclear Radiation Sensors
12.6 Meteorological Sensors
12.7 Pseudo-Satellites
Part Five Data Links
13 Data-Link Functions and Attributes
13.1 Overview
13.2 Background
13.3 Data-Link Functions
13.4 Desirable Data-Link Attributes
13.4.1 Worldwide Availability
13.4.2 Resistance to Unintentional Interference
13.4.3 Low Probability of Intercept (LPI)
13.4.4 Security
13.4.5 Resistance to Deception
13.4.6 Anti-ARM
13.4.7 Anti-Jam
13.4.8 Digital Data Links
13.5 System Interface Issues
13.5.1 Mechanical and Electrical
13.5.2 Data-Rate Restrictions
13.5.3 Control-Loop Delays
13.5.4 Interoperability, Interchangeability, and Commonality
Reference
14 Data-Link Margin
14.1 Overview
14.2 Sources of Data-Link Margin
14.2.1 Transmitter Power
14.2.2 Antenna Gain
14.2.3 Processing Gain
 14.3 Definition of AJ Margin
14.3.1 Jammer Geometry
14.3.2 System Implications ofAJ Capability
14.3.3 Anti-Jam Uplinks
14.4 Propagation
14.4.1 Obstruction of the PropagationPath
14.4.2 Atmospheric Absorption
14.4.3 Precipitation Losses
14.5 Data-Link Signal-to-Noise Budget
References
15 Data-Rate Reduction
15.1 Overview
15.2 Compression Versus Truncation
15.3 Video Data
15.4 Non-Video Data
15.5 Location of the Data-Rate Reduction Function
References
16 Data-Link Tradeoffs
16.1 Overview
16.2 Basic Tradeoffs
16.3 Pitfalls of “Putting Off” Data-Link Issues
16.4 Future Technology
Part Six Launch and Recovery
17 Launch Systems
17.1 Overview
17.2 Basic Considerations
17.3 UAV Launch Methods for Fixed-Wing Vehicles
17.3.1 Rail Launchers
17.3.2 Pneumatic Launchers
17.3.3 Hydraulic!Pneumatic Launchers
17.3.4 Zero Length RATO Launch of UAVs
17.4 Vertical Takeoff and Landing UAV Launch
18 Recovery Systems
18.1 Overview
18.2 Conventional Landings
18.3 Vertical Net Systems
18.4 Parachute Recovery
18.5 VTOLUAVs
18.6 Mid-Air Retrieval
18.7 Shipboard Recovery
19 Launch and Recovery Tradeoffs
19.1 UAV Launch Method Tradeoffs
19.2 Recovery Method Tradeoffs
19.3 Overall Conclusions
Index