3

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: FLEXURE

Stress-Strain relationship for concrete

The stress-strain curve for concrete is shown in fig. as accepted by IS:456-1978.

PARABOLIC fek

CURVE

0.67 fck

0.67fck/1.5
0.446 fck

002 0035

STRAIN

STRESS STRAIN CURVE FOR CONCRETE

The maximum stress will reach at a strain of 0.002 and from 0.002 strain to 0.0035 strain,
emains constant. The concrete fails by crushing when the strain reaches a value of 0.0035.
n field, the actual strength of concrete is less than cube strength found out in the laboratory. So, the 0.67
factor is introduced to account for the difference indicated by a cube test and the strength of concrete in
structure in the field.
Hence for the design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in structure is taken as 0.67 times
the characteristic strength. The partial safety factory (ym=1.5) is applied in addition to this, and hence the
maximum compressive stress in concrete
0.67 fck
will be = 0.446 fck

1.5
 12

Stress-Strain relationship for steel

a) The stress-strain curve for mild steel is shown in fig. as accepted by IS:456-1978.

fy
fy/1.15

Es = 200000 N/mm2

0 0.001087 STRAIN

MILD STEEL BAR

For mild steel, the stress is proportional to strain upto yield point and thereafter the strain increases
constant stress. The yield stress, fy for reinforcing steel bars is quoted as the characteristic strength
steel. For all types of bars, the value of Youngs Modulus (Es) is taken as 2 *
reinforcing steel
N/mm.
Mild steel has a definite yield point. The partial safety factor for steel is 1.15. Here, the design yield sre
for mild steel becomes fy/1.15 = 0.87 fy

b) The stress-strain curve for cold worked deformed bars is shown in fig. as accepted byIS:456-19/8

fy fy

fy/1.15

Es 2x105 N/mm2

Nesiduo 00 004
Stran STRAIN

COLD WORKED DEFORME D BAR

Note: Residual strain of 0.002 is to be taken into account for any subsequent loadings taking place arte

initial loading making the material to reach plastic stage.

 13

he cold worked high strength steel bars do not have a definite yield point since the change from eleastic
oplastic condition is quite gradual. Here, the design yield stress becomes fy/ 1.15 0.87 where 1.15
s partial safety factor.
=

fy,
ssumptions made in the design of members for flexure for limit state of
collapse.
Plane sections normal to the axis remain
plane after bending.
) The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibres is taken as 0.0035 in
i) The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete
bending.
may be assumed to be
rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results in
prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with the results of tests. An acceptable stress-strain curve
IS: 456 1978. For design given in the figure 20 and 21l of
purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be
-

assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic

ym 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this..
strength of concrete (fck). The partial safely factor,
v) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
v) The stress in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for the
steel used. Typical curves are given in the type of
figure 22 of IS: 456-1978. For design purpose, the partial
safety factor ym equal to 1.15 shall be used.
vi) The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the
section at the failure shall not be less than
fy 0.87 fy
+0.002 =-- +0.002
1.15 Es Es
where fy= characteristic strength of steel and
Es =
modulus of elasticity of steel
The assumption (vi) is made to ensure that the failure of the section is ductile, that is, steel
certain elastic deformation before concrete fails in compression undergoess a
 14

reinforced sections will be as given below when strain in .

for singly
So the stress and strain diagram values.
reaches their permissible
and strain in
concrete

Ecu(lin) = 0.0035
0.446 fck

2 0.42 Xu(max)

0.36 fck b Xu(max)

X Cmaxd

d-0.42 Xu(max)

Lo.87 fy Ast
54
FEsuClim) = 0.87 + 0.002
Es
STRESS DIAGRAM
STRAIN DIAGRAM
SECTIONN

3
O.4bfe
.14 2 K 2
he
Depth he Centeid
the
tress l o k rorn
f u Comup
extrem ibe
on,
Mementy g. Tua
T2 h Ca o
A+Ap12
A
0.17 fe Mu u

8 36 fek Hu
O , 42 u