UW net ID _________________________ @uw.

edu

I. Lecture multiple choice (70 points – next 21 questions)

O
1) (3 pts) As shown, two identical spheres are hanging from two
identical insulating strings attached to a point on the ceiling. The two
spheres carry the same amount of charge and are repelled from each
other. At equilibrium, 𝜃1 = 𝜃2 . What happens if the charge carried
by the right sphere increases?
ah
↑
A. Both 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 increase.
B. Both 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 remain the same
As equilibrium both of them mereas
C.
-
D.
𝜃1 increases and 𝜃2 remains the same.
𝜃2 increases and 𝜃1 remains the same. they are in

E. More information is required. in the same

way

O2) (4particle −6
pts) A particle with +2.0 × 10 C is placed at the origin and a
−6
with charge −8.0 × 10 C is placed along the 𝑥-axis at
𝑥 = 0.60 m. At which one of the following locations along the 𝑥-
axis is the electric field zero?
4 2 10 = &( 10-3) . .

A. 𝑥 = 0.10 m
da (d + 0 612
B. 𝑥 = 0.20 m .

t =
&
-
C. 𝑥 = −0.60 m
X
D. 𝑥 = −1.20 m o
.
E. There are no locations along the 𝑥-axis where the electric field is zero.

3) (3 pts) An electric dipole consists of a 3.0 × 10−6 C charge and a

−3.0 × 10−6 C charge separated by 2.5 × 10−3 m. The dipole is &

placed in a uniform electric field of magnitude 645 N/C oriented as

shown in the figure. What is the magnitude of the net torque this
field exerts on the dipole?
In By
A. 8.4 × 10−6 N·m t = PEnno
B. 4.8 × 10−6 N·m
C. 4.5 × 10−6 N·m 32 10-3 645 (1800)
=
: 5 .

an
D. 4.2 × 10−6 N·m .

E. 2.4 × 10−6 N·m

- 8410-3-45
=
372 .

.
3
=
2 4x10
-

Phys 122C Final exam 1

O4) (3 pts) Consider a slab with thickness 𝑡 that extends
from 𝑧 = −𝑡/2 to 𝑧 = +𝑡/2 and extends to infinity in /2
the 𝑥 and 𝑦-axes. The slab is uniformly charged with a
charge per unit volume 𝜌. Consider a point 𝑃 at 𝑧 = 𝑑
that is within the slab. What is the magnitude of the
electric field at point P?
/2
𝜌
A. 𝜀0 𝑑

- so Fro
𝜌𝑡
B.

AdEdA
2 𝜀0

O
C.
𝜌𝑑
𝜀0
D. 0 Qenc =
DAd
E. None of the above

O
5) (3 pts) The diagram at right shows the electric field lines
generated by two charges 𝑄 and 𝑄 . Based on the
1 2
diagram, what is the absolute value of 𝑄1 ⁄𝑄2 ?

A. ¼
B. ½
C. 1
&
OD.
E.
2
4

O The positive plate has a charge +𝑞

6) (3 pts) A parallel-plate capacitor is fully charged by a battery.
and the negative plate has a charge −𝑞. What happens to the charge and the electric field
between the plates when the separation between plates is halved while the battery is still
connected?

A. 𝑞 halves and 𝐸 remains the same.

&
B. 𝑞 doubles and 𝐸 doubles. -d E
C. 𝑞 doubles and 𝐸 remains the same. 2El :Es
D. 𝑞 remains the same and 𝐸 doubles.
-
E. 𝑞 remains the same and 𝐸 remains the same.

C =
GoA E
a

2) =
60 A
Th
ZEsott Es
=
Q CY E
I
= =

Q =
G CY
E
2
=
2
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Three particles are placed 0.20 m away from each other and they r
C
have charges as shown in the diagram at right. Note that 1 μC = L

+1.0 × 10−6 C.
d
7) (3 pts) What is the electrical force on the particle at the top
(𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0.17 m)?
C
(60] C

A. −7.2𝑖⃗ − 29𝑗⃗ N
-
B. −3.6𝑖⃗ N
C. −6.2𝑖⃗ N
2
. An 300
bas I
D. −7.2𝑖⃗ N
E. −29𝑗⃗ N

8) (4 pts) What is the electrical potential at the origin? Note that the electrical potential at infinity
is zero.

A. 9.3 × 105 V . 991109 n

&
B. 7.2 × 105 V
C. 3.6 × 105 V
-
D. 2.1 × 105 V
E. 1.8 × 105 V

O
9) (3 pts) A negatively charged particle is moved from points A to B in the
electric field shown. Which of the following statements about the
electrostatic work done on the charged particle, 𝑊, and potential
difference between points B and A, 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 , is correct?

A. 𝑊 < 0 and 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 >0

O
B. 𝑊 < 0 and 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 <0
C. 𝑊 > 0 and 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 =0
-
D. 𝑊 > 0 and 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 >0 W >o
E. 𝑊 > 0 and 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 <0

wo Ya -

Ya <0

As the work done by the

particle is
negative
and
VB-Ya O as the
potential in B is lower thank
as the
particle is
going with the field lines

Phys 122C Final exam 3

O(4 pts) Due to a potential difference, electrons in an electron gun are accelerated from rest and
10)
emerge with a speed 𝑣. The electrons then enter a region with a uniform external magnetic
field and follow a circular path. By what factor does the radius of the circular path increase if we
decrease the potential difference by a factor of 4?
= r
&V
m y
=
=
= My
A. Remains the same
B. 2

Y
↑

6 C.
D.
4
½ r =

m
E. ¼

11) (3 pts) A uniformly charged rod has a total charge 𝑄, and it is aligned with the 𝑥-axis. Three
observers determine the linear charge density of the rod by measuring the length of the rod, 𝑙𝑚 ,
and calculating 𝜆 = 𝑄/𝑙𝑚 . Observer A is at rest with respect to the rod, observer B is moving in
the 𝑦-direction at velocity 𝑣, and observer C is moving in the 𝑥-direction at velocity 𝑣. Rank the
magnitudes of the linear charge densities that the different observers calculate.

A. 𝜆𝐶 > 𝜆𝐵 > 𝜆𝐴
B. 𝜆𝐴 > 𝜆𝐵 = 𝜆𝐶
C. 𝜆𝐵 > 𝜆𝐴 = 𝜆𝐶
D. 𝜆𝐵 = 𝜆𝐶 > 𝜆𝐴 Not covered
E. 𝜆𝐶 > 𝜆𝐴 = 𝜆𝐵

12) (4 pts) A solenoid with a radius of 0.35 m has 30000 windings over a length of 1.4 m. The
magnetic field inside the solenoid is 0.27 T. What is the current in the windings?

A. 0A r = 0 35
.

B. 2.5 A I =?
C. 5.0 A L =
+ 1 =

D. 7.2 A 0 27 7
#
-
=
.

E. 10 A

B
Mon 1
=

0 27 1 26x10? 1
=

30000
.

.
.

4
 UW net ID _________________________ @uw.edu

O
13) (3 pts) Two circular loops carry a current 𝐼 as shown in the figure.
They are placed on top of each other with the same orientation.
Which statement is true?

A. There is an attractive force between the loops.

X
B. There is a repulsive force between the loops.
C. There is no force between the loops.
D. Cannot be determined with the information provided.
#
E. None of the above.

&
14) (4 pts) A 0.20 m length of iron wire (conductivity
7
1.0 × 10 A/(V·m)) is connected in series with a 0.20 m
0 024175
length of nichrome wire (conductivity 6.7 × 105 A/(V·m)).
.

Both wires have a cross-sectional area 1.20 × 10−5 m2. A 1

potential difference of 50 V is connected across the wires,
40T8
as shown. What is the power dissipated in the iron wire?

S
A. 5.9 × 103 W L = 0. 2
= 0 2
R
&
=

&LRz =
.

B. 8.8 × 104 W 62 1x107 6 T

=
67 x105
-
C. 9.4 × 104 W R1 18
.

02
A
=

= 1 2x105 A
.
.

D. 1.0 × 106 W
=
1 2408
.

+10-5
.

E. 1.5 × 106 W Ri =
1
AV =
50
Goo

32
-
6607410-3
1 -

414 3
:

Consider the following multi-loop circuit for the next two questions.

O
15) (3 pts) Which equation correctly applies the junction rule?

8
A.𝑖1 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 G3 +
Riz R
- 𝑖2 = 𝑖3 + 𝑖1
B. & &
C. 𝑖3 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 TER-3 ,
+
iiR
D. 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 = 0

16) (3 pts) For what EMFs is the current 𝑖2 zero?

A. ℇ1 = 𝑅
B.
- ℇ1 = ℇ3
C. ℇ1 = −ℇ3
D. 𝑖2 is zero irrespective of the EMFs.
E. It is impossible for 𝑖2 to be zero.

Phys 122C Final exam 5

17) (3 pts) A loop of wire is rotated about the center of the loop
at constant rotational speed 𝜔. The loop is within a uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 𝐵. The area of the loop is A, N
and at 𝑡 = 0 the area vector of the loop is aligned with B

external magnetic field. The resistance of the wire in the

loop is 𝑅. What EMF is generated in the wire?
=
-d
A. 0 &t
B. 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜔𝑡 & B
=
ABLOSO
𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜔𝑡
C. 𝑅
=
A B cos of
-
D. 𝜔𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜔𝑡
E0
-dablos (t
=

𝜔𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜔𝑡
E.
𝑅
=
Bu from ut

O
18) (4 pts) Consider a magnet falling inside a conducting copper pipe. As viewed from
above what is the direction of the current in the pipe?

X
A. Clockwise above and below the magnet.
B. Counterclockwise above and below the magnet.
C. Clockwise above the magnet and counterclockwise below the magnet.
&
D. Counterclockwise above the magnet and clockwise below the magnet.
E. Clockwise at the center of the magnet.

19) (3 pts) A circular parallel plate capacitor with radius 𝑅 is charging at a rate given by 𝐼 = 𝑑𝑄/𝑑𝑡.
What is the magnitude of the magnetic field as a function of 𝑟, the distance from the center of
the circular plate, for 𝑟 < 𝑅?

/A. 𝐵 = 𝜇0
𝑟𝐼
2𝜋 𝑅2
G B &L
.
=
Motere 1 eng aftern =
fu
𝐼 Ba No me ErRe
B. 𝐵 = 𝜇0 2𝜋 𝑅 :

C. 𝐵 =
𝑟 𝐼
𝜇0 2𝜋 𝑅 At
D. 𝐵 =
𝐼
𝜇0 2𝜋 𝑟
B :
No Ipf
E. None of the above. zur

6
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For the next two problems, consider the driven LRC

circuit that forms part of an AM radio. Here the AC
source is the radio antenna.

20) (4 pts) The relation between the driving EMF

and current are shown in the plot at the
station frequency. How should the
components be changed to tune the station?

A. The inductance should be increased.

B. The resistance should be increased.
C. The capacitance should be increased.
-
D. The inductance should be decreased.
E. The resistance should be decreased.

21) (3 pts) If we assume the radio is perfectly

tuned, how much power is being absorbed by
the antenna?
𝜀𝑅𝑀𝑆
A. 𝑃 =
X
𝜔02 𝑅

X
B. 𝑃 =
ℇ2 𝑅𝑀𝑆
𝑅
𝜀𝑅𝑀𝑆
C. 𝑃 = 𝑅
ℇ2𝑅𝑀𝑆
D. 𝑃 = 2
E. No power is absorbed.

II. Lab multiple choice (15 points – next 4 questions)

22) (3 pts) Your team measures the force between two particles six times obtaining the following
data: 47.1 N, 50.2 N, 49.8 N, 50.7 N, 49.3 N, and 46.9 N. How should you report your force
according to the uncertainty analysis procedure used in PHYS 122?

A. 49.0±1.62 N
-
B. 49.0±1.6 N
C. 49±1.6 N
D. 49±2 N
E. 50±2 N

Phys 122C Final exam 7

O
23) (4 pts) You are exploring how many different types of particles are in your simulation. You
spawn five particles and give them all different colors. Then in pairs you place the particles 1 m
away from each other and see if the force is attractive (a) or repulsive (r). You obtain the
following table.
Blue Orange Green Red Purple
Blue - r r a r
Orange r - r r r
Green r r - r a
Red a r r - r
Purple r r a r -
Which of the following conclusions is consistent with your data? Select all that apply.

-
A. Blue and Red particles are the same type.
B. Blue and Orange particles are the same type.
C. Red and Purple particles are the same type.
D. Green and Red particles are the same type.
↑
E. Green and Purple particles are the same type.

O
24) (4 pts) Consider Model 1 that you tested in Lab B1, and the following two circuits with light
bulbs and batteries. Note that the batteries and light bulbs are identical.

Model 1: As current flows through multiple elements connected in series, the first element uses
up some of the current, and the second element uses up some of the remaining current etc. So,
⑧
the current diminishes as it flows through multiple elements in series.

C C
Which of the following predictions for the circuits above is consistent with the model and useful
in testing the model? Select all that apply.

A. The left bulb in Circuit 1 and the top bulb in Circuit 2 have the same brightness.
B. The left bulb in Circuit 1 is dimmer than the top bulb in Circuit 2.

T
C. In Circuit 1 the two bulbs have the same brightness.
D. In Circuit 2 the two bulbs have the same brightness.
E. In Circuit 2 the bottom bulb is dimmer than the top bulb.

8
 UW net ID _________________________ @uw.edu

25) (4 pts) Consider a circuit with a capacitor with capacitance 𝐶 = (8.0 ± 0.3) × 10−3 F, a resistor
with resistance 𝑅, a battery with emf ℰ, and a switch all connected in series. The capacitor is
initially uncharged. Your model for the potential difference across the resistor is
𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) = ℰ𝑒 −𝑡⁄𝑅𝐶 , where 𝑡 is the time after the switch is closed. You measure 𝑉𝑅 at different
times and plot ln(𝑉𝑅 /ℰ) on the vertical axis and 𝑡 on the horizontal axis. The linear best-fit line
to this graph yields a slope of (−0.065 ± 0.001) s−1. Based on this result, what is the best
estimate and uncertainty of 𝑅 according to the rules we use in PHYS 122?

A. (1.92 ± 0.03) × 103 Ω Va CH =

GetIRI
X
B. (1.92 ± 0.07) × 103 Ω
In 1

11nf-lobe RC
C. (8.1 ± 0.3) Ω
D. (8.1 ± 0.6) Ω
E. (5.2 ± 0.2) × 10−4 Ω 1
R= = R= 1923 800.

Stope & ( z 192010

III. Tutorial multiple choice (15 points – next 5 questions)

26) (3 pts) A box-shaped Gaussian surface spans two regions

of uniform electric field that are separated by a large
uniformly charged sheet. In region I, the electric field
points to the right and has magnitude 3𝐸𝑜 . In region II, the 3
electric field points to the right and has magnitude 𝐸𝑜 . The
area of each square end-surface of the Gaussian surface is
𝐴𝑜 . What is the surface charge density of the sheet?

↓
A. −2𝐸𝑜 𝜀𝑜
B. +2𝐸𝑜 𝜀𝑜
C. −4𝐸𝑜 𝜀𝑜
D. +4𝐸𝑜 𝜀𝑜
E. Not enough information is given.

Phys 122C Final exam 9

27) (3 pts) Two conducting plates are placed close together. The left plate is given a positive charge,
and the right is given half as much negative charge. The diagrams below show various
distributions of the charge on the two surfaces of the plates.
C C C C
+4 0 2 0 +2 0 +2 0 0 0 0 +3 0 3 0 0

Which arrangement is stable?

A. Case A
B. Case B
C. Case C
-
D. Not enough information given.

⑧
28) (3 pts) A magnet hung by a string is placed near a wire as shown. When the switch is closed the
magnet rotates as indicated by the arrows.

What is the direction of the current through the wire segment nearest the magnet?

⑨
A. Down
B. Up
C. Not enough information given.

10
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29) (3 pts) Case A: Consider an Ampèrian loop consisting of a straight line

and a curved line that surrounds a wire that has current flowing into
𝑌
the page, as shown. 𝐿𝐴 = |∫ 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙⃗| is calculated along the curved
𝑋
part of the loop.
Case B: Is identical to case A, except the curved line is further from the
𝑌
wire. 𝐿𝐵 = |∫ 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙⃗| is calculated along the curved part of the loop.
𝑋
How does 𝐿𝐴 compare to 𝐿𝐵 ?

↑
A. 𝐿𝐴 = 𝐿𝐵 > 0
B. 𝐿𝐴 = 𝐿𝐵 = 0
C. 𝐿𝐴 > 𝐿𝐵
D. 𝐿𝐴 < 𝐿𝐵

30) (3 pts) A wire loop is moving toward a solenoid, as shown

at right. What is the direction of the net force on the loop
due to the solenoid?

A. There is no force on the solenoid.

B. The net force into the page. E mu
C. The net force out of the page.
-
D. The net force is to the left.
E. The net force is to the right.

Phys 122C Final exam 11

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I. Lecture multiple choice (70 points – next 21 questions)

1) (4 pts) Two small pith balls are suspended from insulating wires. One pith ball is attracted to an
insulating sphere on an insulating stand; the other is repelled. The pith balls also attract each
other. Which of the following is possible?

A. Both pith balls are positively (or both negatively) charged, and the sphere is neutral.
X
B. One pith ball is neutral; the other pith ball and the sphere are both positively (or both
negatively) charged.
C. The pith balls are both neutral and the sphere is charged.
D. None of these is possible.

2) (3 pts) A very long solid insulating cylinder with radius 𝑅 = 0.05 m has a linear charge density
𝜆0 = 1.0 × 10−5 C/m. What is the magnitude of the electric field a distance 0.1 m from the
center of the cylinder?
R =
0 05
.

A. 7
1.8 × 10 N/C Li R = x(
0
r1
-
B. 1.8 × 106 N/C =
01 15
50 = 1 10-5 .
-

C. 9.0 × 105 N/C

.

D. None of the above. = 10

3) (3 pts) A small electric dipole is placed in an electric field.

Consider three different locations that we can place the dipole
labeled A, B, and C, as shown. At which location does the dipole
experience a net force but no net torque?

A. A only For a
dipole it needs to be
B. B only
C. C only align with the
field and
X
D. More than one of them.
no
E. None of them. tougue that
is why
B is the best answer

4) (3 pts) A hollow insulating sphere has inner radius 𝑎 and outer radius 𝑏,
as shown. The insulating material has a uniform volume charge density
𝜌0 . What is the magnitude of the electric field at a point 𝑎 < 𝑟 < 𝑏?
𝜌0 𝑟

nu so
A. 𝐸(𝑟) =
4𝜋𝜖0 =

𝜌0 𝑎 3
B. 𝐸(𝑟) = 3𝑟 2 𝜖0
𝜌0
- Pad
I
C. 𝐸(𝑟) = 3𝑟 2 𝜖0
(𝑟 3 − 𝑎3 ) E

4780 r2
D. None of the above.

Phys 122A Final exam 1

5) (3 pts) A hollow sphere surrounds a point particle with charge
O +𝑄 0 at its center, as shown. Consider the following two cases. In
case A the sphere is made of insulating material, and it has a net
charge +2𝑄0 uniformly distributed through its volume. In case B
the sphere is made of conducting material, and it has a net charge
+2𝑄0 placed on it. At which points, if any, is the E-field and
electric potential the same in both cases? Note that enough time
has passed such that the system is in equilibrium and assume that
electric potential is zero at infinity.

X
A. Points 1, 2, and 3
B. Points 1 and 3
C. Point 1 only.
O
D. Point 3 only.
E. None of the points.

6) (3 pts) Two charged insulating spheres, A and

B, have radii 𝑅𝐴 = 2𝑅 and 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅, and
uniform surface charge densities 𝜎𝐴 = 𝜎0 and
𝜎𝐵 = −𝜎0 . The centers of the spheres are a
distance 7𝑅 apart. What is the potential at a -

R
point midway between the surfaces of the
spheres? Assume that electric potential is zero
at infinity.

A. 𝑉 = 0
8𝑘𝜋𝑅𝜎0
geJ
-
B. 𝑉 =
&R ? So
3
C. 𝑉 = −4𝜋𝑘𝑅𝜎0 6 R36
.
+
6
4𝑘𝜋𝑅𝜎0
D. 𝑉 = 2
.5 2 rr
7𝑅 .

E. None of the above. 344460

2--p

7) (3 pts) A negatively charged conducting sphere is

·
supported on an insulating stand. A negatively
charged rod is brought near, but doesn’t touch,
the sphere, as shown. Which of the following best
describes the potential difference between points
A and B after the charged rod is brought near?

X
A. 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 > 0 the total change will still be
the same
B. 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 < 0
& 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 0
C.
D. Not enough information given.

2
 UW net ID _________________________ @uw.edu

Use the following scenario for the next two questions:

Consider a parallel-plate capacitor with a plate area of 1.0 × 10−3 m2 and separation between the
plates of 1.0 × 10−5 m. The capacitor is fully charged with a battery with an emf of 5.0 V. We remove
the battery and then a material with a dielectric constant 𝜅 = 3 is inserted in the gap between the
plates.

O
8) (4 pts) After inserting the dielectric, which statements correctly describe the changes in the
charge and potential of the capacitor compared to their states before insertion? Select all that
apply. -
3
because the plate is disconnected it winy A 1.0 x 10
=

so

A.
O The magnitude of the free charge on the capacitor plates remains the same. d = 14105
*
B. The magnitude of the free charge on the capacitor plates increases.
X
C. The potential difference between the plates decreases. 2 = 5
D. The potential difference between the plates remains the same. Q DAY =

h = 3
E. Not enough information is given.
= 31
9) (3 pts) By what factor does the potential energy stored in the capacitor change after inserting
the dielectric, 𝑈final ⁄𝑈initial?

A. 1/9 U =
ESC (AU)
-
B. 1/3
bi AV)
:
=

C. 1
D. 3
E. 9

10) (4 pts) Consider the following three positively charged particles, 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , and 𝑃3 . 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are at
rest relative to each other. 𝑃1 is moving relative to 𝑃3 , while 𝑃3 is at rest in the earth reference
frame. Select all that apply.

A. There is no magnetic force measured between 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 in any inertial reference frame.
B. An observer in the earth’s reference frame measures only a magnetic force exerted from 𝑃1
on 𝑃2 .
C. An observer in the earth’s reference frame measures both an electric force and a magnetic
force exerted from 𝑃1 on 𝑃3 .
D. In the reference frame of 𝑃3 , the observer measures both an electric and a magnetic field.
E. None of these.

Not covered

Phys 122A Final exam 3

11) (3 pts) In the graphs shown, a charged particle with inertia (mass) 𝑚 and speed 𝑣 enters an area
(shaded in gray), potentially containing a magnetic field. The charge and the velocity vector of
the particle with which it enters the gray area are indicated in each graph. The trajectory of the
particle in each graph is shown by a dotted line. In which cases is the magnetic field pointed out
of the page? Note that there is no electric field in the gray region. Select all that apply.

O O -

O
12) (4 pts) As shown, an infinitely long hollowed conducting cylinder with inner radius 𝑎, and outer
radius 𝑏 carries current 𝐼. Assume that the current is uniform across the conductor. Which
graph best shows the magnitude of the magnetic field as a function of the radial distance 𝑟 from
the center of the cylinder?

4
 UW net ID _________________________ @uw.edu

&
13) (3 pts) Two long conducting wires are placed parallel to each other with a separation distance of
𝑑 between them. The wires carry currents of different magnitudes. The left wire exerts an
attractive force 𝐹 on the unit length of the right wire. We increase the currents in both wires to
twice their original magnitude, while simultaneously reducing the distance between them by
half. What is the magnitude of the force by the left wire on the unit length of the right wire?

A. 𝐹/2 F = Mo 1, 12
B. 2𝐹 24d
X
C. 4𝐹
O
D.
E.
8𝐹
Not enough information is given.
F
= Get

14) (3 pts) If 2.0 A of current flows from A to B, what is the

potential difference, 𝑉B − 𝑉A ?

A. 33 V
B. 7.0 V
-

6y -

1887 -
12
C. -5.0 V
D. -17 V -

28r6
XE. -29 V -
N

15) (4 pts) Iron and nichrome wires are connected to

battery a as shown. Both pieces of wire have a length
of 0.200 m and a cross-sectional area 8.50 × 10−7 m2 .
The conductivity of iron is 1.0 × 107 Ω−1 m−1 , and the
conductivity of nichrome is 6.7 × 105 Ω−1 m−1. What
is the power dissipated in the iron wire?

A. 8.8 × 100 W 1 =
Urb
B. 6.7 × 101 W +
A- 0 5 x10
7.1 × 101 W
.

C.
D. 1.1 × 103 W
0 1 0 X10
E. 1.8 × 104 W =
.

6 =
b .. t x105

Phys 122A Final exam 5

 16) (3 pts) Rank the brightness of the bulbs in the following three circuits.
O ase A ase
ase

7 1
-
f

⑨ ja ↓
↓

I
2 I
A. A=B>C
B. A>B=C
O
C. B>A=C
D. C>A=B
X
E. C>A>B

Use the following scenario for the next two questions:

In a region with a uniform and constant magnetic field of magnitude

𝐵0 = 1.5 T directed into the page, a conducting rod with mass of 0.25 kg
slides on two frictionless metallic rails. The rails are 𝐿 = 0.35 m apart
and are connected by a resistor as shown in the figure. At the instant
when the rod moves to the right with a speed of 𝑣 = 7.0 m/s there is an
induced current of 𝐼 = 2.2 A flowing in the rod.

O
17) (4 pts) At the instant given, what is the acceleration of the rod?
1 5T
Bo
=

A. 1.2 m/s2 to the right

.

BLY FB =
ILB
= 0 . 28
G =

B. 1.2 m/s2 to the left m

=
2.2 0 35 1 5
1 0 35
.

4.6 m/s2 to the right 15 0

.

C. =
. -
.
. 35 .
.
.

O
D. 4.6 m/s2 to the left - = 7 , oly =

% 155
-

E. More information is required. : 2 = 3 675

222
.

618) (3 pts) What is the value of the resistance?

F =
m a .

& 1155-162
:

0 2f
0.60 Ω
.

A.

I
O
B. 1.7 Ω R:
C. 3.7 Ω AV
R =

D. 5.4 Ω
E
365
8.1 Ω
=
E. 1 t

6
 UW net ID _________________________ @uw.edu

O Assume that the electric field is uniform between the plates and is zero
19) (3 pts) A circular plate capacitor with radius 𝑅 is being discharged.

elsewhere. As shown, the electric field is pointing out of the page, as the
capacitor charges. Consider three concentric circular paths labelled A, B,
and C, with radii of 3𝑅/2, 𝑅, and 𝑅/2, respectively. Which statements
correctly describe the magnetic field along the three paths? Select all that
apply.

*
A. The magnetic field is clockwise along all paths.
B. 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵
Ba is smaller man By It outside the
C. 𝐵𝐵 > 𝐵𝐴 as is
capacitor
D. 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶
-
E. 𝐵𝐵 > 𝐵𝐶 region

O
20) (4 pts) A capacitor with a capacitance of 𝐶 initially has a charge 𝑄, and is connected to an
inductor with an inductance of 𝐿. When the maximum amount of current is flowing in the
inductor, what is the potential difference across the capacitor?
It is zero as allwreat is the inductor
O in
A. 0
meaning
- B. 𝑄/𝐶 no
energy is in
the
capacitor
C. 𝑄𝐶
D. 𝑄/𝐿
E. 𝑄𝐿

21) (3 pts) An AC circuit contains a resistor and an

unknown element in series. The figure shows
curves for the current through the unknown
element and voltage across it as a function of
time. Note that the frequency of oscillation is ( )
0.5 Hz. The maximum potential difference across
the unknown element is 3.0 V and the maximum
current through the element is 1.5 × 10−3 A.
W 205
=

What is the unknown element?

AV = 3
A. A 1.6 × 10−4 -H inductor
X
B. A 6.4 × 102 -H inductor I = 1 .
5 x18-3 = 1
C. A 5.0 × 10−4 -Ω resistor
f 05 aXc
A 1.6 × 10−4 -F capacitor
=
D. .

E. A 6.4 × 102 -F capacitor

6
9710r
.

Phys 122A Final exam 7

II. Lab multiple choice (15 points – next 4 questions)

22) (3 pts) In lab A1 you placed an initially uncharged metal sphere on a etal
fulcrum, as shown. You rubbed an acrylic rod with a wool cloth and sphere
then touched the acrylic rod to the metal sphere. You then rubbed
the acrylic rod with the wool cloth again, before bringing the rod
close to the metal sphere, without touching it. You observed that
the metal sphere and the acrylic rod were attracted to each other. ulcrum
Which of the following explanations is most likely correct?

X
A. The metal sphere and the acrylic rod have like charges, but the metal sphere was polarized,
which is why they attracted.
B. The metal sphere and the acrylic rod have opposite charges, but the metal sphere was
polarized, which is why they attracted.
C. The metal sphere and the acrylic rod have opposite charges, which is why they attracted.
D. The metal sphere and the acrylic rod have like charges, which is why they attracted.

23) (4 pts) Suppose that the graphs below show the data you obtained for values of 𝑥 and 𝑦. The
left graph shows 𝑦 versus 𝑥, and the right graph shows 𝑦 versus 𝑥 2 . Each graph has a linear
best-fit line.

Suppose that you are testing two models below, where 𝑚 and 𝑏 are arbitrary constants.
Model 1: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Model 2: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 2 + 𝑏

Based on these graphs, what can you conclude? Select all that apply.

A. The data supports Model 1.

2
B. The data supports Model 2.
C. The data does not support either Model 1 or Model 2.
D. We do not have enough information to conclude anything.

8
 UW net ID _________________________ @uw.edu

24) (4 pts) You construct the circuit shown to measure the current
through a test resistor as a function of the potential difference
across the test resistor. Resistor X is an Ohmic resistor with a
resistance of 10.0 Ω. You believe the test resistor is non Ohmic
and that the potential difference across it is given by

𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼(𝑎 + 𝑏𝐼)

where 𝑎 = 10.0 Ω and 𝑏 = 5.00 Ω/A. If the model for the test -

resistor is correct, and you measure a current of 𝐼 = 0.100 A

through the test resistor, what is the EMF of the battery used in your circuit?

A. 1.00 V M =
0 1 . (10 + 0 .
5)
B. 1.95 V
C. 2.00 V
0 110 5
-
=
D. 2.05 V +
.

H
.

E. More information is required. = 1 05 +1 =

8 05
.

O
25) (4 pts) You measure the potential difference across a resistor to be 𝑉 = 6.0 ± 0.2 V. You need
𝑅
to calculate 𝑦 = ln 𝑉 . How should you report your value of 𝑦 including uncertainty according
𝑅
to the rules we use in PHYS 122?
In 6 = 11 79
.

A. 1.79 ± 0.033
B.
O 1.79 ± 0.03 0 2 0 03
=
.
.

C. 1.79 ± 0.060 %" 03

X 0
Are
D. 1.79 ± 0.06 .

Ay
=
=

Phys 122A Final exam 9

III. Tutorial multiple choice (15 points – next 5 questions)

O
26) (3 pts) Consider a hemispherical Gaussian surface
that encloses a particle with charge +𝑄. The
particle is located a distance 𝑠 directly below the
center of the flat circular surface. Another
particle with charge +𝑄 is added a distance 𝑠

A
above the center of the circle as shown. As the
new particle is added, does the electric flux
through the curved surface of the Gaussian
surface increase, decrease, or remain the same?

X
A. Increase
B. Decrease
X C. Remain the same.
D. Not enough information is given.

O
27) (3 pts) Two conducting plates are placed close together. At
an instant the uniform area charge densities on the surfaces
+ 0 0 + 0
of the plates are as shown. Which of the following
statements is correct?

A. The charge distribution on both plates is in equilibrium

because the net charge on the inner two surfaces is zero.
B. Only the charge distribution on the left plates is in
equilibrium because the electric field inside the right
plate is zero.
X C. The charge distributions on both plates are not in equilibrium because the electric fields
inside both plates are not zero.
D. Not enough information is given.

10
 UW net ID _________________________ @uw.edu

O
28) (3 pts) Shown at right is a cross-sectional view of two long,
straight wires that are parallel to each other, placed near
position P. One wire carries a current io out of the page;
the other wire carries a current io into the page. Suppose A
↑
that a third wire, carrying current io out of the page, is &
introduced such that the net magnetic field at position P is
zero. Where is the third wire located?

A. Position A
B.
X Position B
C. Position C
D. Position D
X
E. Position E

O
29) (3 pts) An unknown current distribution (not
shown) creates the spatially varying magnetic
field shown at right. In region I the magnetic egion
field is uniform. In region II the magnitude of the
magnetic field decreases toward the bottom of
the page. Consider two identical Ampèrian egion
loops: 1 and 2 that are in the different regions.
Which of these statements is correct?

X
A. The current passing through loop 1 is into the page, and its magnitude is greater than the
magnitude of the current passing through loop 2.
OB. The current passing through loop 2 is into the page, and its magnitude is greater than the
magnitude of the current passing through loop 1.
C. The current passing through loop 1 is out of the page, and its magnitude is greater than the
magnitude of the current passing through loop 2.
D. The current passing through loop 2 is out of the page, and its magnitude is greater than the
magnitude of the current passing through loop 1.
E. More information is required.
because there and the
magnetic field
are more
current
Cancel out the
in first region to region a Will
have more current and will have a
30) (3 pts) A conducting wire loop is in a region with uniform magnetic higher magnitude
field out of the page as shown. As the strength of the magnetic
field is decreased what do you observe? oop
A. There is no current induced in the loop.
B. There is a clockwise current induced in the loop.
X
C. There is a counterclockwise current induced in the loop.
D. More information is required.

Phys 122A Final exam 11

Constants Chapter 22

Magnitude of electron charge e = 1.60 → 10→19 C q1 q2

Coulomb’s Law Fϑ12
E
= k 2 r̂12
r12
Coulomb’s constant k = 8.99 → 109 N.m2 C→2 ϑr2 ↑ ϑr1
Directional unit vector r̂12 =
1 r12
Permittivity of free space ω0 =
4εk
ω0 = 8.85 → 10→12 C2 N→1 m→2
Chapter 23
Permeability of free space µ0 = 4ε → 10→7 H.m→1
Dipole moment (electric) pϑ ↔ qpϑrp
Mass of electron me = 9.11 → 10→31 kg
$ ϑ
Torque on electric dipole ϑϱ = pϑ → E
8
Speed of light c0 = 3.0 → 10 m/s
ϑE
Electric field ϑ ↔ Ft
E
qt
Mathematics Induced dipole moment ϑ
pϑind = ςE
↓
↑b ± b2 ↑ 4ac
Quadratic ax2 + bx + c = 0 x= Superposition of electric fields ϑ =E
E ϑ1 + E
ϑ2 + · · ·
2a
ϑ =A
Adding vectors C ϑ+B
ϑ C x = Ax + B x q
Uniform linear charge density φ↔
↼
C y = Ay + B y q
Uniform surface charge density ↽↔
a
Vector components ϑ = Ax î + Ay ĵ + Az k̂
A q
Uniform volume charge density ⇀↔
V
ϖ counterclockwise from x-axis Ax = A cos ϖ, Ay = A sin ϖ Electric field due to:

Scaler(Dot) product ϑ·B

A ϑ = AB cos ϖ
A point charge ϑ s = k qs r̂sP
E 2
rsP
ϑ·B
ϑ = Ax B x + Ay B y
A
Charge element ϑ s = k dqs r̂sP
dE 2
ϑ → B|
ϑ = AB sin ϖ  rsP
Vector(Cross) product |A 


 2kp
y3 , if on y-axis
ϑ→B
A ϑ = ↑B
ϑ →A
ϑ Dipole (aligned with y-axis, Ey ↗



 →kp
Area and volume, sphere 4εr2 , 34 εr3 far from dipole) |x3 | , if on x-axis

! " 2kφ
Area and volume, cylinder 2ε r2 + rh , εr2 h An infinite line of charge Ex =
# x
!ni=1 (xi ↑ xave )
2 qz
Sample standard deviation s= A charged ring (on the axis) Ez = k
n↑1 (z 2 + R2 )3/2
) *
1 1
A charged disk (on the axis) Ez = 2kε↽z ↑
|z| (z 2 + R2 )1/2
Equations from 121
An infinite plane Ez = 2kε↽

1 2
Constant acceleration (x dir.) xf = xi + vx,i ”t + 2 ax ”t



k rq2 , if r > R
vx,f = vx,i + ax ”t A thin spherical shell E=



0, if r < R
2 2
vx,f = vx,i + 2ax ”x

”x = 12 (vx,i + vx,f )”t

Chapter 24
Kinetic energy K = 12 mv 2
$ϑ +
F Electric flux #E = ϑ · dA
E ϑ
Equation of motion ϑa =
m ,
Interaction pair F12 = ↑Fϑ21
ϑ Gauss’s law #E = E ϑ = qenc
ϑ · dA
ω0

1
Chapter 25 Chapter 27
dq
Current I↔
dt
. 
Electromagnetic force FϑPEB = q Eϑ + ϑv → B
ϑ
q1 q2 1 ,
Electric potential energy UE =
4εω0 r12 + Gauss’s law for magnetism #B = B ϑ · dA
ϑ=0
B
Electrostatic work Wq (A ↘ B) = q ϑ · dϑ↼
E B
Fw,
ϑ max
A Magnetic field (wire ⇐ B) B↔
|I|↼
+
Potential (0 at ≃) due to:
Magnetic flux #B = B ϑ · dA
ϑ
1 - qn
Point charges Vp =
4εω0 rnP Magnetic force FϑwB = I ϑ↼ → B
ϑ = qϑv → B
ϑ
1 dqs
Charge element dVs = mv
4εω0 rsP Particle in magnetic field R=
1 q |q|B
A charged ring (on the axis) V =
4εω0 (z + R2 )1/2
2
Hall probe voltage across w V = vwB
↽ ./ 2 
A charged disk (on the axis) V = z + R2 ↑ |z|
2ω0
1 q Chapter 14
A charged sphere (r > R) V =
4εω0 r ↼proper
Length contraction ↼v =
Electric field (from potential) ϑ = ↑ ⇁V î ↑ ⇁V ĵ ↑ ⇁V k̂
E γ
⇁x ⇁y ⇁z 1
↑Wq (A ↘ B) Lorentz factor γ↔ 2
Potential di!erence VAB ↔ 1 ↑ vc2
q 0
,
Potential di!erence closed path Eϑ · dϑ↼ = 0 Time dilation ”tv = γ”tproper

Chapter 28
,
Ampere’s law ϑ · dϑ↼ = µ0 Ienc
B
ϑ
Biot-Savart law ϑ s = µ0 Id↼ → r̂sP
dB
4ε 2
rsP
+
ϑ =
B dBϑs
current path
µ0 I
Magnetic field due to long wire B=
Chapter 26 2εr
µ0 I
Magnetic field due to ring (cen- B=
2R
ter)

q Magnetic field due to solenoid B = µ0 nI

Capacitance C↔
Vcap
µ0 N I
ω0 A Magnetic field due to toroid B=
Parallel plate capacitor C= 2εr
d
2εω0 l
Coaxial cylindrical capacitor C= Chapter 31
ln(R2 /R1 )
V0 J
Dielectric constant κ↔ Conductivity ↽↔
Vd E
κ↑1 ne2 ϱ
Bound charge qbound = qfree Conductivity metal ↽=
κ me
Wnonelectrostatic l
Emf E↔ Resistance R=
q ↽A
1q
2 |I|
Capacitor potential energy UE = 2 C = 12 CVcap
2
= 12 qVcap Current Density J↔
A
1 ϑ
eE
Energy density uE = ω0 E 2 Drift velocity ϑvd = ↑ ϱ
2 me

2
 Chapter 32
Equiv. Resistance (series) Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + · · ·
1 1 1 1 1
(parallel) = + + + ··· Capacitive reactance XC ↔
Req R1 R2 R3 ▷C
Inductive reactance XL ↔ ▷L
Junction rule Iin = Iout
- - Voltage across capacitor VC = IXC
Loop rule E+ V =0
V Voltage across inductor VL = IXL
Ohm’s law I= #
R  2
V 1
Resistance R↔ Impedance ZRLC ↔ R2 + ▷L ↑
I ▷C
V2 VR R
Power dissipated by a resistor P = V I = I 2R = Power factor cos ◁ = =
R Emax Z
Emax
Current amplitude I=
Z
1
Resonant angular frequency ▷0 = ↓
LC
Chapter 29 Xmax
Rms Xrms = ↓
2
1
Average power delivered Pav = Emax I cos ◁
1 B2 2
Energy density uB ↔
2 µ0 Average power dissipated 2
Pav = Irms R
Inductor potential energy U B = 12 LI 2
µ0 N 2 A
Inductance of solenoid L=
l
d#B
Faraday’s law Eind =↑
dt
dI
Inductance Eind = ↑L
+ dt
Magnetic potential energy UB = uB dV

Chapter 30

d#E
Displacement current Idisp ↔ ω0
dt
1
EM wave speed c0 = ↓
ω 0 µ0
,
Maxwell’s equations #E ↔ E ϑ · dAϑ = qenc
, ω0
#B ↔ B ϑ · dAϑ=0
,
ϑ · dϑ↼ = ↑ d#B
E
, dt
ϑ · dϑ↼ = µ0 I + µ0 ω0 d#E
B
dt
ϑ 1 ϑ ϑ
Poynting vector S↔ E→B
µ
+0
Power transported by EM wave P = ϑ · dA
S ϑ
surface

Magnitudes E0 = c 0 B 0

3
Name_____________________________________________________ UW netID __________________
Last First

1. (3 points) As shown, two identical spheres are hanging from two

identical insulating strings attached to a point on the ceiling. The two
spheres carry the same amount of charge and are repelled from each
other. At equilibrium, 𝜃1 = 𝜃2 . What happens if the charge carried by
the right sphere decreases?
A. 𝜃1 remains the same. 𝜃2 decreases.
B. 𝜃2 remains the same. 𝜃1 decreases.
C. Both 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 remain the same.
X D. Both 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 decrease. 𝜃1 = 𝜃2 .
E. Both 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 decrease. 𝜃1 < 𝜃2 .

Use the following situation for the next two questions. A conducting
cylinder, coaxial with the 𝑧 axis, has a radius 𝑎 and a charge 𝑄 > 0. It is
surrounded by a coaxial cylindrical conducting shell with inner radius 𝑏,
outer radius 𝑐, and charge – 𝑄. The cylinders have length 𝐿, but consider
the limit as 𝐿 is large. f

2. (4 points) Find the surface charge density on the surface of the

conducting shell at 𝑟 = 𝑏.
𝑄
A. 𝜎 = + 2𝑏𝐿 n =
𝑄
B. 𝜎 == + 2
4𝑏𝐿
C. 𝜎 = 0
𝑄
D. 𝜎 = − 2𝑏𝐿
-
𝑄
E. 𝜎 = − 4𝑏𝐿

3. (3 points) Which statement would best describe how the charge distribution would change, if
you touched the external conductor with a finger?
A. No charge would flow since your finger is an insulator.
B. You would receive a shock as positive charge flowed from the outer surface to your
finger.
C. You would receive a shock as negative charge flowed from the outer surface to your
finger.
D. No charge would flow since the outer surface is uncharged.
XE. The outer surface would be charged by induction.
Wall be attracted
on the
As part the
of charge outer shall
to the inner .

Change which makes the outer change unchanged

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 1
Name_____________________________________________________ UW netID __________________
Last First

4. (3 points) An astronaut is moving at 60.0% the speed of light relative to earth. An observer at
rest on earth measures a time interval of 1.00 second between the astronaut’s heartbeats. What
does the astronaut measure for the time interval between her own heartbeats?
A. 0.600 sec
B. 0.800 sec
C. 1.00 sec
Not covered
D. 1.25 sec
E. 1.67 sec

Use the following situation for the next two questions.

As shown, two particles with charge 𝑞 and 4𝑞 are separated by a
distance 4𝑑.

5. (3 points) We define the electric potential to be zero infinitely

away from these particles. What is the electric potential at
point p?
- A.
1 7𝑞

u
4𝜋𝜖0 3𝑑
1 4𝑞
B.
4𝜋𝜖0 3𝑑

-
C.
1 13𝑞

lg
4𝜋𝜖 9𝑑

Wha
0 +
D. 0
E. None of the above
Thy

6. (3 points) The potential energy of two particles above is 𝑈1 , where the potential energy of two
charged particles infinitely separated is defined to be zero. Now we bring a third particle with
charge -q to point p, and the total potential energy of the three particles is 𝑈2 . What is 𝑈2 /𝑈1 ?
A. -7/3

-
-sas"-h
B. -4/3
C. 7/3
D. 10/3

-
E. None of the above

-he
PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 2
Name_____________________________________________________ UW netID __________________
Last First

Use the following situation for the next two questions.

As shown, two closed surfaces are drawn on the electric

field line diagram at right. The field lines and any
charges within each closed surface are not shown.
e 21
7. (4 points) Compare the magnitude of the electric
field at point A and at point B. -

A. EA > EB Ez
↑ B. EA < EB
C. EA = EB
D. Not enough information

8. (4 points) Let q1 and q2 represent the net charge within Surface 1 and Surface 2, respectively.
Which of the following statements is correct? Note that we define any amount of negative
charge as less than 0 here.
A. q1 > q2 > 0
B. q1 < q2 < 0
C. q2 > q1 = 0
-D. q2 < q1 = 0
E. None of these

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 3

Name_____________________________________________________ UW netID __________________
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9. (3 points) Consider two different cases where an identical dipole is placed at rest in identical
uniform electric fields, except in case A the electric field points to the left, and in case B the
electric field points to the right, as shown. Compare the magnitude of the net torque acting on
the dipole in these cases.

M M
2
4

A. 𝜏𝐴 > 𝜏𝐵
-
B. 𝜏𝐴 = 𝜏𝐵
C. 𝜏𝐴 < 𝜏𝐵
D. Not enough information

10. (3 points) As shown, four particles are placed in an x-y

coordinate system at (a, a), (-a, a), (-a, -a), and (a, -a). The
particle at (a, a) has charge -q, and the rest have +q. What is
the direction of electric force on another particle with charge +
-q located at the coordinate (0, -a), the position of the star?
A. ↗
-
*
B. →
C. ↘ + +
D. ↓
X E. ←

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 4

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O
11. (3 points) Consider three wires at three corners of a square carrying
the same amount of current either out of the page (⊙) or into the
- S
page (⨂) as shown. What is the direction of the magnetic force on the 2
at
wire at the top left corner? 2

n
⑨A. ↘
B. ↙
OC. ↗
D. ↖
E. ↓

Use the scenario below to answer the following two questions.

A square loop of side length 𝐿 = 0.15 m is forced to move to the

left at a constant speed 𝑣 = 0.30 m/s. The loop is made of a
conducting material and has a resistance of 60 Ω. As shown, it is
entering a region of uniform magnetic field directed into the
page. The magnitude of the magnetic field is 1.2 T.

12. (3 points) What is the amount of current flowing in the loop at the moment shown?
A. 4.5 × 10−4 A
-
B. 9.0 × 10−4 A E =
= 2
.
U 15
.
0 3
.
.
.

−2
C. 2.7 × 10 A
D. 5.4 × 10−2 A 1 : Al
-
0 36 0 15 .
.

T
.

E. 3.2 A
=
0
. 054
=
0 854
r
-

13. (3 points) What is the direction of the magnetic dipole moment of the loop as viewed in the
figure at the moment shown?
-
A. Out of the page
B. Into the page
C. To the right
D. Counterclockwise
E. Clockwise

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 5

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14. (3 points) Two identical resistors, R1 and R2, are connected in parallel. These resistors are made
of the same material and have length L and cross-sectional area A. Which of the following
resistors has the same resistance as the equivalent resistance of the combination of resistors R1
and R2?

Resistor I: A resistor that is identical to resistor R1 or R2 except it has length 2L

Resistor II: A resistor that is identical to resistor R1 or R2 except it has cross-sectional area 2A
Resistor III: A resistor that is identical to resistor R1 or R2 except it has cross-sectional area A/2.

A. Resistor I only
-B. Resistor II only R p =

-
+ + 7
C. Resistor III only
A

+
D. Resistors I and II
J
E. Resistors I and III
R
2
=

15. (3 points) The figure at right shows a part of a circuit where current I = 4.0 A is
flowing from position P to position Q through two resistors and two batteries.
The resistances are given by R1 = 1.0 Ω and R2 = 3.0 Ω, and the emfs are given
by ℰ1 = 5.0 V and ℰ2 = 8.0 V. What is the absolute value of the potential 1
difference between P and Q, |𝑉Q − 𝑉P |?
5
IA. 19 V
B. 29 V
C. 3 V -
n .
5 - 12 + 8
-

D. 13 V
E. 17 V &

-
1) + 3

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 6

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O
16. (4 points) A long straight cylindrical wire of radius R carries current
distributed uniformly across its cross-section. It is observed that
the magnitude of the magnetic field at position P, a distance R/2
from the axis of the wire, is 3 times that at position Q, outside the
wire. How far is position Q from the axis of the wire?
A. This is not possible.

MR3
not to scale
-B. 3R/2
C. 2R
D. 3R
E. 6R
*
# 26R

O
17. (4 points) A battery, an inductor, a resistor, a light bulb, and a
switch are connected in the circuit as shown. The switch has been
closed for a long time and then is opened. Which of the following
statements about the direction of current immediately before
and immediately after the switch is opened is correct?
X
A. The direction of the current through the light bulb
switches.
B. The direction of the current through the resistor
switches.
C. The direction of the current through the inductor switches.
-
D. More than one statement above is correct.
E. None of the statements above is correct.
Because it
just the with the light build
got open so
only one effect is

18. (4 points) Which of the following changes doubles the magnetic energy stored in an inductor
carrying current? In each case, the aspect indicated is changed, but everything else remains the
same.
A. Doubling the number of turns of the inductor without changing the length of the
inductor.
- Doubling the cross-sectional area of the inductor.
B.
C. Doubling the length of the inductor without changing the number of turns of the
inductor.
D. Doubling the current in the inductor.
E. More than one of the changes above.

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 7

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19. (4 points) Suppose that an ideal parallel plate capacitor with

circular plates of radius R is connected to a power supply.
Consider an imaginary circular disk with radius R/2 that is
between the capacitor plates, coaxial with the plates, and
parallel to the plates. At the moment when current 𝐼 is
flowing into the capacitor as shown, what is the amount of displacement current through the
circular disk?
A. I/4
C

s
=

-B. I/2 Al : &R

C. I
201
D. 2I
E. 4I
C :

2 SA
Al
O
20. (3 points) A charged capacitor is connected to an
1
inductor at 𝑡 = 0. The graph at right shows the
current flowing through the circuit as a function
of time. At which labeled moment or moments, 4
𝑡1 through 𝑡4 , is the energy stored in the 2
inductor at its maximum?
A. At 𝑡1 only 3
B. At 𝑡2 and 𝑡4
C. At 𝑡3 only
As we
* D. At 𝑡1 and 𝑡3 use UL =
11]2
E. At 𝑡2 only

21. (3 points) A resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, and an AC generator with an emf amplitude of
120 V are all connected in series. Suppose that the angular frequency of the AC generator is
adjusted so that the maximum energy is delivered to the resistor. If the capacitive reactance at
this angular frequency is 300 Ω, and the resistance of the resistor is 00 Ω, what is the maximum
current flowing in this circuit at this angular frequency?
A. 0.15 A
Emf 1 Of
a
=

B. 0.24 A
C. 0.33 A Capaative reactance 3002 =

1 D. 0.60 A 0 6 .

E. 1.2 A resistance = R 200

becauseIt
is eat resonance so the industor and
the
capacitor cancels out

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 8

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22. (4 points) Suppose that you are exploring a scenario of particle interactions in a virtual reality
simulation. In this simulation, you can vary the inertias (masses) of the particles and separation
between two particles. You first measure the force between the particles, F, as you vary their
separation, r, while you hold their inertias, m, constant. The left plot shows F vs. 1/r. You then
also measure F as you vary the inertia of one of the particles while you hold their separation
constant. The right plot shows F vs. m. Both graphs include a linear best-fit line with the vertical
intercept set to 0.
vs. 1 vs.
. 0.

1. 0.
1
0.1
0.
0
0
0 0. 0. 0. 0. 1
0 0. 0. 0. 0. 1
1 1m

Which of the following models is consistent with the data you collected? In the expressions
below, k is a positive constant.
𝑘
A. 𝐹 =
𝑟

~
𝑘𝑚
B. 𝐹 = 𝑟
C. 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑚
𝑘
D. 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑟
𝑘𝑟
E. 𝐹 = 𝑚

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 9

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O
23. (4 points) Consider Model 2 that you tested in Lab B1, and the following three circuits with light
bulbs and batteries.

Model 2: Current flowing through a battery is always the same regardless of what is connected
to it as long as there is a conducting path between its positive and negative terminals.

&

Which of the following predictions for the circuits above is consistent with the model and useful
in testing the model?

A. Two bulbs in Circuit 1 have the same brightness.

B. Two bulbs in Circuit 2 have the same brightness.
-
C. The bottom two bulbs are dimmer than the top bulb in Circuit 3.
&
D. The top bulb in Circuit 1 and the top bulb in Circuit 3 have the same brightness.
E. More than one choice above.

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 10

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24. (3 points) Consider the circuit at right that consists of a

battery, switches, lightbulbs, and a capacitor. The
capacitor is initially discharged, and both switches have
been open. Then Switch A is closed. Which of the
following statements about the brightness of Lightbulb A
and the potential difference across the capacitor as a
function of time after Switch A is closed is correct?
A. The brightness increases, and the potential
difference across the capacitor increases with
time.
- B. Lightbulb A initially turns on with full brightness, and then the brightness decreases. The
potential difference across the capacitor increases with time.
C. The brightness increases, and the potential difference across the capacitor decreases
with time.
D. Lightbulb A initially turns on with full brightness, and then the brightness decreases. The
potential difference across the capacitor decreases with time.
E. Lightbulb A initially turns on, and the brightness remains constant. The potential
difference across the capacitor remains constant with time.

O
25. (4 points) Consider a circuit with a capacitor with capacitance 𝐶 = 8.0 ± 0.3 mF, a resistor with
resistance 𝑅, a battery with emf ℰ, and a switch all connected in series. The capacitor is initially
uncharged. The model for the magnitude of the potential difference across the capacitor, 𝑉C , for
a charging capacitor is given by
𝑡
(− )
↑

𝑉C (𝑡) = O
ℰ [1 − 𝑒 ], where 𝑡 is the time after the switch is closed.

&
𝑅𝐶

𝑉C
A lab team measures 𝑉C as a function of 𝑡 and graph the data with − ln (1 − ℰ
) on the vertical
axis and of
𝑡 on the horizontal axis. The linear best-fit line to this graph yields the slope of 0.053 ±
−1
0.001
- . What is the best estimate of 𝑅 and its uncertainty for this experiment according to
s -

the rules we use in PHYS 122?

0 0375

Inf) =
A. 42 × 10−5 ± 2 × 10−5 Ω .

B. 6.6 ± 0.2 Ω
-

0 8- .

C. 6.6 ± 0.4 Ω
D. 236 × 101 ±O
-
0 9 × 101 Ω
E. 24 × 102 ± 1 × 102 Ω ↓ 0 053 Por
= .

-e R =
&

-
0 053 8
1
.
.

. 36
2

In)1 v) =
-

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A ↓ I

. 05310 001
0 . 11

:
R( I
R2 -

& 0 053 0
. .

k =

0 . 053
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8 (3 points) Two spherical Gaussian surfaces are shown at

26.
right. Surface B has twice the radius of surface A. Identical
point charges +𝑄𝑜 are located at the center of each sphere.

Compare the magnitudes of the electric flux through the

curved upper hemisphere of Surface A and Surface B,
|Φtop,A | and |Φtop,B |, respectively.
A. |Φtop,A | > |Φtop,B |
B. |Φtop,A | < |Φtop,B |
oC. |Φtop,A | = |Φtop,B |
D. Hemispheres lack sufficient symmetry to compare.
E. Need more information to compare.

27. (3 points) Suppose that a conducting loop is initially held

on the yz-plane, and an external magnetic field in the +y-
direction is applied to the loop. The loop carries a constant
current flowing out of the page at the top and into the
page at the bottom of the loop as shown in the cross-
section view in the figure. ross sec on
When the loop is released, does it rotate? If so, which at center of
direction does it rotate in the view shown in the figure? loo
A. No.
B. Yes. Clockwise.
-C. Yes. Counterclockwise.
D. Yes. Into the page at the bottom of the loop and out of the page at the top of the loop.
E. Yes. Out of the page at the bottom of the loop and into the page at the top of the loop.

PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 12

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28. (3 points) The three loops at right each

encircle same current 𝐼 . Loop 1 is a square
with a side length that is the same as the
diameter of Loop 2. The diameter of Loop
3 is 1.5 times that of Loop 2. The current is
at the center of each loop. Rank the loops
in the order of the line integral around
each loop of the magnetic field due to the current at its center, greatest first.
A. Loop 2 > Loop 1 > Loop 3
B. Loop 3 > Loop 2 > Loop 1
- C. Loop 1 = Loop 2 = Loop 3
D. Loop 2 > Loop 3, and we cannot determine Loop 1 as it lacks sufficient symmetry.
E. Loop 3 > Loop 2, and we cannot determine Loop 1 as it lacks sufficient symmetry.

29. (3 points) Consider the circuit shown at right. All the batteries
are identical and ideal, and both bulbs are identical. Are
bulbs A and B lit? If so, which is brighter?
-
A. They are both lit, and A is brighter.
B. They are both lit, and B is brighter.
C. Only A is lit.
D. Only B is lit.
E. Neither of them is lit.

O
30. (3 points) A copper wire loop is stationary in an external magnetic
field that is represented by magnetic field lines as shown. The external
field is decreasing. In which direction is the magnetic dipole moment
due to the induced current in the loop if any? A

X-

moment
Jos
It
is
decreasy dipl left to

was
es goin
PHYS 122A Spring 2023 Final exam, version A 13
This page intentionally left blank.
Constants Chapter 22

Magnitude of electron charge e = 1.60 → 10→19 C q1 q2

Coulomb’s Law Fϑ12
E
= k 2 r̂12
r12
Coulomb’s constant k = 8.99 → 109 N.m2 C→2 ϑr2 ↑ ϑr1
Directional unit vector r̂12 =
1 r12
Permittivity of free space ω0 =
4εk
ω0 = 8.85 → 10→12 C2 N→1 m→2
Chapter 23
Permeability of free space µ0 = 4ε → 10→7 H.m→1
Dipole moment (electric) pϑ ↔ qpϑrp
Mass of electron me = 9.11 → 10→31 kg
$ ϑ
Torque on electric dipole ϑϱ = pϑ → E
8
Speed of light c0 = 3.0 → 10 m/s
ϑE
Electric field ϑ ↔ Ft
E
qt
Mathematics Induced dipole moment ϑ
pϑind = ςE
↓
↑b ± b2 ↑ 4ac
Quadratic ax2 + bx + c = 0 x= Superposition of electric fields ϑ =E
E ϑ1 + E
ϑ2 + · · ·
2a
ϑ =A
Adding vectors C ϑ+B
ϑ C x = Ax + B x q
Uniform linear charge density φ↔
↼
C y = Ay + B y q
Uniform surface charge density ↽↔
a
Vector components ϑ = Ax î + Ay ĵ + Az k̂
A q
Uniform volume charge density ⇀↔
V
ϖ counterclockwise from x-axis Ax = A cos ϖ, Ay = A sin ϖ Electric field due to:

Scaler(Dot) product ϑ·B

A ϑ = AB cos ϖ
A point charge ϑ s = k qs r̂sP
E 2
rsP
ϑ·B
ϑ = Ax B x + Ay B y
A
Charge element ϑ s = k dqs r̂sP
dE 2
ϑ → B|
ϑ = AB sin ϖ  rsP
Vector(Cross) product |A 


 2kp
y3 , if on y-axis
ϑ→B
A ϑ = ↑B
ϑ →A
ϑ Dipole (aligned with y-axis, Ey ↗



 →kp
Area and volume, sphere 4εr2 , 34 εr3 far from dipole) |x3 | , if on x-axis

! " 2kφ
Area and volume, cylinder 2ε r2 + rh , εr2 h An infinite line of charge Ex =
# x
!ni=1 (xi ↑ xave )
2 qz
Sample standard deviation s= A charged ring (on the axis) Ez = k
n↑1 (z 2 + R2 )3/2
) *
1 1
A charged disk (on the axis) Ez = 2kε↽z ↑
|z| (z 2 + R2 )1/2
Equations from 121
An infinite plane Ez = 2kε↽

1 2
Constant acceleration (x dir.) xf = xi + vx,i ”t + 2 ax ”t



k rq2 , if r > R
vx,f = vx,i + ax ”t A thin spherical shell E=



0, if r < R
2 2
vx,f = vx,i + 2ax ”x

”x = 12 (vx,i + vx,f )”t

Chapter 24
Kinetic energy K = 12 mv 2
$ϑ +
F Electric flux #E = ϑ · dA
E ϑ
Equation of motion ϑa =
m ,
Interaction pair F12 = ↑Fϑ21
ϑ Gauss’s law #E = E ϑ = qenc
ϑ · dA
ω0

1
Chapter 25 Chapter 27
dq
Current I↔
dt
. 
Electromagnetic force FϑPEB = q Eϑ + ϑv → B
ϑ
q1 q2 1 ,
Electric potential energy UE =
4εω0 r12 + Gauss’s law for magnetism #B = B ϑ · dA
ϑ=0
B
Electrostatic work Wq (A ↘ B) = q ϑ · dϑ↼
E B
Fw,
ϑ max
A Magnetic field (wire ⇐ B) B↔
|I|↼
+
Potential (0 at ≃) due to:
Magnetic flux #B = B ϑ · dA
ϑ
1 - qn
Point charges Vp =
4εω0 rnP Magnetic force FϑwB = I ϑ↼ → B
ϑ = qϑv → B
ϑ
1 dqs
Charge element dVs = mv
4εω0 rsP Particle in magnetic field R=
1 q |q|B
A charged ring (on the axis) V =
4εω0 (z + R2 )1/2
2
Hall probe voltage across w V = vwB
↽ ./ 2 
A charged disk (on the axis) V = z + R2 ↑ |z|
2ω0
1 q Chapter 14
A charged sphere (r > R) V =
4εω0 r ↼proper
Length contraction ↼v =
Electric field (from potential) ϑ = ↑ ⇁V î ↑ ⇁V ĵ ↑ ⇁V k̂
E γ
⇁x ⇁y ⇁z 1
↑Wq (A ↘ B) Lorentz factor γ↔ 2
Potential di!erence VAB ↔ 1 ↑ vc2
q 0
,
Potential di!erence closed path Eϑ · dϑ↼ = 0 Time dilation ”tv = γ”tproper

Chapter 28
,
Ampere’s law ϑ · dϑ↼ = µ0 Ienc
B
ϑ
Biot-Savart law ϑ s = µ0 Id↼ → r̂sP
dB
4ε 2
rsP
+
ϑ =
B dBϑs
current path
µ0 I
Magnetic field due to long wire B=
Chapter 26 2εr
µ0 I
Magnetic field due to ring (cen- B=
2R
ter)

q Magnetic field due to solenoid B = µ0 nI

Capacitance C↔
Vcap
µ0 N I
ω0 A Magnetic field due to toroid B=
Parallel plate capacitor C= 2εr
d
2εω0 l
Coaxial cylindrical capacitor C= Chapter 31
ln(R2 /R1 )
V0 J
Dielectric constant κ↔ Conductivity ↽↔
Vd E
κ↑1 ne2 ϱ
Bound charge qbound = qfree Conductivity metal ↽=
κ me
Wnonelectrostatic l
Emf E↔ Resistance R=
q ↽A
1q
2 |I|
Capacitor potential energy UE = 2 C = 12 CVcap
2
= 12 qVcap Current Density J↔
A
1 ϑ
eE
Energy density uE = ω0 E 2 Drift velocity ϑvd = ↑ ϱ
2 me

2
 Chapter 32
Equiv. Resistance (series) Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + · · ·
1 1 1 1 1
(parallel) = + + + ··· Capacitive reactance XC ↔
Req R1 R2 R3 ▷C
Inductive reactance XL ↔ ▷L
Junction rule Iin = Iout
- - Voltage across capacitor VC = IXC
Loop rule E+ V =0
V Voltage across inductor VL = IXL
Ohm’s law I= #
R  2
V 1
Resistance R↔ Impedance ZRLC ↔ R2 + ▷L ↑
I ▷C
V2 VR R
Power dissipated by a resistor P = V I = I 2R = Power factor cos ◁ = =
R Emax Z
Emax
Current amplitude I=
Z
1
Resonant angular frequency ▷0 = ↓
LC
Chapter 29 Xmax
Rms Xrms = ↓
2
1
Average power delivered Pav = Emax I cos ◁
1 B2 2
Energy density uB ↔
2 µ0 Average power dissipated 2
Pav = Irms R
Inductor potential energy U B = 12 LI 2
µ0 N 2 A
Inductance of solenoid L=
l
d#B
Faraday’s law Eind =↑
dt
dI
Inductance Eind = ↑L
+ dt
Magnetic potential energy UB = uB dV

Chapter 30

d#E
Displacement current Idisp ↔ ω0
dt
1
EM wave speed c0 = ↓
ω 0 µ0
,
Maxwell’s equations #E ↔ E ϑ · dAϑ = qenc
, ω0
#B ↔ B ϑ · dAϑ=0
,
ϑ · dϑ↼ = ↑ d#B
E
, dt
ϑ · dϑ↼ = µ0 I + µ0 ω0 d#E
B
dt
ϑ 1 ϑ ϑ
Poynting vector S↔ E→B
µ
+0
Power transported by EM wave P = ϑ · dA
S ϑ
surface

Magnitudes E0 = c 0 B 0

3
Items by Physics Topic Mechanics and Electromagnetism

I. ElectricFieldPotential

1. (5 points) The electric potential in a region of space is described byV (x), where V is in Volts,
and x is in meters:
V (x) = (4 → 12x + x2 )Volts EX
=
-d
dX
Which of the following statements TRUE?
EX =
-12 + 2X) -

A. There is a constant net electric field in this region. X

* 12-2X
B. The electric field points in the negative direction at the origin. *
C. A positively charged particle at x = 2m will accelerate in the negative direction.
D. Between x = 0m and x = 2m the change in the electric potential is positive.X
X
E. At x = 2m the electric field points in the positive direction.

2. (5 points) A negatively charged particle moving in the positive direction speeds up due to the
influence of a constant electric field, Eωo . Which of the following sets are possible values of
the quantities associated with this particle’s motion: the electric field Eωo , the potential at the
initial position Vo , and the change in potential between the initial and final positions,!V ?
ω
X
A. Eo = –10 N/C, F Vo = –5 V, !V = +2 V
E -
- ω =

B. Eo = +10 N/C, E Vo = –5 V, !V = + 2 V
C. Eωo = –10 N/C, T Vo = +5 V, !V = →2 V As
D. Eωo = +10 N/C, - Vo = +5 V, !V = +2 V
-

E. Eωo = –10 N/C, & Vo = –5 V, !V = →2 V

II. Magnetism

1. (5 points) A conducting loop is moved through a region of

uniform magnetic field, as shown in the figure. Loop 1 has a
radius ro , and is moved at a speed vo . Next a second loop is
moved through the same magnetic field. Loop 2 has a radius
1
2 ro and is moved at speed of 3vo How do their induced emf, ε,
compare?

A. ε2 = 32 ε1 Es =
B. ε2 = 43 ε1
C. ε2 = 23 ε1 Es =
IB
K
D. ε 2 = ε1
E. ε2 = 34 ε1 G, = ↓ Dro B

Es
=%O 34D

Copyright xxxxx 1 March 7, 2025

Items by Physics Topic Mechanics and Electromagnetism

2. (5 points) A particle with mass mo , charge qo , and kinetic energy Ko enters a region with a
uniform magnetic field, resulting in motion along a circular path of radius ro . Now a second
particle with mass 2mo , charge →qo , and kinetic energy Ko enters the uniform magnetic field
at the same point. With what radius does the second particle move?

v
?
A. ro /2 2
Em =M r =

↑
B. ro / 2 Y
= v
↑:
= m
C. ro
↑ 1913
D. 2ro
r=m B =
%
E. 2ro
B
3. (5 points) An electron is moving with a speed vo as it enters a
region of uniform magnetic field. At the moment it enters the
region, the particle experiences a force,Fωo aligned with the x-axis
and its subsequent motion is uniform circular motion in the x→y
plane relative to the coordinate system shown.
Which of the following sets are possible values of the quantities
associated with this particle’s motion just as it enters the magnetic field: the magnetic field
Bωo , the particle’s velocity vωo , the particle’s charge, q, and the net force acting on the particle,
Fωo ?
F g(XXB) =

A. Fωo /q = (+106 N/C)î, vωo = (–5 ↓ 105 m/s)ĵ, Bωo = (+2T)k̂

#
B. Fωo /q = (+106 N/C)î, vωo = (+5 ↓ 105 m/s)ĵ, Bωo = (→2T)k̂ p
=
SoYoxBo
C. Fωo /q = (→106 N/C)î, vωo = (–5 ↓ 105 m/s)ĵ, Bωo = (→2T)k̂ to -g(Vo5 X1 =
2 T5l)

-
D. Fωo /q = (+10 N/C)î, Bωo = (→2T)k̂
6 vωo = (–5 ↓ 105 m/s)ĵ, I

E. Fωo /q = (–10 N/C)î,

6 vωo = (+5 ↓ 105 m/s)ĵ, Bωo = (+2T)k̂
- -

Egy Forgin
G = -
4

III. Circuits

1. (5 points) In the RC circuit shown, the capacitor is charged

with the switch in position 1. The switch is then moved to
position 2, and the charged capacitor discharges through a
resistor.
Select the graph of Iresistor vs Vcap that best represents the amount of current through the
resistor as a function of the potential di”erence across the capacitor, while the capacitor
discharges.
2
Xp
=

Iresistor Iresistor Iresistor

Iresistor

A.
Vcap
B.
Vcap
#
C.
Vcap
D.
Vcap

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Items by Physics Topic Mechanics and Electromagnetism

2. (5 points) In the RC circuit shown, the capacitor is charged

with the switch in position 1. The switch is then moved to
position 2, and the charged capacitor discharges through a
resistor.

Circle the pair of graphs – A,B, C or D – that best represent the potential di”erence
across the capacitor, and the amount of current through the resistor, while the capacitor
discharges.

3. (5 points) In an LC circuit, the charge, Q, stored on the capacitor is described by Q(t),

&where Q is in Coulombs, and t is in seconds:
ϑ
Q(t) = Qo cos(60Hz ↔ t + )
do
2
I
-

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

60 He +E
X
A. At t=0 the capacitor is fully charged. & 12-600 In
B. At t=0 the capacitor is starting to discharge. O

C. At t=0 the current is instantaneously zero through the inductor. X

D. The amount of current flowing through the inductor is largest at t=0. v

X

8
4. (5 points) In an RC circuit, the charge, Q, stored on the capacitor is described by Q(t),
where Q is in Coulombs, and t is in seconds:
ϑ
Q(t) = Qo sin(60Hz ↔ t + )
2

Which of the following statements are TRUE?

O
A. At t=0 the capacitor is fully charged.
B. At t=0 the capacitor is completely discharged.
&
C. At t=0 the current is instantaneously zero through the resistor.
D. The amount of current flowing through the resistor is largest at t=0.

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Items by Physics Topic Mechanics and Electromagnetism

5. (5 points) Two, separate, circuits (1 and 2) each

consist of a light bulb, a switch and a battery. The
switch and battery in each circuit are identical, but
the light bulbs are di”erent. Each circuit is turned
on and then o”. The graph of the power used by the
bulb as a function of time for both circuits is shown.
In which circuit is more energy dissipated through
the light bulb?
A. Bulb 1 jedt
bulba is baser
OB. Bulb 2 so

X
C. Both dissipate the same amount of energy. energy disopted is
bigger
D. We need to know the battery potential to determine the energy.

6. (5 points) Two, separate, circuits (1 and 2) each

consist of a light bulb, a switch and a battery. The
switch and battery in each circuit are identical, but
the light bulbs are di”erent. Each circuit is turned
on and then o”. The graph of the power used by the
bulb as a function of time for both circuits is shown.
Using the information from the graph only, which of
the following is a correct method for comparing the
average energy radiated by the bulb?
!
A. Comparing P dt
&
B. Comparing the average of dP
dt
C. Comparing !P

& patforfinding
D. Comparing q ↓ V
the radit are
enegy

& for rate

the total
of change of battery but not

Ap consider the
energy dicipated
only change in
power

Copyright xxxxx 4 March 7, 2025