To dra iew f . ‘ 1 Sy of a ren yg rm te view of the-scld Ths Nase the right end of the solid is drawn arbitrarily a is perpendicular to XY line, ’ a 5 Projet the comers Pa", #” and s” by drawing vertical lines up to X¥. th sets inclined lines and horizontal lines, to get p, 4 7 and s 8 solid. a aah 4 ject a”, b”, c” - Draw the left base at a distance 60 mm from the right base and proj ¢ and d” to get a, b, c and d. peek cad aavlah - Join the visible longer edges ap, ds and cr with continuous lines and invisible longer edge bg with dashed line. To draw the front view 1. Project the front view of the prism by drawing horizontal lines (loci) from a”, b”, c* and d” of side view and vertical lines (projectors) from a, b, ¢ and d of top view to get the intersection points a’, b’, c’ and d’ respectively. 2. Join the visible edges b edge a’ p’ with dashed front view of the solid, q, ¢’ ’, and d’ s’ with continuous lines and the invisible line. Draw the left and right end bases to complete the Example 8.21 4 Pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is Testing on HP on one of its Tectangular faces with its axis parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections. Solution Figure 8.28Projections of Solids 193 draw the side view j, Draw the side view of the prism f, i i | Bee sacs eee Tom left, its base is a Pentagon of side 30 mm 2, Name the visible left base corners as a”. corners as p”, q” r”, etc., which are m: qodraw the top view J. Project the top view of the Prism, the ba: ij ject | \ : se at the id i arbitrarily perpendicular to XY line, Project p”, oa ae a = a é : Pie 2, Draw the left base at a distance 60 mm from right base and project a”, b”, c” etc., to is a, b, c, etc. Note that the intersection point of XY and x,y, is taken as centre and arcs are drawn to Project a”, b”, c”, etc., to get a, b,c, etc. 3. Join the visible edges ap, et, and ds and invisible edges bg and cr to complete the top view. > 6”, c”, etc., and invisible ri 7c” ete, ight base atked inside the pentagon. To draw the front view 1. Project the front view of the prism by drawing horizontal lines from a”, b”, c”, etc., and vertical lines from a, b, c, etc., to get the intersection points a’, b’, c’, etc. 2. Join the visible edges c’ r’, d’ s’ and e’ ¢ and the invisible edges a’ p’ and b’ q’ coinciding with the existing edges and the front view of the prism is completed. [Example 8. ‘A cylinder of base diameter 40 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting : on HP on one of its generators with its axis parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections. _ Solution x4 O40ae ~~ Sg ww the side view ; ae aes the side view of a cylinder from left, its yee o a citcle of : and it touches the XY line to show a generator on /i/", ‘dius 29 mm. To draw the top view 1. Project the top view perpendicular to XY diameter of the circle. : 2. Draw the left base at a distance 60 mm_ from the ri; rectangle to show the top view of the cylinder. of the cylinder, the base at the right end is arbitrarily drawn line. Its size is projected from side view which is equal to the ight base and complete the To draw the front view / 1. Project the top and side views to get the front view of the cylinder which is also a rectangle. A cylinder does not have any corner and generators are also not required to draw its projections in this position. Example 8.23 A cone of base diameter 40 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on a point on the circumference of the base. Draw its projections when the base is perpendicular to both HP and VP, Solution NY a eS ' 60 . Figure 8.30 len the base of a Cone is perpen is parallel to both HP dicular to both and AP ai see wae To draw the side view ue ind VP, its axis in this position Ys ‘iew of th ¥ the XY lin © Cone, its base jg Ie to ae, Its base is a cj : Show a point on the Grompeee Of radius 20 ‘mm and it touches nee on HP.yi Projections of Solids 195 a 7 draw the top view 1, Project the top view of the cone, the base i "Its size is equal to the diameter of the ci 2. Mark the apex at a distance 60 mm from the base and complete the triangle to show the top view of the cone. Sa line drawn perpendicular to XY line. ircle, qodraw the front view L Project the top and side views to Le et the front view of the cone which also has a triangular shape. (Example 8.24 hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm a is resting on HP on one of its base corners with the base sides containing the corner equally inclined to HP and its axis parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections. Solution % Figure 8.31ame ee SP e Dieinecring Graphics (INTO) a zee CESEMEY INEY. To draw the side view ai xagon with 1. Draw the side vi i i i ide view of the pyramid from left, its base is a regular heX*e ia, one end of the side on HP and inclined at 30° to XY, only then the Containing this resting corner will make the same angle with HP. 2. Draw the diagonals, joining the opposite corners to get the apex of the hexagon. Join the slant edges a” 0”, b” 0”, etc., to complete o” at the centre the side view, To draw the top view 1. Project the top view from the side view of the pyrami arked drawn perpendicular to XY line and the base comers a, b, ¢, ett are TIC it by drawing vertical and horizontal lines to a line which is inclined at to XY. 2. Mark the apex at a distance 60 mm from the base and the top view is completed by joining the visible edges do, eo and fo with continuous lines. The invisible edges ao, bo and co coincide with the visible edges. d, the base is arbitrarily To draw the front view 1. Project the top and side views to get the front view of lines from a”, b”, etc., of side view and vertical lines frot to get the corner a’, b’, etc., in front view of the pyramid. 2. Join the visible slant edges b’ 0’, c’ o’, d’ 0’, and e’ o’ with continuous lines. The invisible edges a’ o’ and f’ o’ coincide with the visible edges. the pyramid. Draw horizontal m a, b, etc., of top view ASSESSMENT EXERCISES 1. A rectangular prism of base sides 40 x 20 mm and axis Jength 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its bases, with the longer base side inclined at 35° to VP. Draw its projections. 2. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one its bases, such that one of its edges of the base is inclined at 30° to VP. Draw its projections. 3. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base with a side of its base parallel to VP. Draw its projections. 4. A triangular pyramid of base side 40 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base with two of its base sides equally inclined to VP, Draw its projections. 5. A cube of side 50 mm is resting on HP on one of its faces with all vertical faces equally inclined to VP. Draw its projections. 6. Draw the projections of a tetrahedron with side 50 mm long, which rests on HP on one of its triangular faces with a side of base inclined at 30° to VP. 7. An octahedron of side 50 mm rests on the HP with one of its longest diagonal vertical and another longest diagonal inclined at 30° to VP. Draw the projections of the octahedron. 8. Draw the projections of a vertical cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 65 mm. liameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm placed with its base 9. Draw the projections of a cone of base parallel to and 15 mm above HP. 10. A triangular prism with 40 mm side of base and 75 mm long has its one rectangular face parallel to VP and 20 mm in front af it. Draw its projections when this face is nearer to VP. 11. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its bases with a rectangular face perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.Projections of Solids 197 ectangular prism of base si y axe perpendicular to VP. Drans = pu mm is resting on HP on one of its longer edges with its inclined to HP. "ections when the faces containing the resting edge are equally “4, A hexagonal prism of base sid 4, A hexagonal pyramid of base the resting comer are equally inclined to HP. its projections when the base sides containing al 5‘ F 15, Bian Lion or eB ee ae 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is placed with its base parallel to and ‘A cube of side 40 ae ; IS projections when one of the base sides is perpendicular to HP. 16. ? Fined at 30° to HP. Den unt "HP on one of its edges with a face containing the resting edge inclit a ‘0 HP. Draw its projections when two faces are parallel to VP. |, Draw the projections of a hori i i P e it axis perpendicular to Vo anlal evlinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm with 18. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 i Bae 40 mm above HP. Draw its projections, Bt mm is resting on VP on its base with its axis “19, A tetrahedron of base side 60 mm is placed with a face parallel to VP and a side of the face perpendicular to HP. Draw its projections. A angular prism with 40 mm side of base and 75 mm long has its one rectangular face parallel to HP and 15 mm above it. If the 75 mm long edges are perpendicular to VP, draw its projections. A rectangular prism of base sides 40 x 20 mm is resting on HP on one of its longer edges with its axis parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections when the faces containing the resting edge are equally inclined to HP. pl. 2. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is resting on HP on one of its rectangular faces with its axis parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections. 23. A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its base comers with its axis parallel to both HP and VP. One of the base sides containing the resting comer is inclined at 25° to HP. Draw its projections. 24. Draw the projections of a horizontal cylinder of base diameter $0 mm and axis length 60 mm with its axis parallel to VP. 25. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its base sides with its axis parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections. 26. A triangular prism of base side 35 mm and axis length 60 mm has one of its rectangular faces parallel fen at aa above HP. Draw its projections when the longer edges are parallel to VP. w Projections of a Solid with its Axis Inclined to HP and Parallel to VP “Whenever the axis of the solid is kept inclined to HP and parallel to VP, the projections of the solid cannot be drawn directly, in such a case one of the following methods may be used to draw the projections. 1. Change of position method, 2. Auxiliary plane method or change of reference line method. 1. Change of Position Method This method involves two steps to draw the projections of a solid which is kept in this position. Step 1: Assume the axis of the solid is kept perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its top view which has the true shape and size of the base and the front view is projected and obtained.198 Computer Aided Engineering Graphics (JNTU) EEE Step 2: The shape and size obtained in the front view is tilted and reproduced (0 the given inclination of the axis with HP, ie, to XY line. Note that when the position of the solid is changed without changing its inclination with VP the shape and size of the front view obtained in step 1 remains unchanged. Project the front view to get the top view of the solid. 2. Auxiliary Plane Method An Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP) or Auxiliary Vertical Plane (AVP) can be used to draw the projections which will be discussed in example problems. Top view of the solid is projected onto AIP and the front view is projected onto AVP. Example. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its base sides with its axis inclined at 40° to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections. Solution Method I: Change of position method alt) biel etd’) 60 dy 30 Figure 8,32Projections of Solids 199 graw the top and front views in step 1 ‘ s he axis i ‘ 1, Assume U 1s perpendicular to HP and : prism is drawn which is a regular nenagsawahen to VP, the top view of the only then while tilting the prism this side will rest on HP P ere butions comers as a, b, c, etc., which are visible and the bottom base col : e See Rs which are invisible and are marked inside the hexagon. 3. pote fe sa Had of the solid. Bottom base corners P’,q’, 1’, etc., are obtained ‘on : ase comers a’, b’, c’, et i ‘neist Daa the WY it » etc., are obtained at a height of 60 mm 4, Join the Mele longer edges ap’, b’q’ and cr’ with continuous lines and invisible longer edges a's’, e’’'and f ‘w’ coincide with the visible edges. Jo draw the front and top views in Step 2 1. Tilt and reproduce the front view of the prism with its axis inclined at 40° to XY line and a base side on XY line (To reproduce the front view with the axis at 40° to XY and a base side on XY line, draw a line at 50° to XY (90°— 40° = 50°) to mark the bottom base of the solid because the bottom base and the axis are at right angles] and the rectangular shape is reproduced. . Project the top view by drawing vertical lines (Projectors) from aj, bj, etc., and horizontal lines (loci) from a, b, etc., to get the intersection points a, bj, etc., as the top base corners. Similarly the bottom base comers p,, q,, r1, ¢tc., are obtained. . Join the top base edges a,b, b,c, etc., and are visible. Bottom base edges p,q), Pity and u4t,, are visible and q,r;, 745, and s,t, are invisible. 4, Draw the visible longer edges a,p,, b,4,, €,¢, and f,, with continuous lines and invisible edges c,r, and d,s, with dashed lines, these are partially coincide with the visible edges and the top view is completed. Pp rey Tips to mark visible and invisible edges (1) The portion of the solid in front of the axis in top view is visible in front view and the portion behind the axis is invisible. The base cortiers, base edges and longer edges marked on and in front of the axis of the solid in top view are always visible in front view. (2) Edges or sides drawn as an outer boundary edges of top or front view are always visible.eke _sebtatncedicta, Saris sip Seth ae 200 Computer. i od Method II: Auxiliary plane method or change of reference line meth Figure 8.33 To draw the top and front views in step 1 1. Assume that the axis is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. The top view of the prism is drawn which is a regular hexagon with a side taken perpendicular to XY line. Only then the side is seen as a point in the front view and the auxiliary plane can be drawn passing through that point to represent the base side on HP. . Top base comers a, b, c, etc., and bottom base corners p, gq, r, etc., are marked in top view. 3. Project the bottom base corner p’, q’, 1’, etc., on XY line and the top base corners @’, b,c, etc., at a height of 60 mm from XY line. 4. Join the visible and invisible longer edges in front view. nN To draw the top view in step 2 1, Consider an auxiliary inclined plane (AIP) at an angle 40° to the axis to get the e view of the prism. Draw an auxiliary reference line at 40° to axis and passing 5 aa the bottom base side r’(s)’ which is seen as a point in the front view. - Draw projectors thi {Be ng’ i vend ey; fee rough a’, b’, c’, etc., and p’, q’, etc., which are perpendicular to 3. The di: a 4 cee of comer @ in top view from XY is measured and marked from) © ee mf me poles which is passing through a’ and this procedure is epee eo o in wr ers by, cy, etc., and p,, q,, etc., in the corresponding Pri"Projections of Solids 201 4, Join the top base sides which are ful partially invisible. Also join the Visi top view. "ips to use the method | 1g) The first step in auxiliary plane metho: position method. illy visible and the bottom base sides which are ible and invisible longer edges to complete the dis same as the first step in change of (2) The second step to tilt the solid to the required position in change of position method is replaced by considering an auxiliary plane in suitable position to get the projections. (3) At the beginning, it may be easier to draw the projections using change of position method than the auxiliary plane method. Visualising and imagining the solid in the given position and marking the visible and invisible edges are very convenient in change of position method. So the users may practice change of position method at the beginning stage, and later follow auxiliary plane method which is a less time consuming method when compared to the change of position method. an A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its base corners with its axis inclined at 35° to HP. The base’sides containing the resting corner are equally inclined to HP. Draw its projections. ae eee | Solution Figure 8.34To draw the top and front views on step 1 fi By Toe top 1. "Assume thatthe axis is perpendicular to HIP and p. t Ree in side parallel to XY line. ‘Only then while till ae Ee wil as a hexagon with a a one of the corners will rest on HP and the sides containing the be obtained equally inclined to HP. 2. Name the base corners as @, b, c, etc. Mark the apex 0 at the centre and draw the slant edges ao, bo, etc. 3. Project the front view, base corners 4, bc, etc, on XY line. The apex o’ is marked at a height of 60 mm. in the visible slant edges a’o', Vo’, c’o’, and d’o’. The invi fh the visible slant edges. f the hexagon are projected to get a’, b’, etc, sible slant edges e’o’ and 4. Joit fo will coincide witl To draw the front and top views in step 2 1. Tilt and reproduce the front view base corner on XY line. The triangul all corners are marked. . 2, Draw vertical line (projectors) from di, Bi, cy, ete, and horizontal lines (loci) from a, b, ¢ etc., to get the intersection points a,, by, C1, etc» as the base corners. 3, Also draw vertical line from apex 04, in front view and horizontal line from o to get o, in top view. 4, Join the visible base sides a,b,, 5,¢) a,f,and fie, will invisible base sides c,d, and d,e, with dashed lines. 5. Also join the visible slant edges @,0,, Bj01, C91» &11 and f,0, with continuous lines. The invisible slant edge d,0, will coincide with the visible slant edge. with the axis inclined at 35° to XY line and a lar shape of the front view is reproduced and h continuous lines and A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is ‘on one of its base edges with the face containing the HP and VP. Draw its projections. Example 8.27 resting on HP resting edge perpendicular to bothFf rojections of Solids 203. solution o" 1" 3 ait) x ahr bile} Wr Bye" acy (eT ee) ayy e 1 f| id f 4, a > : © ar q b ‘ Figure 8.35 When the pyramid is kept in the given position, the axis will be inclined to HP and parallel to VP. To draw the top and front views in step 1 1. Assume that the axis is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. The top view is drawn as a hexagon with a side perpendicular to XY line. Only then while tilting the pyramid one of the base edges will rest on HP and the face containing that side will be obtained perpendicular to HP. 2. Name the base corners as-a, b, c, etc. Mark the apex o at the centre of the hexagon and draw the slant edges ao, bo, etc. ; pais 3. Project the front view, base comers a, b, c; etc. are projected to get a’, b’, c’, etc., : ‘ | on XY line. The apex o” is marked at a height 60 mm. : 4. Join the visible slant edges a’o’, b’o’, co’ and the invisible slant edges d’o’, e’o’, f’o’ that are coinciding with the visible slant edges. To draw the front and top views in step 2 ore ae 1. One of the triangular faces c/(d’)o’ seen as a line in front view is reproduced perpendicular to XY line and all corners are marked.| to get al lines from a, Bj, etc., and horizontal lines from a, Bs points a), bj, etc., in the top view. ical line from o%, and horizontal line from 0 the apex 01 ant edges @,0,, b,0,, etc., to complete the top View. 2. Draw vertic: the intersection 3. By drawing verti 4, Join all the base sides and the sl: is marked. ‘A pentagonal pyramid of base sid 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting OM HP on one of its base comer with its axis parallel to vp. Draw its projections when the slant edge containing the resting corner is vertical. Example 8.28 Solution Figure 8.36 1 in the given position, the axis is inclined to HP and parallel When the pyramid is kep' to VP. To draw the top and front views in step I 1. Assume the axis is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP, the top view is drawn as a pentagon with a side perpendicular to XY line, only then one of the slant edges will be obtained parallel to VP and will be reproduced to the vertical position. 2. Mark the base corners as a, b, etc. Mark the apex @ at the centre of the pentagon and draw the slant edges ao, bo, etc. = 3. Project the front view, base corners a, b, etc., are projected to get a’, b’, etc., on XY line. The apex o’ is marked at a height of 60 mm. ne" L—_—-.Projections of Solids 205 4, Join the visible slant edges a’o’, b’o’, c’o and invisible slant edges d’o’, e’o’ which are coinciding with the visible slant edges. f mo draw the front and top views in step 2 1, One of the slant edges c’o’ in front view is reproduced perpendicular to X and all corners are marked in the front view. i 2, Draw vertical lines from ai, b4, etc., and horizontal lines from a, b, etc., to get the intersection points a,, b,, etc., in the top view. Draw vertical line from o/, and a horizontal line from 0 to get the apex 0; in the top view. Join all the base sides and slant edges a,0,, b,o,, etc., to complete the top view. line y 4. ample 8.29 A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its triangular faces with its axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections. Solution Figure 8.37 When the pyramid is resting on HP on one of its triangular faces, its axis is inclined ‘0 HP and is given parallel to VP. To draw the top and front view in step 1 1. Assume the axis is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP, the top view is drawn as a square with a side perpendicular to XY line, only then while tilting the pyramid about this edge, it will rest on HP on one of its triangular faces.Ii 206 Computer Aided Engineering Graphics (INTO) il ntre of the square 2. Mark the base corners as a, b, ¢ and d. Mark the apex o at the ce! and draw the slant edge aa, bo, etc. 3. Project the front view, base corners 4, XY line. The apex o” is marked at a height 60 ™ 4, Join the visible slant edges ’0’, with the visible slant edges. . /, b’, etc., b , etc., are projected to get a’, BY, ete. on im. ant edges c’o’, £0" are coinciding b’o’ and invisible SI Ti jews 2 ro draw the front and top views in step 5 tilted to 1. One of the triangular faces bi(c))o! is 8 rest on XY line and all corners are mart 2. Draw vertical lines from ay, bj, chy et» an the intersection points a), b,, etc.» in the top view. 3. Draw vertical line from o; and horizontal line from to gt view. le. Join the visible slant edges 4,0), do, 4, Draw all the base sides which are visib e and invisible slant edges b,0,, ¢,2, to complete the top VOW: een as a line in front view and is ked in the front view: 4d horizontal lines from a By et to get et the apex 0, in top base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm Example 8.30 A pentagonal pyramid of is testing on HP on one of its triangular faces with its axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections. Solution 60 Figure 8.38Projections of Solids 207 when the pyramid is resting on HP On one of its triangular faces its axis will be inclined cole and is given parallel to VP. qo draw the top and front views in step 1 1, Assume the axis is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP, the top view is drawn as a pentagon with a side perpendicular to XY line, only then while tilting the pyramid about this edge, it will rest on HP on one of its triangular faces. Project the front view of the pyramid as mentioned earlier. Yo draw the front and top views in step 2 1. One of the triangular faces ¢(d’)o’ is seen as a line in front view and is tilted to rest on XY line and all corners are marked in front view. 2. The top view is projected as usual, the visible and invisible base edges and slant edges are drawn to complete the view. The auxiliary plane method used to draw the projections of this solid is given below. Figure 8.39 To draw top and front views in step 1 1. Draw the top and front views whicl of position method. h are same as the drawings discussed in change208 Computer Aided reference Hine jews in STEP 2 in front Inclined plane e of the triang! (AIP) and draw the au: To draw the front and top ¥" ular faces ¢’(d’)o’ which is 2 line it 1. Consider an Auxiliary x passing through on view. yp 3 Draw projectors passing through a’, &, eto ‘The distance of comer 4 in top view from XY line is measured and marl 1) in the projector pas igh a’ a to get ay ‘This is repeated to get by» Cr ble base edges and slant edges to As mentioned earlier jo complete the view. mid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is of a string from one of its base corners with VP. Draw its projections. and are perpendicular to X,Y; Tine- ced from etc. ssing throu; n the visible and invisi s Example 8.31 A square pyral suspended by means its axis is parallel to Solution a bil yp 1 fp CG. from base = 1/4 x axis length s = V6 x 60 = Smm = Figure 8.40 en a pyramid is suspended by Whe s yy means of a stri i vie eee eee a string from one of its base corners, its axis i ; : s is To draw the top and front views in step I 1. Assume the axis is . fae ai si perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP, the top vi the solid from corner a’, fe equally inclined to XY line, onl top view is drawn as Rica ee ee only then while suspending 2. Project ei ‘an be obtained ject the front view of the pyramid as mentioned on. earlier.Projections of Solids 209 3, Mark the centre of gravity (CG) g’ of the pyramid at a distance 15 mm from the base on the axis. 4 Consider the solid will be suspended from base corner a’. Draw the line joining corner a’ and g’. o draw the front and top views in step 2 1 ‘When a solid is suspended by means of a string from one of the base corners the line joining that comer and centre of gravity g’ will be obtained perpendicular to HP. Draw the line a’ g’ perpendicular to XY from an arbitrary point and the front view is reproduced then all corners are marked. 2, The top view is projected as usual, the visible and invisible base edges and slant edges are drawn to complete the view. Note: The centre of gravity (CG) of any kind of pyramid lies on the axis of the solid at a distance 4% axis length which is measured from the base of the pyramid. In the case of any kind of prism CG lies on the ‘mid-point of the axis. Example 8.32 A pentagonal pyramid of base side 35 mm and axis length 70 mm is freely suspended by means of a string from one of its base corners with its axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections. Solution . Qt x V4 x 70 = 115mm, eS by Figure 8.41top view of the en while To draw the top and front views in 1. Assume the axis perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Draw the vp, only tht pyramid, the base is a pentagon with a side perpendicular to «obtained suspending the solid from corner a’, the two sides containing that corner ar equally inclined to HP. a Figure 8.42 2 hip the front view of the pyramid as mentioned earlier. . Mark the CG of the pyramid g’ at a dist i g at a distar i Draw the line joining the corner a’ ‘anal a pop eco te tess on te ok To draw the front and top views in Step 2 1. Consider the line a’g’ perpendi nd i i! all comers martag,® PetPendicular to XY line and reproduce the front view with 2. The top view is i i invisible edge er Ueeted and obtained as mentioned earlier and the visible and . ges are drawn to complete the view. —_ —~