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Copy of Transcription + Translation

The document explains the genetic code and the process of protein synthesis, which involves transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein). It details the roles of different types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and the steps involved in transcription and translation. The document emphasizes the universal nature of the genetic code and the significance of amino acids in forming functional proteins.

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rohitcarway
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3 views

Copy of Transcription + Translation

The document explains the genetic code and the process of protein synthesis, which involves transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein). It details the roles of different types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and the steps involved in transcription and translation. The document emphasizes the universal nature of the genetic code and the significance of amino acids in forming functional proteins.

Uploaded by

rohitcarway
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transcription

Biology 1
The Genetic Code
● Genetic code = universal
● All living cells on Earth, without any
known exception, store their hereditary
information in the form of
double-stranded molecules of DNA
● All organisms are made up of the same
building blocks
○ A, T, C, G
● In theory, DNA from one organism can be
placed into another organism = genetic
engineering https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY
● When certain proteins are needed,
cells need to make the protein
through transcription and translation
● DNA contains the code to make the
proteins, but the DNA does not leave
the nucleus
● Protein synthesis occurs at a
ribosomes located outside the
nucleus, so the code must be carried
from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Protein Synthesis
Central Dogma:

DNA ⇒ RNA ⇒ Protein

Protein structure:

- Proteins are made up of amino acids connected by peptide bonds


- Many amino acids connected = polypeptide chain
- Polypeptide chain folds into a FUNCTIONAL protein
- STRUCTURE = function
Protein Synthesis
Expression of a Trait:
● Gene → Protein → Trait

Steps of Protein Synthesis:


1. Transcription [DNA → RNA]
2. Translation [RNA → Protein]

Why do we have to turn DNA into RNA?


DNA is too large to leave the nucleus [eukaryotic cells] and it is easier to make
copies of single genes when a specific protein is needed
RNA
RNA = Ribonucleic Acid
Monomer = nucleotide
● Phosphate group
● Ribose [5-carbon sugar]
● One of four nitrogenous bases
○ Adenine
○ Guanine
○ Uracil - replaces Thymine [Pyrimidine]
○ Cytosine

Codons = sequence of three nucleotides


DNA vs RNA
1. RNA has a ribose sugar.
2. RNA has uracil instead of thymine.
3. RNA is a single-stranded structure.
Types of RNA
1. mRNA = messenger RNA
● A copy of a specific gene on a DNA molecule
● Function = to carry the message for making a specific protein to the site
of protein synthesis [ribosome]
● mRNA have codons [sequence of three nucleotides] that will code for a
specific amino acid
● Created during the first step of protein synthesis [transcription]
Types of RNA
2. tRNA = transfer RNA

● Transfers the amino acid that the mRNA codes for


● Has the the “anticodon” - sequence of three nucleotides on the tRNA
molecule that is complementary to the codon found on the mRNA
● Involved in the second step of protein synthesis [translation]
Types of RNA
3. rRNA = ribosomal RNA [made up a small & large subunit]

● Molecule that makes up the ribosome


● Involved in second step of protein synthesis [translation]
Transcription
● Takes place in the cytoplasm [prokaryotic cells] or the nucleus [eukaryotic
cells]
● Process of making a copy of a gene on DNA [DNA → mRNA]

Steps of Transcription
1. Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at a specific gene location and
breaks the H+ bonds between the DNA nucleotides
2. Elongation - RNA polymerase will add RNA nucleotides to one side of the DNA
molecule
3. Termination - the end of the gene will be reached and the mRNA molecule will
leave to go to the ribosome [DNA will come back together]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Zyb8bpGMR0&t=103s
Transcription Practice
DNA template strand

TACAG C G G CACT

DNA complementary strand

ATGTC G C C GTGA

RNA - Transcription [use template strand]

AUGUCGCCGUGA
Transcription vs Replication
• Transcription and replication both involve complex enzymes and
complementary base pairing.
• The two processes have different end results.
– Replication copies all the DNA; transcription copies a gene.

–Replication makes one copy; transcription can make many copies.


• Replication uses helicase & DNA polymerase; Transcription uses RNA
polymerase

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQByjprj_mA
Translation

Biology 1
Amino Acids
● Building blocks of proteins
● Amino acids connect via peptide bonds to form a
polypeptide chain → fold into a functional protein
● Amino acids are determined by the order of the letters in
the codon - FOUND ON mRNA
● There are 64 possible 3-letter codon combinations
● These combinations code for 20 amino acids [multiple
codons can code for the same amino acid]
● R group on the amino acids make them unique
Codon Table
● Used to determine the amino acid produced by reading
the codons in sequence
● Chart or wheel can be used
● Regardless of the organism, codons code for the same
amino acid codon for
codon for
leucine (Leu)
methionine (Met)
Translation
● Translation converts mRNA messages
into polypeptides [mRNA → protein]
● Takes place in ribosome for both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
● An anticodon is a set of three
nucleotides that is complementary to
the mRNA codon - carried by tRNA
○ Functions to match up to the
mRNA - DOES NOT DETERMINE
THE AMINO ACID BEING
CARRIED
Translation
● Ribosomes consist of two subunits
○ The large subunit has three binding sites for tRNA
○ The small subunit binds to mRNA
Step 1: Initiation
● tRNA binds to a start codon on mRNA and signals the
ribosome to assemble
○ Start codon = AUG [codes for the amino acid
Methionine = Met]
○ Small & large subunit will come together
○ The tRNA molecule has an anticodon that is
complementary to the start codon
Step 2: Elongation
● tRNA molecules will continue to come into the ribosome
and the amino acid from the first tRNA will be transferred
to the second tRNA
○ This will allow for the amino acids to form a peptide
bond
● The mRNA molecule will move through the ribosome until
the polypeptide chain is built
Step 3: Termination
● A stop codon will be reached, the ribosome will release
the protein and will disassemble
● Stop codons: UAG, UAA, UGA
Protein Synthesis Practice

DNA: T A C A G C G G C A C T
mRNA: A U G U C G C C G U G A
tRNA: U A C A G C G G C A C U
Protein: Met - Ser - Pro - Stop
DNA to Proteins...good visual! (3min)

Amoeba Sisters Protein Synthesis

Bozeman Science: Transcription & Translation (12min)

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