Project No. 60278268 Project No.

60278268
P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025
AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2 Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Read Before Use
1. Code and Standard
1. Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2019

2. Notes

Assumption:
(a) Non - circular shape structure
The force coefficient C f applicable to buildings is assumed to be applicable to bridges. If this assumption is not valid,
(b)
please refer to Eurocode 1991-1-4, Figure 8.3 (p.86).
The height of the bridge structure shall be deemed to terminate at the top of 2.5 meters from the level of the
(c)
carriageway, in accordance with SDM 2013 Clause 3.4.7, or at the top of the parapet, whichever is higher.
(d) D, the longitudinal length of the bridge, shall be interpreted as the length of the span of the bridge from pier to pier.
(e) No account for the reduction factor for corner cut-outs or chamfers
(f) Structure is on flat ground. Therefore, topographic factor =1.
(g) For the calculation of torsion, it is important to note that the bridge structure differs from the buildings. Torsional
effects in the z-axis are not significant for the bridge; therefore, their application is optional. However, for the bridge
pier, it is crucial to include torsional effects.
(i) For wind actions on structure, not building elements

3. The flowchart of the instruction

4. Disclaimer:

This spreadsheet has been prepared to illustrate the effects of wind load in accordance with the Code of Practice on
Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2019. Users of this spreadsheet should independently verify the appropriateness of any
loading and dimensions used for their own structural designs and specific ground conditions. It is the user’s
responsibility to ensure the correctness of any results utilised.

This spreadsheet is intended solely for internal use and is designed to assist designers. The creator of this spreadsheet
assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the content of this document. The information
contained herein is provided on an “as is” basis with no guarantees of completeness, accuracy and usefulness. The
creator shall not be held liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of, or
inability to use, this spreadsheet.
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2 Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note
1. Code and Standard
1. Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2019

References are to WC 2019

2. Bridge Geometry
unless otherwise stated

Breadth of the bridge,⊥ to the wind direction B = 6.4 m

Depth of the bridge (horizontal dimen.), ∥ to the wind diretion D = 30.0 m
Height of bridge structure above ground level (to the top) H = 20.5 m
Height of bridge structure above foundation level (to the top) H1 = 22.0 m
Height of bridge structure above deck bottom (to the top) h = 4.6 m

3. Across-wind Base Moment check Cl. 2.2.3 (p.9)

H = 20.5 m < 100 m
H/[B, D]min = 3.2 < 5
Frequencies assume 46 / H (for buidlings below 100m ) or Figure 6.10 in BS EN 1991-2:2003 or From Midas Civil Eigenvalue mode Analysis Cl. 1.2 (p.3)
Frequency of fundamental mode of lateral vibration N = 5.33 Hz > 0.5 Hz
Fundamental Frequency for Along-Wind Mode Nx = 5.33 Hz > 0.5 Hz
Fundamental Frequency for Across-Wind Mode Ny = 5.85 Hz > 0.5 Hz

∵ Bridge with height less than 100 m, with ⁄ for all directions less than 5, and with fundamental frequencies greater than 0.5 Hz.
∴ The calculated along-wind forces may be used WITHOUT modification.
From
WX1+ Direction 0 °
WX1- Direction 180 °
WX2+ Direction 90 °
WX2- Direction 270 °

Fy (Trans.)

WX1+
Fx (Longi.)

WX2+
Source:
BS EN 1991-2:2003

4. Damping Ratio of Bridges Appx. C2 (p.C2)

Type of strucutre RC Bridge

The aspect ratio in WX1 direction is H1 / B = 3.44
The aspect ratio in WX2 direction is H1 / D = 0.73

The damping ratio for accelerations ξx1 = 0.020

ξx2 = 0.020
The damping ratio for structural loads ξx1 = 0.030
ξx2 = 0.030
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2 Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

5. Determination of force coefficient Cf Cl. 4.2.1 (p.19-20)

0.055 He / D
Force Coefficients Cf = 1.1 + Eq. 4-1
exp {|loge[ (0.6B / D)(1-0.011 He / D) ]|[1.7 - 0.0013 (Hₑ / D)²]}

5.1 Determination of direct sheltering effect (Ze) Cl. A2 (p.A2)

Height of reduction Hd = 0 m
Effective Height Ze or He = max ( 0.25H , Z -Hd )
= 20.53 m

5.2 Determination of corner (cut-out) or chamfer reduction factor Cl. 4.2.3 (p.21)

∵The corner reduction factor is omitted for conservatism.

∴ No corner reduction factor is required.

6. Determination of size and dynamic factor Cl. 5.2 (p.32)

Combined size and dynamic factor 0.25 Eq. 5.1 (p.32)

Sq,h = 0.5 + √ [ ( Ss(L0.5p=B) - 0.5)2 + ]
(For top loaded area) B0.5 HNx2ξ x

Combined size and dynamic factor (For loaded area at height) Sq,z = Sq,h - 1.2 ( Sq,h - (10 / H)0.14)(1 - Z / H) Eq. 5.2 (p.32)

Combined size and dynamic factor (at all height) Eq. 5.3 (p.32)
Sq = 1.1 Sₛ(L₀.₅ₚ=H / 1.5 + 2B)
(For structures< 50m height)

Size factor Ss = Exp ( 0.17 - 0.07 L0.5p0.32) Eq. C1-1a (p.C1)

Half-perimeter of the Loaded Area L0.5p = H / 1.5 + 2B (For structures< 50m height)

B D H He L0.5p ξx Nx Ss Sq
WX1+ 6.4 30.0 20.5 20.53 26.49 0.03 5.33 0.971 1.068
WX1- 6.4 30.0 20.5 20.53 26.49 0.03 5.33 0.971 1.068
WX2+ 30 6.4 20.5 20.53 73.69 0.03 5.33 0.898 0.988
WX2- 30 6.4 20.5 20.53 73.69 0.03 5.33 0.898 0.988
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2 Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

7. Determination of Along-wind Force Cl. 2.2.1 (p.8)

Along-wind load per unit height at a height, Z W z = Qz Cf Sq,z B Eq. 2-1 (p.8)

7.1 Determination of wind reference pressure Cl. 3.1 (p.17)

Wind Pressure Qz = Q0,z St Sθ Eq. 3-1 (p.17)

0.16
Wind reference pressures Q0,z = 3.7 (Ze / 500) Eq. 3-2 (p.17)
(For any effective height between 2.5m and 500m) = 2.22 kPa
Topography factor St = 1.00 Cl. A3 (p.A8)

7.2 Determination of wind directionality factor Table A1-1 (p.A1)

Direction (°) Wind directionality factor, Sθ

WX1+ 0 0.85
WX1- 180 0.82
WX2+ 90 0.82
WX2- 270 0.85

7.3 Summary of along-wind load on the bridge

Z Ze h B D Qz A Wz h Moment
Wind direction Q0,z (kPa) St Sθ Cf Sq
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kPa) (m2) (kN) (kNm)

WX1+ 20.5 20.53 4.6 6.4 30.0 2.22 1.00 0.85 1.89 1.10 1.07 29.44 65.32 1341.06
WX1- 20.5 20.53 4.6 6.4 30.0 2.22 1.00 0.82 1.82 1.10 1.07 29.44 63.02 1293.73
WX2+ 20.5 20.53 4.6 30.0 6.4 2.22 1.00 0.82 1.82 1.17 0.99 138.00 289.25 5938.40
WX2- 20.5 20.53 4.6 30.0 6.4 2.22 1.00 0.85 1.89 1.17 0.99 138.00 299.84 6155.66

Scaled-up Wzh to match Across- Scaled-up Moment to match

Wind direction
wind Moment (kN) Across-wind Moment (kNm)

WX1+ No upward adjustment is required. No upward adjustment is required.

WX1- No upward adjustment is required. No upward adjustment is required.
WX2+ No upward adjustment is required. No upward adjustment is required.
WX2- No upward adjustment is required. No upward adjustment is required.

The following calculation procedures (WX1+) are for illustrative purposes only.
Wind Pressure Qz = Q0,z St Sθ
= 2.22 × 1.00 × 0.85
= 1.89 kPa

0.055 He / D
Force Coefficients Cf = 1.1 +
exp {|loge[ (0.6B / D)(1-0.011 He / D) ]|[1.7 - 0.0013 (Hₑ / D)²]}

0.055 × 20.53 / 30
= 1.1 +
e{|ln[(0.6 × 6.4 / 30)(1 - 0.011 × 20.53 / 30)]|^(1.7 - 0.0013 × (20.53 / 30 )^2)}

= 1.10

Combined Size and Dynamic Factor Sq = 1.1 Sₛ(L₀.₅ₚ=H / 1.5 + 2B)

= 1.068

Frontal Area A = h × B
= 4.6 × 6.4
= 29.44 m2

Along-wind Shear Force W z h = Qz Cf Sq A

= 1.887 × 1.10 × 1.068 × 29.44
= 65.32 kN

Moment M = W zh Z
= 65.32 × 20.5
= 1341.06 kNm
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2 Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

8. Determination of Across-wind Base Moment Cl. 2.2.3 (p.10)

Gry ρa 0.215√(2 γ Qh / ρa) Hb2 Eq. 2-2 (p.10)

Across-wind base moment at ground level Mxx,base = ±
0.5
( )3.3
γ ξ Ny1.3(BD)b0.15 1 + 3.7Iv,h 3

Qh (BD)b Mxx,base
Wind Direction Hb Ny ξy Gry Iv,h
(kPa) (m2) (kNm)

WX1+ 20.5 5.85 0.03 4.30 1.89 0.12 192 254.50 (+Mx1x1)
WX1- 20.5 5.85 0.03 4.30 1.82 0.12 192 239.85 (-Mx1x1)
WX2+ 20.5 5.85 0.03 4.30 1.82 0.12 192 239.85 (+Mx2x2)
WX2- 20.5 5.85 0.03 4.30 1.89 0.12 192 254.50 (-Mx2x2)

The following calculation procedures (WX1+) are for illustrative purposes only.

Peak factor on SD of across-wind resonant response in 1 hr Gry = √ [ 2Loge(1800 Ny)]

= [ 2 × ln ( 1800 × 5.85 ) ]0.5
= 4.30

Ultimate Wind Load factor γ = 1.4

Mass density of air ρa = 0.0012 T/m3

Wind Reference Pressure Qh = 3.7(He/500)0.16StSq

= 3.7 × ( 21 / 500 )0.16 × 1.00 × 0.85
= 1.89 kPa

Wind turbulence intensity at building height, H Iv,h = 0.087(Zₑ/500)^-0.11 Eq. 3-3 (p.18)
= 0.087 × (20.53 / 500)^-0.11
= 0.124

Average plan area of the bridge (BD)b = B × D

= 6.4 × 30.0
= 192.00 m2

Gry ρa 0.215√(2 γ Qh / ρa) Hb2 Eq. 2-2 (p.10)

Across-wind base moment at ground level Mxx,base = ± ( )3.3
0.5
γ ξ Ny1.3(BD)b0.15 1 + 3.7Iv,h 3

4.3 × 0.0012
= ×
1.4 × (0.03^0.5) × (5.85^1.3) × (192^0.15)
0.215 √(2 × 1.4 × 1.89 / 0.0012) 20.53 ^2
( ) ^3.3 ×
1 + 3.7 × 0.12 3

= 254.5 kNm (+Mx1x1)

8.1 Determinination the Ratio of Across-Wind to Along-Wind Moments Cl. 2.2.3 (p.10-11)

Max. Across-wind
Along-wind Base
Wind Direction Base Moment Ratio
Moment (kNm)
(kNm)
WX1+ 1341.1 254.50 0.190
WX1- 1293.7 239.85 0.185
WX2+ 5938.4 239.85 0.040
WX2- 6155.7 254.50 0.041

In all instances, the along-wind base moment exceeds the across-wind base moment. Therefore, it is not necessary to scale the along-wind base
moment accordingly.
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2 Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

9. Determinination of Torsional Force Cl. 2.2.2 (p.8)

Torsional Force △Tz = e1 · W z,x1 or e2 · W z,x2 whichever is of greater magnitude

Horizontal Offset from Geometric Centre e = ± 0.05B for B / D ≤ 1

Horizontal Offset from Geometric Centre e = ± 0.20 B for B / D = 6

Wz h Max T
Wind Direction B D B/D e △Tz
(kN) (kNm)
WX1+ 65.32 6.4 30.0 0.21 0.32 20.90
WX1- 63.02 6.4 30.0 0.21 0.32 20.17
1444.84
WX2+ 289.25 30.0 6.4 4.69 4.82 1393.85
WX2- 299.84 30.0 6.4 4.69 4.82 1444.84

10. Summary of Wind Forces on Bridges

Max. Design Wind Loads Design Wind Loads

W z, +x1 W z, -x1 W z, +x2 W z, -x2 W z, x1 W z, x2 W z, x1 / B W z, x2 / D T

(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kNm)

65.32 63.02 289.25 299.84 65.32 299.84 10.21 9.99 1444.84

 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2 Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

11. Determination of Wind- Induced Accerleration Cl. 2.4 (p.15)

Gry ρa 0.215√(2 Sr Qh / ρa) Hb2 ·(2+ηy) Z Eq. 2-4 (p.15)

Peak acceleration for orthogonal wind directions Az = 0.5 ( )3.3 ×( )ηᵧ
ξ Ny1.3(BD)b0.15 1 + 3.7Iv,h 3Mh · 3 Hb

Residences

Accept. Limit Accept. Limit Az Az

Ny Qh (BD)b ρbridge Mh
Wind Direction ξy Gry Iv,h (1-yr return ) (10-yr return ) (1-yr return ) (10-yr return )
(Hz) (kPa) (m2) (kg/m3) (Tons)
(m/s2) (m/s2) (m/s2) (m/s2)

WX1+ 5.85 0.02 4.30 1.89 0.12 46.83 400 353.28 0.005 0.019
WX1- 5.85 0.02 4.30 1.82 0.12 46.83 400 353.28 0.005 0.017
0.117 0.418
WX2+ 5.85 0.02 4.30 1.82 0.12 46.83 400 353.28 0.005 0.017
WX2- 5.85 0.02 4.30 1.89 0.12 46.83 400 353.28 0.005 0.019
Max. 0.005 0.019
OK, < 0.117 OK, < 0.418

The following calculation procedures (WX1+) are for illustrative purposes only.

Plan area of the enclosing rectangle (BD)b = min ( BD , H2 / 9 )

= min ( 6.4 × 30.0 , 20.5² / 9 )
= 46.83 m2

Return Period Factor for 1 year return period Sr(1year) = 0.25 Cl. A1.2 (p.A1)

Return Period Factor for 10 year return period Sr(10year) = 0.55 Cl. A1.2 (p.A1)

Mass of the structure above 2Hb / 3 Mh = min ( h, Hb / 3) × (BD)b × ρbridge / 1000

= min ( 5, 20.5 / 3) × 192 × 400 kg/m³ / 1000
= 353.28 Tons

Mode Deflection Variation with Height ηy = 1.5 Cl. 2.4 (p.15-16)

2
Acceptable Peak Acceleration Limit for 1 year Az,limit(1 year) = 0.117 m/s Assume Residences Fig 2-6 (p.16)

Acceptable Peak Acceleration Limit for 10 year Az,limit(10 year) = 0.418 m/s2 Fig 2-6 (p.16)

Gry ρa 0.215√(2 Sr Qh / ρa) Hb ·(2+ηy) Z

Peak acceleration for orthogonal wind directions Az (1-year) = ( )3.3 ×( )ηᵧ
ξ 0.5
Ny1.3(BD)b0.15 1 + 3.7Iv,h 3Mh · 3 Hb

4.3 × 0.0012
= ×
(0.02^0.5) × (5.85^1.3) × (46.83^0.15)
0.215 √(2 × 0.25 × 1.89 / 0.0012)
( )^3.3 ×
1 + 3.7 × 0.12
20.53 × ( 2 + 1.5) 20.5
× ( )^1.5
3 × 353.28 × 3 20.5
2
= 0.005 m/s

Gry ρa 0.215√(2 Sr Qh / ρa) Hb ·(2+ηy) Z

Peak acceleration for orthogonal wind directions Az (10-year) = ( )3.3 ×( )ηᵧ
ξ 0.5
Ny1.3(BD)b0.15 1 + 3.7Iv,h 3Mh · 3 Hb

4.3 × 0.0012
= ×
(0.02^0.5) × (5.85^1.3) × (46.83^0.15)
0.215 √(2 × 0.55 × 1.89 / 0.0012)
( )^3.3 ×
1 + 3.7 × 0.12
20.53 × ( 2 + 1.5) 20.5
× ( )^1.5
3 × 353.28 × 3 20.5
2
= 0.019 m/s
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2 Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

12. Wind Load Combination and Design Wind Actions Cl. 2.2.4 (p.12)

Wind Load Combo. Design Wind Loads (Refer to Section 10) Factored Wind Load
Wz, x1 / B Wz, x2 / D T Wz,x1 / B Wz,x2 / D T
Case Wz,x1 Wz,x2 △Tz Case
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kNm) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kNm)
1 1.00 0.55 0.55 10.21 9.99 1444.84 1 10.21 5.50 794.66
2 1.00 0.55 -0.55 2 10.21 5.50 -794.66
3 1.00 -0.55 0.55 3 10.21 -5.50 794.66
4 1.00 -0.55 -0.55 4 10.21 -5.50 -794.66
5 -1.00 0.55 0.55 5 -10.21 5.50 794.66
6 -1.00 0.55 -0.55 6 -10.21 5.50 -794.66
7 -1.00 -0.55 0.55 7 -10.21 -5.50 794.66
8 -1.00 -0.55 -0.55 8 -10.21 -5.50 -794.66
9 0.55 1.00 0.55 9 5.61 9.99 794.66
10 0.55 1.00 -0.55 10 5.61 9.99 -794.66
11 0.55 -1.00 0.55 11 5.61 -9.99 794.66
12 0.55 -1.00 -0.55 12 5.61 -9.99 -794.66
13 -0.55 1.00 0.55 13 -5.61 9.99 794.66
14 -0.55 1.00 -0.55 14 -5.61 9.99 -794.66
15 -0.55 -1.00 0.55 15 -5.61 -9.99 794.66
16 -0.55 -1.00 -0.55 16 -5.61 -9.99 -794.66
17 0.55 0.55 1.00 17 5.61 5.50 1444.84
18 0.55 0.55 -1.00 18 5.61 5.50 -1444.84
19 0.55 -0.55 1.00 19 5.61 -5.50 1444.84
20 0.55 -0.55 -1.00 20 5.61 -5.50 -1444.84
21 -0.55 0.55 1.00 21 -5.61 5.50 1444.84
22 -0.55 0.55 -1.00 22 -5.61 5.50 -1444.84
23 -0.55 -0.55 1.00 23 -5.61 -5.50 1444.84
24 -0.55 -0.55 -1.00 24 -5.61 -5.50 -1444.84

The lateral loads in the two orthogonal directions and the torsional load should be applied
SIMULTANEOUSLY to the structure, using combination factors. The resultant loads at each
level must act through the CENTRE of area, which may vary with height. (Cl. 2.2.4) (p.12)
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2-1 Pier Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note
1. Code and Standard
1. Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2019

References are to WC 2019

2. Bridge Geometry
unless otherwise stated

Breadth of the pier,⊥ to the wind direction B = 2.7 m

Depth of the pier (horizontal dimen.), ∥ to the wind diretion D = 2.0 m
Height of pier structure above ground level (to the top) H = 18.5 m
Height of pier structure above foundation level (to the top) H1 = 20.0 m
Height of pier above ground level (to the top) h = 18.5 m

3. Across-wind Base Moment check Cl. 2.2.3 (p.9)

H = 18.5 m < 100 m
H/[B, D]min = 9.3 > 5
Frequencies assume 46 / H (for buidlings below 100m ) or Figure 6.10 in BS EN 1991-2:2003 or From Midas Civil Eigenvalue mode Analysis Cl. 1.2 (p.3)
Frequency of fundamental mode of lateral vibration N = 5.33 Hz > 0.5 Hz
Fundamental Frequency for Along-Wind Mode Nx = 5.33 Hz > 0.5 Hz
Fundamental Frequency for Across-Wind Mode Ny = 5.85 Hz > 0.5 Hz

∵ Bridge with height less than 100 m, with ⁄ for all directions more than 5, and with fundamental frequencies more than 0.5 Hz.
∴The calculated along-wind forces may be used WITH modification.
From
WX1+ Direction 0 °
WX1- Direction 180 °
WX2+ Direction 90 °
WX2- Direction 270 °

Fy (Trans.)

WX1+
Fx (Longi.)

WX2+
Source:
BS EN 1991-2:2003

4. Damping Ratio of Bridges Appx. C2 (p.C2)

Type of strucutre RC Bridge

The aspect ratio in WX1 direction is H1 / B = 7.41
The aspect ratio in WX2 direction is H1 / D = 10.00

The damping ratio for accelerations ξx1 = 0.010

ξx2 = 0.010
The damping ratio for structural loads ξx1 = 0.016
ξx2 = 0.015
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2-1 Pier Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

5. Determination of force coefficient Cf Cl. 4.2.1 (p.19-20)

0.055 He / D
Force Coefficients Cf = 1.1 + Eq. 4-1
exp {|loge[ (0.6B / D)(1-0.011 He / D) ]|[1.7 - 0.0013 (Hₑ / D)²]}

5.1 Determination of direct sheltering effect (Ze) Cl. A2 (p.A2)

Height of reduction Hd = 0 m
Effective Height Ze or He = max ( 0.25H , Z -Hd )
= 18.5 m

5.2 Determination of corner (cut-out) or chamfer reduction factor Cl. 4.2.3 (p.21)

∵The corner reduction factor is omitted for conservatism.

∴ No corner reduction factor is required.

6. Determination of size and dynamic factor Cl. 5.2 (p.32)

Combined size and dynamic factor 0.25 Eq. 5.1 (p.32)

Sq,h = 0.5 + √ [ ( Ss(L0.5p=B) - 0.5)2 + ]
(For top loaded area) B0.5 HNx2ξ x

Combined size and dynamic factor (For loaded area at height) Sq,z = Sq,h - 1.2 ( Sq,h - (10 / H)0.14)(1 - Z / H) Eq. 5.2 (p.32)

Combined size and dynamic factor (at all height) Eq. 5.3 (p.32)
Sq = 1.1 Sₛ(L₀.₅ₚ=H / 1.5 + 2B)
(For structures< 50m height)

Size factor Ss = Exp ( 0.17 - 0.07 L0.5p0.32) Eq. C1-1a (p.C1)

Half-perimeter of the Loaded Area L0.5p = H / 1.5 + 2B (For structures< 50m height)

B D H He L0.5p ξx Nx Ss Sq
WX1+ 2.7 2.0 18.5 18.5 17.73 0.02 5.33 0.994 1.094
WX1- 2.7 2.0 18.5 18.5 17.73 0.02 5.33 0.994 1.094
WX2+ 2 2.7 18.5 18.5 16.33 0.02 5.33 0.999 1.099
WX2- 2 2.7 18.5 18.5 16.33 0.02 5.33 0.999 1.099
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2-1 Pier Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

7. Determination of Along-wind Force Cl. 2.2.1 (p.8)

Along-wind load per unit height at a height, Z W z = Qz Cf Sq,z B Eq. 2-1 (p.8)

7.1 Determination of wind reference pressure Cl. 3.1 (p.17)

Wind Pressure Qz = Q0,z St Sθ Eq. 3-1 (p.17)

0.16
Wind reference pressures Q0,z = 3.7 (Ze / 500) Eq. 3-2 (p.17)
(For any effective height between 2.5m and 500m) = 2.18 kPa
Topography factor St = 1.00 Cl. A3 (p.A8)

7.2 Determination of wind directionality factor Table A1-1 (p.A1)

Direction (°) Wind directionality factor, Sθ

WX1+ 0 0.85
WX1- 180 0.82
WX2+ 90 0.82
WX2- 270 0.85

7.3 Summary of along-wind load on the bridge

Z Ze h B D Qz A Wz h Moment
Wind direction Q0,z (kPa) St Sθ Cf Sq
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kPa) (m2) (kN) (kNm)

WX1+ 18.5 18.5 18.5 2.7 2.0 2.18 1.00 0.85 1.86 1.53 1.09 49.95 155.40 2874.84
WX1- 18.5 18.5 18.5 2.7 2.0 2.18 1.00 0.82 1.79 1.53 1.09 49.95 149.91 2773.37
WX2+ 18.5 18.5 18.5 2.0 2.7 2.18 1.00 0.82 1.79 1.27 1.10 37.00 92.08 1703.53
WX2- 18.5 18.5 18.5 2.0 2.7 2.18 1.00 0.85 1.86 1.27 1.10 37.00 95.45 1765.85

Scaled-up Wzh to match Across- Scaled-up Moment to match

Wind direction
wind Moment (kN) Across-wind Moment (kNm)

WX1+ No upward adjustment is required. No upward adjustment is required.

WX1- No upward adjustment is required. No upward adjustment is required.
WX2+ No upward adjustment is required. No upward adjustment is required.
WX2- No upward adjustment is required. No upward adjustment is required.

The following calculation procedures (WX1+) are for illustrative purposes only.
Wind Pressure Qz = Q0,z St Sθ
= 2.18 × 1.00 × 0.85
= 1.86 kPa

0.055 He / D
Force Coefficients Cf = 1.1 +
exp {|loge[ (0.6B / D)(1-0.011 He / D) ]|[1.7 - 0.0013 (Hₑ / D)²]}

0.055 × 18.5 / 2
= 1.1 +
e{|ln[(0.6 × 2.7 / 2)(1 - 0.011 × 18.5 / 2)]|^(1.7 - 0.0013 × (18.5 / 2 )^2)}

= 1.53

Combined Size and Dynamic Factor Sq = 1.1 Sₛ(L₀.₅ₚ=H / 1.5 + 2B)

= 1.094

Frontal Area A = h × B
= 18.5 × 2.7
= 49.95 m2

Along-wind Shear Force W z h = Qz Cf Sq A

= 1.856 × 1.53 × 1.094 × 49.95
= 155.40 kN

Moment M = W zh Z
= 155.4 × 18.5
= 2874.84 kNm
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2-1 Pier Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

8. Determination of Across-wind Base Moment Cl. 2.2.3 (p.10)

Gry ρa 0.215√(2 γ Qh / ρa) Hb2 Eq. 2-2 (p.10)

Across-wind base moment at ground level Mxx,base = ±
0.5
( )3.3
γ ξ Ny1.3(BD)b0.15 1 + 3.7Iv,h 3

Qh (BD)b Mxx,base
Wind Direction Hb Ny ξy Gry Iv,h
(kPa) (m2) (kNm)

WX1+ 18.5 5.85 0.016 4.30 1.86 0.13 5.4 464.82 (+Mx1x1)
WX1- 18.5 5.85 0.016 4.30 1.79 0.13 5.4 438.06 (-Mx1x1)
WX2+ 18.5 5.85 0.015 4.30 1.79 0.13 5.4 452.42 (+Mx2x2)
WX2- 18.5 5.85 0.015 4.30 1.86 0.13 5.4 480.06 (-Mx2x2)

The following calculation procedures (WX1+) are for illustrative purposes only.

Peak factor on SD of across-wind resonant response in 1 hr Gry = √ [ 2Loge(1800 Ny)]

= [ 2 × ln ( 1800 × 5.85 ) ]0.5
= 4.30

Ultimate Wind Load factor γ = 1.4

Mass density of air ρa = 0.0012 T/m3

Wind Reference Pressure Qh = 3.7(He/500)0.16StSq

= 3.7 × ( 19 / 500 )0.16 × 1.00 × 0.85
= 1.86 kPa

Wind turbulence intensity at building height, H Iv,h = 0.087(Zₑ/500)^-0.11 Eq. 3-3 (p.18)
= 0.087 × (18.5 / 500)^-0.11
= 0.125

Average plan area of the bridge (BD)b = B × D

= 2.7 × 2.0
= 5.40 m2

Gry ρa 0.215√(2 γ Qh / ρa) Hb2 Eq. 2-2 (p.10)

Across-wind base moment at ground level Mxx,base = ±
0.5
( )3.3
γ ξ Ny1.3(BD)b0.15 1 + 3.7Iv,h 3

4.3 × 0.0012
= ×
1.4 × (0.016^0.5) × (5.85^1.3) × (5.4^0.15)
0.215 √(2 × 1.4 × 1.86 / 0.0012) 18.5 ^2
( ) ^3.3 ×
1 + 3.7 × 0.13 3

= 464.8 kNm (+Mx1x1)

8.1 Determinination the Ratio of Across-Wind to Along-Wind Moments Cl. 2.2.3 (p.10-11)

Max. Across-wind
Along-wind Base
Wind Direction Base Moment Ratio
Moment (kNm)
(kNm)
WX1+ 2874.8 464.82 0.162
WX1- 2773.4 438.06 0.158
WX2+ 1703.5 452.42 0.266
WX2- 1765.9 480.06 0.272

In all instances, the along-wind base moment exceeds the across-wind base moment. Therefore, it is not necessary to scale the along-wind base
moment accordingly.
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2-1 Pier Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

9. Determinination of Torsional Force Cl. 2.2.2 (p.8)

Torsional Force △Tz = e1 · W z,x1 or e2 · W z,x2 whichever is of greater magnitude

Horizontal Offset from Geometric Centre e = ± 0.05B for B / D ≤ 1

Horizontal Offset from Geometric Centre e = ± 0.20 B for B / D = 6

Wz h Max T
Wind Direction B D B/D e △Tz
(kN) (kNm)
WX1+ 155.40 2.7 2.0 1.35 0.16 25.38
WX1- 149.91 2.7 2.0 1.35 0.16 24.49
25.38
WX2+ 92.08 2.0 2.7 0.74 0.10 9.21
WX2- 95.45 2.0 2.7 0.74 0.10 9.55

10. Summary of Wind Forces on Bridges

Max. Design Wind Loads Design Wind Loads

W z, +x1 W z, -x1 W z, +x2 W z, -x2 W z, x1 W z, x2 W z, x1 / B W z, x2 / D T

(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kNm)

155.40 149.91 92.08 95.45 155.40 95.45 57.55 47.73 25.38

 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2-1 Pier Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

11. Determination of Wind- Induced Accerleration Cl. 2.4 (p.15)

Gry ρa 0.215√(2 Sr Qh / ρa) Hb2 ·(2+ηy) Z Eq. 2-4 (p.15)

Peak acceleration for orthogonal wind directions Az = 0.5 ( )3.3 ×( )ηᵧ
ξ Ny1.3(BD)b0.15 1 + 3.7Iv,h 3Mh · 3 Hb

Residences

Accept. Limit Accept. Limit Az Az

Ny Qh (BD)b ρpier Mh
Wind Direction ξy Gry Iv,h (1-yr return ) (10-yr return ) (1-yr return ) (10-yr return )
(Hz) (kPa) (m2) (kg/m3) (Tons)
(m/s2) (m/s2) (m/s2) (m/s2)

WX1+ 5.85 0.01 4.30 1.86 0.13 5.40 2450 81.59 0.037 0.136
WX1- 5.85 0.01 4.30 1.79 0.13 5.40 2450 81.59 0.035 0.128
0.117 0.418
WX2+ 5.85 0.01 4.30 1.79 0.13 5.40 2450 81.59 0.035 0.128
WX2- 5.85 0.01 4.30 1.86 0.13 5.40 2450 81.59 0.037 0.136
Max. 0.037 0.136
OK, < 0.117 OK, < 0.418

The following calculation procedures (WX1+) are for illustrative purposes only.

Plan area of the enclosing rectangle (BD)b = min ( BD , H2 / 9 )

= min ( 2.7 × 2.0 , 18.5² / 9 )
= 5.40 m2

Return Period Factor for 1 year return period Sr(1year) = 0.25 Cl. A1.2 (p.A1)

Return Period Factor for 10 year return period Sr(10year) = 0.55 Cl. A1.2 (p.A1)

Mass of the structure above 2Hb / 3 Mh = min ( h, Hb / 3) × (BD)b × ρbridge / 1000

= min ( 19 , 18.5 / 3) × 5.4 × 2450 kg/m³ / 1000
= 81.59 Tons

Mode Deflection Variation with Height ηy = 1.5 Cl. 2.4 (p.15-16)

2
Acceptable Peak Acceleration Limit for 1 year Az,limit(1 year) = 0.117 m/s Assume Residences Fig 2-6 (p.16)

Acceptable Peak Acceleration Limit for 10 year Az,limit(10 year) = 0.418 m/s2 Fig 2-6 (p.16)

Gry ρa 0.215√(2 Sr Qh / ρa) Hb ·(2+ηy) Z

Peak acceleration for orthogonal wind directions Az (1-year) =
0.5
( )3.3 ×( )ηᵧ
ξ Ny1.3(BD)b0.15 1 + 3.7Iv,h 3Mh · 3 Hb

4.3 × 0.0012
= ×
(0.01^0.5) × (5.85^1.3) × (5.4^0.15)
0.215 √(2 × 0.25 × 1.86 / 0.0012)
( )^3.3 ×
1 + 3.7 × 0.13
18.5 × ( 2 + 1.5) 18.5
× ( )^1.5
3 × 81.59 × 3 18.5
= 0.037 m/s2

Gry ρa 0.215√(2 Sr Qh / ρa) Hb ·(2+ηy) Z

Peak acceleration for orthogonal wind directions Az (10-year) = 0.5 ( )3.3 ×( )ηᵧ
ξ Ny1.3(BD)b0.15 1 + 3.7Iv,h 3Mh · 3 Hb

4.3 × 0.0012
= ×
(0.01^0.5) × (5.85^1.3) × (5.4^0.15)
0.215 √(2 × 0.55 × 1.86 / 0.0012)
( )^3.3 ×
1 + 3.7 × 0.13
18.5 × ( 2 + 1.5) 18.5
× ( )^1.5
3 × 81.59 × 3 18.5
2
= 0.136 m/s
 Project No. 60278268 Project No. 60278268

P282 Terminal 2 Expansion - Vehicular Bridges By: MW Date: 28/01/2025

AECOM Asia Ltd. Com Bridge SR2-1 Pier Checked: Time: 10:56:07
Calculation Note

12. Wind Load Combination and Design Wind Actions Cl. 2.2.4 (p.12)

Wind Load Combo. Design Wind Loads (Refer to Section 10) Factored Wind Load
Wz, x1 / B Wz, x2 / D T Wz,x1 / B Wz,x2 / D T
Case Wz,x1 Wz,x2 △Tz Case
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kNm) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kNm)
1 1.00 0.55 0.55 57.55 47.73 25.38 1 57.55 26.25 13.96
2 1.00 0.55 -0.55 2 57.55 26.25 -13.96
3 1.00 -0.55 0.55 3 57.55 -26.25 13.96
4 1.00 -0.55 -0.55 4 57.55 -26.25 -13.96
5 -1.00 0.55 0.55 5 -57.55 26.25 13.96
6 -1.00 0.55 -0.55 6 -57.55 26.25 -13.96
7 -1.00 -0.55 0.55 7 -57.55 -26.25 13.96
8 -1.00 -0.55 -0.55 8 -57.55 -26.25 -13.96
9 0.55 1.00 0.55 9 31.65 47.73 13.96
10 0.55 1.00 -0.55 10 31.65 47.73 -13.96
11 0.55 -1.00 0.55 11 31.65 -47.73 13.96
12 0.55 -1.00 -0.55 12 31.65 -47.73 -13.96
13 -0.55 1.00 0.55 13 -31.65 47.73 13.96
14 -0.55 1.00 -0.55 14 -31.65 47.73 -13.96
15 -0.55 -1.00 0.55 15 -31.65 -47.73 13.96
16 -0.55 -1.00 -0.55 16 -31.65 -47.73 -13.96
17 0.55 0.55 1.00 17 31.65 26.25 25.38
18 0.55 0.55 -1.00 18 31.65 26.25 -25.38
19 0.55 -0.55 1.00 19 31.65 -26.25 25.38
20 0.55 -0.55 -1.00 20 31.65 -26.25 -25.38
21 -0.55 0.55 1.00 21 -31.65 26.25 25.38
22 -0.55 0.55 -1.00 22 -31.65 26.25 -25.38
23 -0.55 -0.55 1.00 23 -31.65 -26.25 25.38
24 -0.55 -0.55 -1.00 24 -31.65 -26.25 -25.38

The lateral loads in the two orthogonal directions and the torsional load should be applied
SIMULTANEOUSLY to the structure, using combination factors. The resultant loads at each
level must act through the CENTRE of area, which may vary with height. (Cl. 2.2.4) (p.12)