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Gas Tru Lation

The document outlines the processes of gastrulation, neurulation, and embryo folding, focusing on the formation of the three germ layers, notochord, and neural tube. Gastrulation occurs in the third week, transforming the bilaminar disc into a trilaminar disc, while neurulation leads to the development of the neural tube by the end of the fourth week. The folding of the embryo, driven by rapid growth, converts the flat disc into a cylindrical structure, completing by the fourth week.

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2 views

Gas Tru Lation

The document outlines the processes of gastrulation, neurulation, and embryo folding, focusing on the formation of the three germ layers, notochord, and neural tube. Gastrulation occurs in the third week, transforming the bilaminar disc into a trilaminar disc, while neurulation leads to the development of the neural tube by the end of the fourth week. The folding of the embryo, driven by rapid growth, converts the flat disc into a cylindrical structure, completing by the fourth week.

Uploaded by

promisembachu05
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Gastrulation, Neurulation and Folding

2 OBJECTIVES By the end of this lecture , the student should be able to:
Define Gastrulation Describe the formation of the primitive streak Describe the
formation of the intraembryonic mesoderm and the Trilaminar disc Explain the
formation , function and fate of the notochord Define Neurulation Describe the
formation of the neural plate, groove, fold , crest and canalUnderstand the process
of folding its timing and results

3 The significant event of third week is Gastrulation


The Third WeekThe significant event of third week is GastrulationGastrulation: is the
process of formation of the 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm).

4 GastrulationThe process by which the bilaminar disc is converted into a trilaminar


discIt is the beginning of morphogenesis (formation of body form)Consists of
formation of the primitive streak, the three germ layers & the notochordEmbryo is
referred to as a Gastrula

5 Primitive StreakThe primitive streak results from proliferation of the epiblastic


cells in the median plane, in the caudal half of the epiblast, and lies along the cranio-
caudal axis.Its cranial end forms the primitive nodeA groove, primitive groove,
appears in the primitive streak, which continues with a small depression, primitive
pit, in the primitive node.

6 A circular thickening appears in the hypoblast near the cranial end, in the midline,
to form the prechordal plate ( oropharyngeal membrane), that marks the future site
of mouthA circular thickening appears in the hypoblast caudal to primitive streak in
the midline to form the cloacal membrane, the future site of the anus

7 Formation of Intraembryonic Mesoderm


The epiblastic cells from the primitive streak (groove) proliferate to form
mesenchymal tissueThe newly formed cells invaginate and migrate ventrally,
laterally & cranially between the epiblast and hypoblast & organize to form the
intraembryonic mesoderm

8 Formation of Intraembryonic Mesoderm cont’d


Intraembryonic mesoderm merges with the extra- embryonic mesoderm at the
periphery of the embryonic discBy the end of 3rd week, mesoderm lies between
embryonic ectoderm and endoderm everywhere EXCEPT in the region of prechordal
plate and cloacal membrane, as the embryonic ectoderm & endoderm are fused at
these regions

9 Trilaminar Embryonic Disc

10 Formation of Intraembryonic Mesoderm cont’d


Some mesenchymal cells displace the hypoblasts forming the embryonic
endodermCells remaining in the epiblast form the embryonic ectoderm

11 Thus the EPIBLAST gives rise to all three germ layers, Ectoderm,
Mesoderm, Endoderm in the embryo
Each of the three germ layers gives rise to specific tissues and organs
12 Fate of Primitive Streak
Actively forms mesoderm until the early part of 4th weekThen it starts regressing
and becomes an insignificant structure in the sacrocooccygeal regionsNormally it
degenerates and disappears by the end of 4th weekRemnants may persist and give
rise to a large tumor called Sacrococcygeal Teratomas

13 NotochordA rod of mesenchymal cells located cranially, in the midline, extending


between the primitive node and the prechordal plate

14 Formation of Notochord
Mesenchymal cells migrate cranially from the primitive pit towards the prechordal
plate, and form a rod like notochordal processThe notochordal process becomes
canalized forming a hollow tube, the notochordal canal, communicating with the
primitive pit.

15 Formation of Notochord cont’d


The floor of the tube and the underlying endoderm break down, forming a
notochordal plateThe notochordal plate becomes continuous with the endodermal
layer.

16 Formation of Notochord cont’d


A temporary communication is established between the amniotic cavity and the yolk
sac, termed the neurenteric canal.

17 Notochordal plate folds to form the notochord.

18 Functions of Notochord
Defines primordial axis of the embryoProvides rigidity to the embryoServes as a
basis for the development of the axial skeletonIndicates the future site of the
vertebral bodies/columnRegulates differentiation of surrounding structures including
the overlying ectoderm (neural plate) and mesoderm (somites).

19 Fate of NotochordDegenerates and disappears as the bodies of the vertebrae


develop, but it persists as the nucleus pulposus of each intervertebral discRemnants
of notochordal tissue give rise to tumors called Chordomas

20 Ectodermal Derivatives The Neurulation


It is the process by which the neural tube is formed.The stages of neurulation include
the formation of:Neural plateNeural grooveNeural folds & their fusionNeural crest
cellsNeural tubeBegins during early part of the 4th week ( days)Ends by the end of
4th week (27 days)Is induced by the notochord

21 The NeurulationUnder the inducing effect of the developing notochord, the


overlying ectodermal cells thickens to form the neural plate

22 The neural plate first appears:


Cranial to the primitive node andDorsal to the developing notochord & the
mesoderm adjacent to it

23 As the notochord forms & elongates:


The embryonic disc elongates and becomes club-shapedThe neural plate broadens
and extends cranially as far as the buccopharyngeal membrane, and later on grows
beyond it
24 Neural foldOn 18th day: the neural plate invaginates to form neural groove &
neural folds

25 Some neuroectodermal cells along the crest of the neural fold differentiate as
the neural crest cells.Neural crest cellsNeural fold

26 By the end of 3rd week, the neural folds move to the midline and fuse
to form the neural tube
The fusion begins in the future cervical region and then extends both in cranial and
caudal direction

27 The neural tube separates from the surface ectoderm, lies in the
midline, dorsal to the notochord

28 Neural tube is open at both ends, communicating freely with the


amniotic cavity.
The cranial opening, the rostral neuropore closes at about 25th day & the caudal
neuropore closes at about the 27th day

29 The cranial ⅓ of the neural tube represent the future brain


The caudal ⅔ represents the future spinal cord

30 Folding Of EmbryoFolding means conversion of the flat trilaminar embryonic disc


into a cylindrical embryo. Time:Folding of the embryo begins by the end of the 3rd
week. It is completed by the 4th week.

31 Folding of the embryo is due to rapid growth of the embryo specially


the nervous system.
The head folds first then the tail . At the same time, side to side folding occurs.

33 THANK U

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