Learning outcomes

Core
1 Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including:
(a) stopwatches
(b) thermometers
(c) balances
(d) burettes
(e) volumetric pipettes
(f) measuring cylinders
(g) gas syringes
2 Suggest advantages and disadvantages of experimental methods and apparatus
3 Describe
(a) solvent as a substance that dissolves a solute
(b) solute as a substance that is dissolved in a solvent
(c) solution as a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
(d) saturated solution as a solution containing the maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent at a

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specified temperature
(e) residue as a substance that remains after evaporation, distillation, filtration or any similar process

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(f) filtrate as a liquid or solution that has passed through a filter

12.3 Chromatography
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Core
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1 Describe how paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble coloured substances, using a suitable solvent
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2. Interpret simple chromatograms to identify:(a) unknown substances by comparison with known substances(b) pure and
impure substances
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(Supplement )Describe how paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble colourless substances, using a
suitable solvent and a locating agent

Describe and explain methods of separation and purification using:(a) a suitable solvent(b) filtration (c) crystallisation(d)
simple distillation (e) fractional distillation

2 Suggest suitable separation and purification techniques, given information about the substances involve.Identify
substances and assess their purity using melting point and boiling point information

Dr Mohamed Sherif ( 01005895215)

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Dr Mohamed Sherif ( 01005895215)

 Some definitions:
1. Mixture: two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and can be separated by physical means.
2. Compound: A substance that consists of two or more elements chemically combined together.
3. Element: A substance made up of atoms that cannot be split into anything simpler.
4. Decanting: pouring the liquid off the solid.
5. Solvent is the liquid that can dissolve other substance.
(when the solvent is water so the solution is called aqueous solution)
6. Solute: is the substance that is dissolved in solvent.
7. Solution: is the solute dissolved in the solvent.
8. Saturated solution: when no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent at that temperature.

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1. Filtration
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
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Filtration is used to separate the insoluble solid from the liquid

mixture.
 The solid left is called residue
 Example: Mixture of iron filling & water.

Dr Mohamed Sherif ( 01005895215)

 2. Crystallization.
 To separate a dissolved (soluble) solid from a solution. The solubility of solids increases as the
temperature increases and vice versa.

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Steps of crystallization
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1. Heat the solution and evaporate till become saturated (point of crystallization).
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2. Leave it to cool.
3. Filter to get the crystals.
4. Dry between two filter papers.

Dr Mohamed Sherif ( 01005895215)

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Filtration & crystallization

1. Adding water will dissolve the salt while the rock is insoluble
(So there is a mixture of insoluble solid & liquid)
2. Filter to remove insoluble substance so sand will be the residue while the salt will be filtrate
that is dissolved in water
3. Heat evaporate till point of crystallization then cool the crystals will be obtained.

Dr Mohamed Sherif ( 01005895215)

 3. Distillation

 Simple distillation
 Sea water is heated until it changed into water vapour.
 the condenser will cool and condenses the water vapour
turning into a liquid that will be collected in a beaker
 So the solute will be left behind.
 Evaporation followed by condensation are the two stages
that occurred in simple distillation

Fractional distillation

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 Fractional distillation is used to separate more than one liquid (miscible liquids) by their differences

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in their boiling point.

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Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water. The mixture is heated until the ethanol is boiled and
then condenses into the beaker through a condenser. Distillation takes place where Water and
ethanol has been separated.
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Uses
1. Separate oxygen from liquefied air
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2. Separate more than one liquid

3. Fractional distillation of crude oil
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(petroleum)
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Dr Mohamed Sherif ( 01005895215)

 4. Chromatography

 Is used to separate a mixture of substance.

 It is used to detect the whether the sample is pure or not
 Examples:

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1. Mixture of Glucose, Maltose & Sucrose.
2. Mixture of amino acids: Alanine & Glycine.

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 It is also used to identify substance.
 The food stuff & the drugs must always be pure. TA
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 Technique of chromatography depends upon
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 The different solubility of the substance in the solvent (most soluble substance will travel the
fastest.)
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How to make chromatography?

1. Draw the baseline with pencil as the
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graphite is insoluble in any solvent.

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2. Place the spot on the baseline.

3. Add the solvent such as (Water, Ethanol)
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4. The solvent must be below the baseline

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to prevent the spot from being dissolved.

5. The paper is lowered into the solvent.
The solvent rises up by capillary action.
the mixture begins to separate.
6. Due to different solubilities of the
substances in the dye will result the
substances will spread apart from each
other.
7. The substance that will travel furthest will have highest solubility rate.

Dr Mohamed Sherif ( 01005895215)

 Chromatography Continued
 if more than one substance on the
chromatogram appeared this means
that the sample is impure.

 If the sample remains on the base

line this means that the sample is
insoluble in the solvent & need to
change the solvent.

 Food stuff & drugs must be pure so

only one spot should appear on the

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chromatogram.

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 Sometimes the spot that has been separated produces a colourless substance that’s why a locating
agent is needed to locate the position of the substance & to become visible.
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RF Value: Distance moved by the spot/Distance moved by the solvent

Dr Mohamed Sherif ( 01005895215)

 Summary

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Method of separation Used to separate

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1. Filtration Mixture of insoluble solid & liquid.

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2. Evaporation – A solid from a solution ( means that solid is soluble in

crystallization the liquid).

3. Simple distillation The solvent from the solution.

4. Fractional distillation More than one liquid according to the difference in

their boiling point.
5. Chromatography Different substance from the solution & identify the
substance.

Dr Mohamed Sherif ( 01005895215)

 Experimental technique practice in paper 6

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exp technique paper 6 ■
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 www.dynamicpapers.com
2
1.1 The diagram shows the apparatus used to separate a mixture of water, boiling point 100 °C, and
ethanol, boiling point 78 °C.

fractionating coloumn condenser

water and
ethanol mixture

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heat
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tripod
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(a) Complete the boxes to name the apparatus. [2]

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(b) Label the arrows on the condenser. [1]

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(c) Identify one mistake in the apparatus.

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..............................................................................................................................................
heating on the collected beaker [1]
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(d) Which liquid would collect first? Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................................
ethanol because it has a lower boiling point

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) Why would it be better to use an electrical heater instead of a Bunsen burner to heat the water
and ethanol mixture?

..............................................................................................................................................
because ethanol is flammable so it can catch fire [1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2016 0620/61/M/J/16

 www.dynamicpapers.com
8
2.
4 A sample of furniture cleaner contains aqueous sodium chloride, aqueous ammonia and sand.

(a) Give a test to show the presence of ammonia in the mixture.

...............................................................................................................................................
litmus paper changes into blue [1]

(b) Plan an investigation to obtain a sample of

(i) pure water from the mixture, ................................................................................................

heat the mixture

..............................................................................................................................................
condense the vapour

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

filter (1)
(ii) pure sand from the mixture. .................................................................................................

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wash with distilled water (1)
..............................................................................................................................................

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..............................................................................................................................................
Dry between two filter paper (1)
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..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]
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[Total: 6]
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2017 0620/61/M/J/17

 www.dynamicpapers.com

8
3.
4 Calcium carbonate and kaolinite are both white solids found in sedimentary rocks.

Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form aqueous calcium chloride. Kaolinite
does not react with dilute acids.

You are provided with a mixture of calcium carbonate and kaolinite and access to
dilute hydrochloric acid.

Plan an experiment to determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the mixture.

...........................................................................................................................................................
weigh the mixture

...........................................................................................................................................................
add hydrochloric acid

...........................................................................................................................................................
until excess

...........................................................................................................................................................
filter

...........................................................................................................................................................
wash the kalonite

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...........................................................................................................................................................
dry between two filter papers

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...........................................................................................................................................................
reweigh
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...........................................................................................................................................................
change in mass /total mass * 100
IF

...........................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................... [6]
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[Total: 6]
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2017 0620/62/M/J/17

 www.dynamicpapers.com
2
4.
1 A student obtains pure, dry samples of sand and sodium chloride from a mixture of sand and
sodium chloride.
The student uses the apparatus shown. The method consists of six steps, A, B, C, D, E and F,
which are shown in the wrong order.

A B C

mixture of rinse the sand add water

sand and with water and stir
sodium chloride

D E F

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evapourating basin
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heat
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heat to leave the sand to

evaporate dry on filter paper
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(a) Order the steps in the method.

C F B E D
A ......... ......... ......... ......... .........
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[2] D E
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B
D B E
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(b) Complete the box to name the apparatus in D.[1]

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(c) Why is the sand rinsed with water in B?

to remove soluble salt sodium chloride
.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Name the process in F.

filteration
............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) How could the purity of the sodium chloride obtained be checked?
check melting point
............................................................................................................................................... [1]

 [Total: 6]

© UCLES 2018 0620/61/O/N/18

 9
5.
4 The table gives some information about the properties of three substances found in a hand cream.

substance reaction with dilute nitric acid

polystyrene beads no reaction
calcium carbonate reacts and dissolves
sodium fluoride dissolves

 se the information in the table to plan an experiment to obtain a pure, dry sample of
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polystyrene beads from this mixture of substances.

You are provided with a mixture of the three substances and common laboratory apparatus.
add dilute nitric acid to the mixture
...........................................................................................................................................................

in a beaker / conical flask

...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................
stir

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until the reaction stops ( excess) filter to get silica

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wash residue with distilled water
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dry between two filter papers
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...........................................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................... [6]
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© UCLES 2019 0620/62/O/N/19 [Turn over

 3
6.
1 A student investigated the colours present in three hair dyes, P, Q and R, using chromatography.
 P, Q and R are insoluble in water. The student suggested setting up the apparatus for the experiment
as shown.

clips glass cover

rod
chromatography
paper
beaker

solvent

(a) Why is a lid necessary on top of the beaker?

...............................................................................................................................................
to prevent evaporation of the solvent [1]

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(b) (i) Identify one mistake in the student’s diagram. TA
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the solvent is above the base line [1]

(ii) Suggest why this mistake would stop the experiment working.
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the dyes will be dissolved with the solvent

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(c) Name a suitable solvent that could be used in this experiment.

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ethanol [1]
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© UCLES 2019 0620/63/M/J/19 [Turn over

 4

(d) A separate chromatography experiment was done using the hair dyes P, Q and R. The
chromatogram obtained is shown.

P Q R

State three conclusions about the hair dyes P, Q and R which can be deduced from the
chromatogram.

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R contains P/Q
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R is a mixture
2 ..................................................................................................................................................
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P is a single colour
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[3]
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Q is a single colour
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 [Total: 7]
P & Q are different colours
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© UCLES 2019 0620/63/M/J/19

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7.
4 A toothpaste contains:
●● sodium fluoride
●● calcium carbonate
●● silica
●● mint flavouring.

Sodium fluoride and the mint flavouring are soluble in water.

Calcium carbonate and silica are insoluble in water.
Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form the soluble salt calcium chloride.

Plan an investigation to find the percentage by mass of silica in the toothpaste.

In your answer you should include how you will calculate the percentage by mass of silica in the
toothpaste.

You have access to normal laboratory apparatus.

weigh toothpaste
............................................................................................................................................................

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add hydrochloric acid
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until excess

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............................................................................................................................................................

filter
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............................................................................................................................................................
wash
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weigh residue
............................................................................................................................................................
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mass of silica / total mass * 100

............................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................... [6]

© UCLES 2020 0620/63/O/N/20 [Turn over

 9
8.
4 Brass is a mixture of two metals, copper and zinc.

 opper does not react with dilute sulfuric acid. Zinc reacts with hot dilute sulfuric acid to form the
C
soluble salt zinc sulfate.

Plan an investigation to find the percentage by mass of zinc in a sample of brass.

In your answer you should include how to calculate the percentage by mass of zinc.

You have access to normal laboratory apparatus.

weigh the mixture
............................................................................................................................................................
add sulfuric acid
............................................................................................................................................................
until excess
............................................................................................................................................................
filter to remove copper
............................................................................................................................................................
wash with distilled water
............................................................................................................................................................

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dry between two filter papers
............................................................................................................................................................

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subtract from initial mass to get mass of the zinc
............................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................................
mass of zinc / total mass * 100
IF

............................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................... [6]
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© UCLES 2020 0620/62/O/N/20 [Turn over

 PRACTICE QUESTIONS MCQ
1.

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2.
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3.