BASIC PHYSICS YEAR 7 SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC CONTENT

1 REVISION Revision of First Term Work

2 FORCES Types of Force

3 FORCES Effects of Force

4 FORCES Frictional Force

5 C.A.T. 1 Mid Term Examination

6 THE EARTH AND SPACE 1 Gravity and Planet Formation

-The Formation of the Solar System
-Exploring the Solar System
-Rotation and revolution of the earth
7 MID-TERM BREAK

8 THE EARTH AND SPACE 2 The Moon, the Sun and the tides
The Phases of the Moon.

9 THE EARTH AND SPACE 3 i. Eclipses

ii. Space travels and exploration

10 REVISION REVISION

11 EXAMINATION EXAMINATION
YEAR LEVEL: 7 TERM: SECOND TERM
WEEK: 1

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2022/2023

SUBJECT: BASIC PHYSICS

TOPIC: REVISION OF FIRST TERM’S WORK

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to;

 distinguish between mass and weight

 state the relationship between mass and weight

 Solve problems on mass and weight

MASS

• The mass of an object is a measure the amount of matter in it.

• The unit of mass is kilogram (kg)
• Mass is measured with chemical balance
• Mass is constant.
• Mass is a basic quantity.
• Mass can never be zero.
WEIGHT

• The weight of an object is the pull of earth’s gravity on it.

• The unit of weight is Newton (N)
• Weight is measured with spring balance
• Weight varies from place to place.
• Weight can be zero. (A situation in which a body experiences weightlessness)
• Weight is a derived quantity. It is dependent on mass and the acceleration due to gravity.
Measurement of Mass ( or weight) of a Liquid

 Place a dry and empty beaker on a balance

 Read and record the mass, m₁
 Carefully pour the liquid into the beaker
 Read and record the new mass, m₂
  Subtract m₁ from m₂.
 Mass of liquid, m = m₂- m₁
Relationship between Mass and Weight

Weight = Mass x gravitational field strength (g)

• The gravitational field strength (acceleration due to gravity), g = 10N/kg

Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object or enclosed by a shape

Devices used For Measuring Volume of Liquids

 Measuring(graduated) Cylinder
 Burette
 Pipette
Use of displacement can/displacement method to measure volume of irregular solids

• Pour a liquid into the measuring cylinder, to about half filled

• Read and record the volume, V₁
• With a rope, carefully immersed the solid fully in the liquid
• Read and record the new volume, V₂
• Subtract the initial volume, V₁ from the final volume, V₂
Volume of the solid = V₂ - V₁

YEAR LEVEL: 7 TERM: SECOND TERM

WEEK: 2

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2022/2023

SUBJECT: BASIC PHYSICS

TOPIC: TYPES OF FORCE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to;
 define force
 state types of force

Force-- A force is a pull or push on a body

The S.I unit of force is Newton, N

Force is measured with a spring balance or Forcemeter

Types of Force

Contact Force – It occurs when the object exerting the force touches the material on which the
force is exerted

Examples are: Push, Pull, Tension, Thrust, Friction, etc.

Non-Contact Force—It occurs when the objects or materials do not touch each other.

Examples are: Magnetic Force, Gravitational Force and Electric (or Electrostatic) Force

The formula for force is;

 Force = mass X acceleration (F = ma)

 Force of gravity = mass x acceleration due to gravity ( F =mg)

 Where an object is acted upon by a system of forces, F is the resultant or net force

Classwork:

1. Calculate the force required to accelerate a body mass 20kg at the rate of 5 m/s².
2. A body of mass 2.5 kg is pulled by a force of 10N, calculate its acceleration
3. Calculate the force of gravity on a body of 70 kg mass.(g=10N/kg)

Assignment:

1. What is a force?
2. Distinguish between the two types of force and mention three examples of each.
3. What is the force of gravity on a body of mass 20kg
(a) On earth
(b) In the moon

(g on earth=10N/kg, g in the moon= 1.6 N/kg)

YEAR LEVEL: 7 TERM: SECOND TERM
WEEK: 3

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2022/2023

SUBJECT: BASIC PHYSICS

TOPIC: EFFECTS OF FORCE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 state the effects of force
 distinguish between balanced and unbalanced forces

Effects of Force

-Change the shape of a body

-Make a body at rest to move

-Make a moving object to stop

-Change the direction of a moving object

-Change the speed of a moving object

Balanced Forces are forces that cancel each other.

• The resultant of unbalanced forces is not zero

Resultant (Net) Force—This is a single force that has the same effect as two or more forces
acting together. It is the combined effect of two or more forces acting together.

• If the forces act in the same direction, the resultant is obtained by addition and acts in the
same direction.
• If the forces act in opposite directions, the resultant is obtained by subtraction and acts in
the direction of the greater force.

Evaluation:

1. State Five effects of force

2. Distinguish between balanced and unbalanced forces.
3. Two forces 4N and 6N act on an object of mass 10kg, calculate the resultant force and
the acceleration if they act
(a) in the same direction
(b) in the opposite direction

Assignment:
In each case, indicate whether the car is accelerating, decelerating or moving at constant speed.

YEAR LEVEL: 7 TERM: SECOND

WEEK: 4

TOPIC: FRICTIONAL FORCE

TOPIC CONTENT:

 Concept, definition and types of frictional force.

 Laws of friction
 Advantages and disadvantages of frictional force
 Methods of reducing frictions.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, the students should be

able to:

 define and explain frictional force

 state types of frictional force
 state the laws of friction
 explain the importance of friction

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT.
Sub-topic 1: Concept, Definition and Types of Frictional Force.

Friction is a contact force that acts at the surface of separation between two objects
in contact, opposing the movement of one object over the other when there is a
push or a pull.

Types of Friction.
There are two types of friction. They are:
 Static friction / Limiting friction ---Friction that exists when there is no
movement.
 Sliding friction / dynamic friction---Friction that exists when there is
movement

EVALUATION.

1. What is friction?
2. Where does frictional force act?
3. When does a body experience friction?
4. How does frictional force act on a body?
5. Mention the two types of friction.

Sub-Topic 2: Laws of Friction

Laws of solid friction are:

 Friction acts in the opposite direction to the direction of motion.
 Friction is increased by pressing the surfaces together more strongly
 Frictional force depends on the nature of surfaces of the objects in contact.
 Frictional force does not depend on the area of the surfaces in contact.

Friction in Air or Water: This is called air resistance or water resistance or drag.
(Drag is a force that slows movement).

Forces acting on a moving car

The buoyancy force is also called Upthrust

Evaluation:
1. What is drag?
 2. State any three laws friction.

Assignment:

1. Use a diagram to show the four (two horizontal and two vertical) forces
acting on a moving car.
2. Explain how air resistance helps in parachuting.

Sub-topic 3: Importance, Advantages and Disadvantages of Friction

Importance of Friction
1. It helps in walking
2. It helps in writing
3. It helps in transmitting motion
4. It helps parachutes float and planes fly.
5. It helps in producing energy or heat and sound.

Advantages of Friction

1. It helps us to walk
2. It helps us to hold objects
3. It helps us to grind
4. It helps cars to stop, etc

Disadvantages of Friction

1. It wastes energy
2. It causes wear and tear
3. It causes overheating

Evaluation

1. Mention two advantages and two disadvantages of friction.

2. Mention any two advantages of friction in our everyday life

Sub-topic 3: Methods of Reducing Friction

1. Lubrication (an act of pouring a liquid between the surfaces that are in contact.)
2. Streamlining (shaping a body so as to reduce friction between a fluid and an
object moving through it)
3. Use of ball bearing.

Evaluation.

1. What is a drag?
2. Why is important to ensure that frictional forces are reduced?
3. What is streamlining?
4. What are the importance of frictional forces in our daily living?

Assignment

1. What is friction?
2. What are the disadvantages of friction?
3. A moving car experiences four forces at play while moving: two horizontal and
two vertical forces. List them out properly paired together

YEAR LEVEL: 7 TERM: SECOND TERM

WEEK: 5: C.A.T 1
YEAR LEVEL: 7 TERM: SECOND
WEEK: 6

TOPIC: THE EARTH AND SPACE 1

TOPIC CONTENT:

 Gravity and Planet Formation

 The Formation of the Solar System
 Exploring the Solar System
 Rotation and revolution of the earth

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, the students should be

able to:
i. explain the role of gravity in formation of planets
ii. State the relationship between mass and gravity
iii. State the difference between the rotation of the earth about its axis and that
of the axis of the sun.

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

Gravity and Planet Formation

 Gravity is a force of attraction between any two objects in the universe. The
objects in the universe vary in sizes; among which include the planets, the
stars, etc.
 Planets are formed when small rocky particles are pulled together by gravity
to form bigger rocky pieces which grows over a long period of time. The
bigger rocky pieces are still held together by force of gravity.
 The formation of planets begins with the combining together of cloud of gas
and dust in a very small ratio.
 The force of gravity holds the planet and the gases around it together. The
strength of the force of gravity makes the cloud of gases form an atmosphere
over the surface of the planets.
 Gravity acts between any two objects in the universe and is related to the
masses of the two objects.
 Due to gravity, the smaller planets orbit the much more massive Sun and the
smaller objects such as the moon, orbit the Earth.
 The force of gravity keeps the components of the solar system in orbit and
round the sun.
 The major role of gravity in the formation of star is that it compresses gases at
the centre of a solar nebula (a giant molecular cloud) until temperatures are
high enough for nuclear fusion to occur.

How the Sun and Our Planets Formed

 Planets are born from the clouds of gas and dust that orbit new stars.
Scientists believe that the sun and the solar system equally formed from
a huge cloud of gas and dust.
 They assumed a nearby star got exploded and caused the cloud around
it to rotate.
 The rotating cloud merged into a disc which consists of hydrogen and
helium particle.
 The force of gravity pulls the hydrogen and helium atoms together to the
centre of the disc when they combine together to form a bigger size star
known as “our Sun”.
 Our first four planets are formed from the pulling force of gravity on the
dust and rocky particles in the cloud. These planets orbit round the sun with
the sun at the centre.
Evaluation

1. What is gravity?
2. ________ is responsible for the effect of gravity on objects.
3. Our planets are born from ______ and _________.

Exploring the Solar System

Solar System Overview

 The solar system has one star, eight planets, five officially recognized dwarf
planets, at least 290 moons, more than 1.3 million asteroids, and about 3,900
comets.
 It is located in an outer spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy called the Orion
Arm, or Orion Spur. Our solar system orbits the center of the galaxy at about
515,000 mph (828,000 kph). It takes about 230 million years to complete one
orbit around the galactic center.
 We call it the solar system because it is made up of our star, the Sun, and
everything bound to it by gravity – the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; dwarf planets Pluto, Ceres, Makemake,
Haumea, and Eris – along with hundreds of moons; and millions of asteroids,
comets, and meteoroids.
 Our solar system is the only one we know of that has a planet that supports
life. So far, we only know of life on Earth, but we’re looking for life on other
worlds.
Rotation and Revolution of the Earth.

 The earth spins around itself in 24hrs.

 The spinning of the earth causes day and night. The part facing the sun will
experience the sunlight and they will be in the day time while the rest of the
part of the earth will experience the night being in the dark.
 The rotation of the earth about its axis is not perfectly vertical but inclined at
an angle of about 25.50.

Earth’s Orbit around the Sun.

 The rotation of the earth around the sun determines the kind of weather and
season that will occur. Due to the earth’s orbiting pattern, the infrared rays
from the sun does not travel the same distance for Northern summer and
Southern winter. The Northern hemisphere is closer to the sun than the
Southern hemisphere during the same time interval.

Evaluation

i. The rotation of the earth about its axis causes ______ and _______.
ii. What sort of particles do planets form from?
iii. What pulls these particles together?
iv. What was in the cloud the solar system formed from?
v. What do scientists think started causing this cloud to rotate?

Assignment.
1. Name two gas giants in the solar system
2. List the planets of the sun.
3. What gives rise to the formation of seasons and weather?
4. List out the dwarf planets.

YEAR LEVEL: 7 TERM: SECOND

WEEK: 8

TOPIC: THE EARTH AND SPACE 1I

CONTENT:
i. The Sun, the Moon and the Tides
ii. The Phases of the Moon.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, the students should be

able to:
i. Explain how the moon’s force of gravity affects the tide more than that of the
sun.
ii. State the different phases of the moon.

Content Development

The Sun, the Moon and the Tide

 The force of gravity between the sun, the moon and the earth has an effect
also on the water in the seas and oceans of our planet.
 Our Sun is a 4.5billion-year-old yellow dwarf star – a hot glowing ball of
hydrogen and helium – at the center of our solar system.
 The moon is referred to as an astronomical body that orbits the Earth and is
Earth's only natural satellite.
 Tides are very long-period waves that move through the ocean in response to
the forces exerted by the moon and sun. Tides originate in the ocean and
progress toward the coastlines where they appear as the regular rise and fall of
the sea surface.
 Tidal forces are based on the gravitational attractive force. Concerning tidal
forces on the Earth, the distance between two objects usually is more
pronounced than their masses.
 The effect of distance on tidal forces is seen in the relationship between the
sun, the moon, and the Earth’s waters.
 The sun is 27 million times larger than the moon and by mass, the sun's
gravitational attraction to the Earth is more than 177 times greater than that of
the moon to the Earth. However, the sun is 390 times further from the Earth
than is the moon. Thus, its tide-generating force is reduced by 390 3, or about
59 million times less than the moon. Because of these conditions, the sun’s
tide-generating force is about half that of the moon (Thurman, H.V., 1994).
 If tidal forces were based solely on comparative masses, the sun should have a
tide-generating force that is 27 million times greater than that of the moon.
 The sun’s tide-generating force is about half that of the moon, and the moon is
the dominant force affecting the Earth’s tides.

The Phases of the Moon.

The moon is a natural satellite which orbits the earth. The moon orbits the earth in
one month which is approximately 30 days.

The orbiting pattern/ nature of the moon gives rise to high and low tides.

The moon reflects the light from the sun. By the way of earth’s rotation, and the
moon’s position from the sun, a phase of moon will be seen. This gives rise to
different phase of the moon. These are:
i. New moon
ii. Waning crescent
iii. Last quarter
iv. Waning gibbous
v. Full moon
vi. Waxing gibbous
vii. First quarter
viii.Waxing crescent