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Structure of Atom

The document provides concise notes on the structure of an atom, focusing on Bhor's atomic model, quantum numbers, and the shape and energy of orbitals. Key principles such as the Aufbau Principle, Pauli's Exclusion Principle, and Hund's Rule are also highlighted. It serves as a study guide for JEE Mains and JEE Advanced chemistry topics.

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2 views3 pages

Structure of Atom

The document provides concise notes on the structure of an atom, focusing on Bhor's atomic model, quantum numbers, and the shape and energy of orbitals. Key principles such as the Aufbau Principle, Pauli's Exclusion Principle, and Hund's Rule are also highlighted. It serves as a study guide for JEE Mains and JEE Advanced chemistry topics.

Uploaded by

shubhanbl32
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry Smart Short Notes

STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

Chemistry Short Notes For


JEE Mains & JEE Advanced
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1
Chemistry Smart Short Notes

STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
BHOR’S ATOMIC MODEL • Determines:
Number of subshells = n
Electron Motion:
Number of orbitals = n
2

• Follows classical laws of physics.


Number of electrons = 2n
2

• Electrons stay in stationary orbits, not


2. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
radiating energy.
Velocity of Electron: • Describes the subshell.

Z −1 • Values: l = 0 to n − 1
v = 2.188 10 6
ms
n l = 0 → s- subshell
Total Energy: l = 1 → p- subshell
l = 2 → d- subshell
Z2
E = −13.6  eV / atom l = 3 → f- subshell
n2
• Orbital angular momentum:
Energy Difference Between Levels:
l (l + 1)h
 1 1 
E = 13.6Z 2  2 − 2  eV / atom
 n1 n2  mvr =
nh
2
RYDBERG EQUATION:
• Angular momentum in nth orbit:  mvr = nh
1  1 1 
=  = RH  2 − 2   Z 2 • Number of orbitals in subshell: 2l + 1
  n1 n2  • Max electrons in subshell: 4l + 2
HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY: 3. Magnetic Quantum Number (m)
“It is impossible to measure simultaneously the • Describes the orientation of the orbital.
position and momentum of a microscopic particle”
• Values:
h h For, l = 0, m = 0
x.p  or ( x )( v ) 
4 4 m For , l = 1, m = −1, 0, +1
QUANTUM NUMBER*(IMPORTANT) For , l = 2, m = −2, −1, 0, +1, +2
There is total 4 quantum number: For , l = 3, m = −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3

1. Principal Quantum Number (n) 4. Spin Quantum Number (s)

• Describes the shell or orbit. • Describes the spin of the electron.

• Governs the size and energy of the shell. 1 1


• Values: + (clockwise), - (anticlockwise)
2 2
• Values: n = 1, 2,3,.....
h
• Spin angular momentum: = s ( s +21)
2
Chemistry Smart Short Notes

SHAPE OF ORBITALS*(IMPORTANT)
•  2 ( Psi − squared ) : Represents the
s orbital: Spherical shape. probability of finding an electron.
ENERGY OF ORBITALS
1. Mono-electronic species:
• Energy depends on the principal quantum
number n .
• Energy order: 1s 2s = 2 p3s = 3 p = 3d .

2. Multi-electronic species:
p orbital: Dumbbell shape.
• Energy order: 3s3 p 4s3d .
• (n + l) Rule:
• As the value of (n + l ) increases, energy
increases.
• If two orbitals have the same (n + l ) value, the
one with the higher n has higher energy.
• Example:
For 2s: n=2, l=0, so (n+l)=2
For 3d: n = 2, l = 3, so (n + l ) = 5
d orbital: Double dumbbell shape.
FILLING OF ATOMIC ORBITALS
*(IMPORTANT)
• Aufbau Principle: Electrons fill orbitals in
order of increasing energy.
• Example: 1s 2s 2 p3s3 p 4s3d

• Pauli's Exclusion Principle: No two


electrons in an atom can have the same four
quantum numbers.

• Hund's Rule: Electrons occupy each orbital


• Node: A region where the probability of singly before pairing.
finding an electron is zero.
• Node plane: A plane where  2 = 0 .
• Radial nodes: Calculated using the
formula n − 1 − 1 .
• Angular nodes: Equal to the value of 1.
• Total nodes: Calculated using the formula
n − 1.
•  ( Psi) : Represents the electron wave 3
function.
•

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