College of Applied Science

Computer Course: Level 1

Session 2024-2025
Course 2nd

Operating System and Graphical User Interface (GUI)

B A S I C S C O M M O N O P E R AT I N G S Y S T E M S , U S E R I N T E R FAC E , U S I N G M O U S E T E C H N I Q U E S ,
C O M M O N I C O N S , S TAT U S B A R , M A I N M E N U , F O L D E R S A N D D I R E C TO R I E S , O P E N I N G
A N D C LO S I N G W I N D O W S A N D C R E AT E S H O RTC U T S .
 Introduction
This lecture aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of fundamental concepts
related to operating systems and their practical applications. Operating systems (OS) are
the backbone of modern computing, serving as an interface between hardware and
software, and enabling users to perform tasks efficiently. This lecture will cover essential
topics such as the basics of common operating systems, user interfaces, mouse techniques,
and file management concepts like folders, directories, and shortcuts. By exploring these
topics, learners will gain the theoretical knowledge necessary to navigate and utilize
operating systems effectively.
The lecture is designed to cater to the students, ranging from beginners who are new to
computing to more advanced users seeking to refine their understanding of operating
system functionalities. Through structured explanations, visual demonstrations, and
examples, the lecture will ensure that participants can apply these concepts in the practical
lectures.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 2

 Objectives of the Lecture
Objectives of the Lecture
Understanding Operating Systems:
◦ To introduce the concept of an operating system and its role in managing hardware and software resources.
◦ To compare and contrast common operating systems such as Windows, macOS, and Linux, highlighting their key features and use cases.
Exploring the User Interface:
◦ To explain the purpose and components of a user interface (UI), including graphical elements like icons, menus, and status bars.
◦ To demonstrate how the UI facilitates user interaction with the operating system.
Mastering Mouse Techniques:
◦ To teach essential mouse techniques, such as clicking, double-clicking, dragging, and right-clicking, which are fundamental for navigating the
OS.
◦ To provide hands-on examples of how these techniques are used in everyday computing tasks.
Utilizing Common Icons and Tools:
◦ To familiarize learners with common icons and their functions, such as those for files, folders, applications, and system settings.
◦ To explain the significance of the status bar and main menu in accessing system information and commands.
Understanding File Management:
◦ To introduce the concepts of folders and directories, emphasizing their role in organizing and storing data.
◦ To demonstrate how to create, rename, move, and delete folders and directories.
Managing Windows and Shortcuts:
◦ To explain the process of opening, closing, resizing, and switching between different windows in an operating system.
◦ To teach learners how to create and use shortcuts for quick access to frequently used files, folders, or applications.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 3

 1. Concept of Operating Systems
An Operating System (OS) is system software
that acts as an intermediary between users and
computer hardware. Also, it manages hardware
resources, provides essential services for
application software, and ensures efficient
execution of programs. The OS is fundamental
to the functioning of computers, ranging from
personal desktops to enterprise servers and
mobile devices.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 4

 2. Main Concepts of Operating Systems.
The primary concepts of operating systems include:
2.1. Process Management
A process is an executing instance of a program. The OS is responsible for process scheduling, resource allocation, and
synchronization. It ensures smooth execution of multiple processes without interference.
📌 Example: The OS allocates CPU time to different processes, enabling multitasking.
2.2. Memory Management
Memory management involves the allocation and deallocation of memory space for processes. The OS ensures optimal use
of RAM and manages virtual memory to extend available resources.
📌 Example: When a user opens multiple applications, the OS uses memory management techniques like paging and
segmentation.
2.3. File System Management
The OS organizes and controls access to data stored on disk drives. It provides file structures, naming conventions, and
permissions to ensure secure data handling.
📌 Example: Windows uses NTFS, while Linux employs EXT4 for file organization.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 5

 Cont ..
2.4. Device Management
Operating systems handle communication between hardware components (such as keyboards, printers, and
network adapters) through device drivers.
📌 Example: Plug-and-play features enable automatic detection of USB devices.
2.5. User Interface
The OS provides either a Graphical User Interface (GUI) or Command-Line Interface (CLI) for user interaction.
📌 Example: Windows and macOS use a GUI.
2.6. Security and Access Control
OS security mechanisms include authentication, encryption, and access permissions to protect user data and
system integrity.
📌 Example: User account privileges prevent unauthorized access to sensitive files.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 6

 3. Basics of Common Operating Systems.
Different operating systems are designed for various computing environments. Below are
some common types:
3.1. Windows OS
Developed by Microsoft.
Features a user-friendly GUI.
Supports a vast range of applications.
Used in personal and enterprise environments.
🔷 Example: Windows 11 provides features such as virtual desktops and integration with
Microsoft services.

3.2. macOS
Developed by Apple Inc.
Known for its sleek design and optimized performance.
Features strong security mechanisms.
Exclusively available on Apple devices.
🔷 Example: macOS Ventura introduces enhanced multitasking with Stage Manager.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 7

 Cont ..
3.3. Android OS
A mobile OS developed by Google.
Based on a modified Linux kernel.
Used in smartphones, tablets, and smart devices.
🔷 Example: Android 14 introduces new security and customization
features.

3.4. iOS
Mobile OS developed by Apple.
Known for seamless hardware-software integration.
Used in iPhones and iPads.
🔷 Example: iOS 17 offers enhanced privacy controls and productivity
tools.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 8

 4. Main Concepts of Windows User Interface (UI)
The Windows User Interface (UI) is the graphical environment that enables users to interact with the Microsoft
Windows operating system. It provides visual elements, icons, and controls that simplify navigation and system
management. The UI is designed to be intuitive, enhancing user productivity and accessibility.

Main Concepts of Windows UI

The Windows UI consists of several fundamental components, the most important of which are:
4.1. Desktop Environment
The desktop serves as the main workspace where users can access files, folders, and applications.
It includes:
• Icons (shortcuts to programs and files)
• Wallpaper (customizable background)
• Taskbar (bottom panel for navigation and system controls)
📌 Example: The Windows desktop typically displays the "Recycle Bin" icon for deleted files.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 9

Cont ..
4.2. Start Menu
The Start Menu provides quick access to installed applications, system settings, and power options. It includes:
Pinned apps for frequently used software
Search bar to locate files and settings
User profile for account management
📌 Example: Clicking the Start button opens a menu displaying recently used applications.
4.3. Taskbar
The taskbar is a horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen that allows users to switch between open applications. It consists of:
Start button to access the Start Menu
Quick Launch area for pinned apps
System Tray (Notification Area) displaying time, battery, Wi-Fi, and other system icons
📌 Example: The volume control and network settings icons are found in the System Tray.
4.4. Window Management
Windows UI follows a window-based approach, allowing users to manage multiple applications simultaneously. Features include:
Minimize, Maximize, and Close buttons on each window
Snap Assist for organizing windows side-by-side
Task View for multitasking and virtual desktops
📌 Example: Pressing Windows + Tab opens Task View, displaying all active applications.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 10

 Cont ..
4.5. File Explorer
File Explorer is the built-in file management tool that allows users to navigate, organize, and manage
files and folders. It includes:
Quick Access for frequently used folders
Navigation Pane to browse drives and directories
Ribbon Toolbar for file operations (copy, paste, delete)
📌 Example: Clicking on "This PC" in File Explorer shows all connected drives and storage devices.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 11

 5. Main Concepts of Using Mouse Techniques
A computer mouse is an input device that enables users to interact with a graphical user interface (GUI). It
allows users to select, move, and manipulate objects on the screen efficiently. Different mouse techniques
facilitate various operations, such as navigating files, executing commands, and adjusting settings.
Main Mouse Techniques
The most common mouse techniques include:
5.1. Pointing
Moving the mouse to position the cursor over an item on the screen.
Used for highlighting or preparing to select an object.
📌 Example: Hovering over a file icon to display its details in a tooltip.
5.2. Clicking
Single Click: Pressing the left mouse button once to select an item.
Double Click: Quickly pressing the left mouse button twice to open an item.
📌 Example: Double-clicking a folder to open it in File Explorer.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 12

Cont ..
5.3. Right-Clicking
Pressing the right mouse button to open a context menu with additional options.
📌 Example: Right-clicking on the desktop to access display settings.

5.4. Dragging and Dropping

Clicking and holding an item while moving the mouse to reposition it.
Releasing the button "drops" the item at the new location.
📌 Example: Dragging a file into a different folder to move it.

5.5. Scrolling
Using the scroll wheel (if available) to move up or down a page or document.
📌 Example: Scrolling through a webpage in a browser.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 13

6. Common windows bars.
6.1. Windows Status Bar:
The Windows Status Bar is a UI element typically found at the bottom of application
windows, providing contextual information, feedback, and quick access to essential
functions.

6.2. Windows Main Menu Bar:

A Windows Menu is a graphical user interface (GUI) component that provides users
with a structured way to access commands, functions, and settings within an
application. The menu allows users to select options efficiently using a mouse,
keyboard, or touch input.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 14

 7. Concepts of Folders and Directories.
Understanding Folders and Directories
In Windows, a folder (also called a directory) is a storage structure used to organize files and other folders.
Folders: Logical storage units in Windows Explorer (e.g., "Documents", "Downloads").
Subfolders: Folders inside other folders, forming a hierarchical structure.

Key Folder Operations.

7.1. Creating Folders
Using File Explorer:
◦ Open File Explorer (Win + E).
◦ Navigate to the location where you want to create a folder.
◦ Right-click → New → Folder → Name it.
◦ Press Enter to confirm.

7.2. Renaming Folders

Right-click the folder → Rename.
Press F2 (shortcut) after selecting the folder.
In Command Prompt: rename OldName NewName.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 15

 Cont ..
7.3. Deleting Folders
Right-click → Delete (moves to Recycle Bin).
Press Shift + Delete (permanently deletes).

7.4. Moving & Copying Folders

Drag and Drop (same drive: moves, different drive: copies).
Right-click → Cut (Move) / Copy → Paste in a new location.

7.5. Special Windows Folders

C:\Users\YourName\Documents – Default document storage.
C:\Program Files – Software installation location.
C:\Windows\System32 – System files and utilities.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 16

 8. Opening and closing different windows
To open and close different windows in Windows OS, follow these main instructions:

8.1. Opening Windows: (Common Methods)

Using Start Menu
◦ Click the Start button (Windows icon) in the taskbar.
◦ Search for the program or app you want to open and click it.
Using Taskbar or Desktop Icons
◦ Click on the pinned app in the taskbar or double-click a shortcut icon on the desktop.
Using Run Command
◦ Press Win + R, type the program name (e.g., notepad, cmd), and press Enter.
Using File Explorer
◦ Press Win + E to open File Explorer.
◦ Navigate to the program or document and double-click to open it.
Using Search Bar
◦ Press Win + S and type the name of the app or file, then press Enter.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 17

 Cont ..
8.2. Closing Windows: (Common Methods)
Using Close Button (X)
◦ Click the "X" button in the top-right corner of the window.
Using Alt + F4
◦ Select the window and press Alt + F4 to close it instantly.
Using Taskbar Right-Click
◦ Right-click the window’s icon in the taskbar and choose Close
window.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 18

 9. Shortcuts
Main Instructions to Create Shortcuts in Windows
Creating shortcuts in Windows helps you quickly access files, folders, programs, or
websites. Here’s how you can do it:
9.1. Create a Desktop Shortcut for a Program or File
Right-click on the desktop.
Select New → Shortcut.
Click Browse and locate the file, folder, or program you want a shortcut for.
Click Next, name the shortcut, and click Finish.
📌 You can now double-click the shortcut to open the item!
9.2. Create a Shortcut from Start Menu (for Apps)
Open the Start Menu and find the program.
Drag and drop the program to the desktop (this automatically creates a shortcut).

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 19

 Cont ..
9.3. Create a Shortcut to a Website
Right-click on the desktop → New → Shortcut.
In the location field, type the website URL (e.g., https://www.google.com).
Click Next, name it (e.g., “Google”), and click Finish.
(Optional) Right-click the shortcut → Properties → Change Icon to customize it.

9.4. Pin Shortcuts to Taskbar or Start Menu

Right-click on the shortcut or app.
Select Pin to Start (for Start Menu) or Pin to Taskbar.

9.5. Deleting Shortcut

Right-click → Delete (moves to Recycle Bin).
Press Shift + Delete (permanently deletes).

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 20

 10. Summary and Q&A
This lecture provides an overview of fundamental computing concepts, focusing on operating
systems, user interfaces, and essential file management techniques. It begins by explaining
the operating system (OS) as a critical component that manages hardware resources and
software applications. It then explores different types of common operating systems,
including Windows, macOS, Android and iOS, highlighting their unique features and
functionalities.
The lecture also discusses the user interface (UI), emphasizing the differences between
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) and Command-Line Interfaces (CLIs). Key UI elements such
as icons, the status bar, and the main menu are examined, showcasing their role in
improving usability and navigation. Additionally, essential user interactions, including mouse
techniques like clicking, dragging, and scrolling, are covered to enhance user efficiency.
Furthermore, the lecture addresses file management concepts, including the use of folders
and directories for organizing data. It explains how users can efficiently open and close
different windows and utilize shortcuts to enhance accessibility and workflow.

OPERATING SYSTEM AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) LECTURES 4,5 21