Introduction to

General Anatomy

Dr. Samia Shahbaz

Recommended Book

General Anatomy
By
Prof. Dr. Tassaduq Hussain Sheikh
Others:

General Anatomy
By
Prof. Dr. Liaq Hussain Siddiqui
 ANATOMY

Branch of science that deals with study of structures of plants

and animals.

 Oldest basic medical science.

 Was studied formally in EGYPT.

 Derived from Greek word.
 Ana-----up
 Tome----cutting
 HUMAN ANATOMY

1. It is the field of medical science which deals with the

study of the structure of different parts and organs
of human body.
 Main Divisions
of
ANATOMY

 Gross Anatomy
 Histology
 Embryology/Developmental Anatomy
 GROSS ANATOMY

 Macroscopic anatomy

 Study of those
structure that can be
distinguished with
naked eye
 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY /
HISTOLOGY

 Deals with finer details

of body structures with
the help of microscope
 DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY /
EMBRYOLOGY

 Deals with the study of

human development
before birth
 Other Divisions of
ANATOMY
 General anatomy
 Regional anatomy
 Systemic anatomy
 Functional anatomy
 Surface anatomy
 Comparative anatomy
 Radiographic anatomy
 Surgical anatomy
 Applied anatomy
 GENERAL ANATOMY

 Deals with the study of general features of the

structures of human body.

 Concerned with the observations obtained upon

gross examination but sometimes also includes
some essential microscopic and developmental
features.
 REGIONAL ANATOMY

 Topographic anatomy
 Head and neck
 Trunk
 Thorax
 Abdomen
 pelvis
 Limbs
 Upper limb
 Lower limb
 SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
 Study of specific system of body:

 Integumentary system
 Muscular system
 Cardiovascular system
 Endocrine system
 Nervous system
 Gastrointestinal system
 Respiratory system
 Urogenital system
 FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY

 Correlation of function
of any organ or part of
body with its structure
 SURFACE ANATOMY

 Deals with relationship

of deeper structures to
surface of body.
 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

 Comparison of anatomy
of human being with
that of other animal.
 RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
 Deals with study of
structure of human body
by various imaging
techniques.
 SURGICAL ANATOMY

 Study of those
anatomical facts
which are of
practical value to
the surgeon.
 APPLIED ANATOMY

 Clinically oriented
anatomy

 Emphasizes structure
and function in relation
to the various branches
of health sciences.
Anatomical
Position
Planes
Terms of Body
Anatomical
Position
 The position with

 body erect,
 eyes looking forward to the
horizon,
 upper limb hanging by the
side
 with the palms of hand
directed forward
 and feet are together with
toes pointing forward.
It is the position of reference for
anatomical nomenclature
 01
Planes
 Planes

 Median (midsagittal)
 Sagittal
 Coronal (frontal)
 Horizontal (transverse)
 Oblique
 Median (Midsagittal) Plane

 Divides the body

into two equal
halves i.e. right and
left
 Sagittal Plane

 The plane which is parallel

to the median plane.
 Coronal (Frontal) Plane

 The vertical plane at right

angle to the median plane.

 Divides the body into

anterior and posterior parts.
 Horizontal (Transverse) Plane

 The plane at right angle

to both the median and
coronal planes.
 Oblique Plane

 The plane which is at an angle

(oblique) to the previously
explained planes.
 02
Terms of
Position
 Anterior / Ventral

 Towards or at the front of

the body
 Posterior / Dorsal

 Towards or at the back of

the body
 Medial

 Towards the midline of

the body
 Lateral

 Away from the midline of

the body
 Superior

 Towards the top of the

head
 Inferior

 Towards the sole of the

foot
 Superficial

 Nearer to the surface of

the body
 Deep

 Away from the surface of

the body
 Internal

 Nearer to the interior of

the body
 External

 Away from the interior of

the body
 Proximal

 Structure present nearer

to a reference point

 As, superior radioulnar

joint is nearer to the
elbow joint
 Distal

 Structure present at a
distance from the
reference point

 As, inferior radioulnar joint

is at a distance from the
elbow joint
 Palmar

 Refers to the anterior

surface of the hand
 Dorsal

 Refers to the posterior

surface of the hand
 Plantar

 Refers to the sole of

the foot
 02
Terms of Movement
 Terms of Movements

01 02 03 04
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction
05 06 07 08
Circumduction Rotation Supination Pronation
09 10 11 12
Inversion Eversion Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion
13 14 15 16
Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression
 Flexion

 Bending or decreasing the

angle between the bones or
parts of body.

 For joints above the knee

and shoulder joint, flexion is
movement in an anterior
direction.
 Extension

 A straightening motion in
which angle between two
bones or parts of the body
is increased.

 Usually occurs in posterior

direction
 Abduction

 Moving the limb away from

the median plane
 Adduction

 Moving the limb towards

the median plane.
 Circumduction

 When a part is moved

successively through
 Flexion
 Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction
 the combination of movements is
known as circumduction.
 Rotation

 Movement of body around

its long axis.
 Supination
Limited to forearm and hand

 Rotation of forearm
occurring at proximal and
distal radioulnar joint.

 The radius rotates

outwards
 Palm of the hand is anterior
 Pronation
Limited to forearm and hand

 Rotation of forearm
occurring at proximal and
distal radioulnar joint.

 The radius rotates inwards

 Palm of the hand is
posterior
 Inversion
Limited to the foot

 When the sole of the foot

moves towards the median
plane

 Resulting in elevation of
medial border
 Depression of lateral border
 Eversion
Limited to the foot

 When the sole of the foot

moves away from the
median plane, turning the
sole laterally

 Resulting in depression of
medial border
 Elevation of lateral border
 Plantarflexion
Limited to the foot

 Bends the foot and toes

towards the ground

 Extension at the ankle joint

 Like standing on toes
 Dorsiflexion
Limited to the foot

 Flexion at the ankle joint

 Like walking uphill
 Protraction

 Forward movement;
 Applied to the movements
of scapula and lower jaw
 Retraction

 Backward movement;
 Applied to the movements
of scapula and lower jaw
 Elevation

 Raising a body part;

 as, the lower jaw is elevated
when the mouth is closed
 Depression

 Lowering a body part;

 as, the lower jaw is
depressed when the mouth
is opened
 Opposition

 Movement of
carpometacarpal joint of
thumb
 Approximates the
palmar surface of the
thumb to the palmar
surfaces of fingers.
 Terms
of
Laterality 03
 Bilateral

 The structures or
conditions which occur
on both sides (right and
left) of the body

 As, ears are bilateral

 Unilateral

 The structures or
conditions which occur
only on the single side
(either right or left) of
the body

 As, spleen is unilateral

 Ipsilateral

 The structures or
conditions which occur
on the same side of the
body as another structure.

 As, the right hand and

right foot are ipsilateral
 Contralateral

 The structures or
conditions which occur
on the opposite side of
the body as compared to
the other.

 As, the right hand is

contralateral to the left
hand.
 Thanks!

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