1

CSIR NET-JRF, GATE,JEST, TIFR

CLASSICAL MECHANICS
ASSIGNMENT: SMALL OSCILLATION
1. A column of mercury of total length L partially fills (b) the modes of rotation in which the string oscil-
a U tube. If the mercury is set into small oscilla- lates with the same frequency over the
tion, its frequency is given by wholelength
(c) The modes of vibration in which the string os-
2g 1 2g cillates with the same frequency over the whole
(a) 2 (b)
L 2 L length
(d) the modes of vibration and rotating both in
1 g g
(c) (d) 2 which the string oscillates with the same fre-
2 L L quency over the whole length
2. The time period of a particle of mass m, undergo- 5. For coupled harmonic oscillators, the lagrange’s
ing small oscillations around x = 0, in the potential equation of motion in terms of generalized co-or-
  dinates qj, can be written as
V  V0 cosh   , is [NET Dec-2018]
L
(a)  T q  V q
j
ij j
j
ij j (b)  T  V q
j
ij
j
ij j
2 2
mL mL
(a)  (b) 2
V0 2V0 (c)  T q  V q
j
ij j
j
ij j (d)  T q  V q
j
ij j
j
ij j

mL2 2mL2 6. In the theory of small oscillations one frequently

(c) 2 (d) 2 encounters Langrangian of the form L  T  V
V0 V0
Where
3. For a particle in a one dimensional potential
N
Kinetic energy T    qi q j aij and
V  x   V0 sec h  x 
2
i , j 1

the time period of small oscillations about the equi- N

librium is [HCU-PhD] Potential energy V    qi q jbij

i , j 1

m Which of the following option is correct

V0
(a) 2 (b) 2 (a) Matrices aij and bij are imaginary and sym-
2V0 2 m 2 metric
(b) Matrices aij and bij are real and skew-sym-
1 m
(c) 2 (d) 2 metric
m V0 2
V0 2 (c) Matrices aij and bij are real and symmetric
4. Normal modes of a string mean (d) Matrices aij and bij are imaginary and skew-
symmetric
(a) the modes of vibration in which the string os-
7. The equation of motion of a simple pendulum is
cillates with the different frequency over the
(a) Linear for small and large amplitude oscilla-
whole length
tions.
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(b) Nonlinear for small and large amplitude oscil- The masses are coupled by a spring of spring con-
lations. stant k. The kinetic energy T and the potential en-
(c) Linear for small amplitude and nonlinear for ergy V of the system are given by
large amplitude oscillations.
(d) Non linear for small amplitude and linear for g k k 
1 0 m 
m 
large amplitude oscillations. T  m 2  V  m 2  

8. For a system of 12 degrees of freedom, the num- 0 1  k g k
 

ber of nonzero frequency normal modes are  m  m
(a) 12 (b) 10
The frequencies of small oscillation of this system
(c) 9 (d) 6
are
9. The motion of a simple pendulum undergoing large
oscillations can be described as: (a) 1  g /  , 2  g /   2k / m
(a) harmonic, non-conservative
(b) harmonic, conservative (b) 1  2k / m 2  g /   2k / m
(c) anharmonic, non-conservative (c) 1  g /  , 2  k / m
(d) anharmonic, conservative
10. In the context of small oscillations, which one of (d) 1  g /  , 2  g /   k / m
the following does NOT apply to the normal co- 15. Lagrangian of a system is
ordinates? [GATE 2018]
1 2 1
(a) Each normal coordinate has eigen-frequency L
2
  2

x  y 2  12 x 2  22 y 2 
frequen-
associated with it cies of small oscillation of the system is/ are.
(b) The normal coordinates are orthogonal to one
another (a) 1 , 2 (b) 21 , 22
(c) The normal coordinates are all independent 1 2
(d) The potential energy of the system is a sum of (c) 21 , 22 (d) ,
2 2
squares of the normal coordinates with con-
16. Two object each of mass m are connected by a
stant coefficients.
spring of spring constant k and are capable of mov
11. In the free vibration of a linear triatomic melecule,
ing in a line. The normal modes have the frequen
the central atom takes part in the oscillatory mo-
cies.
tion for
(a) All three modes 2k k
(a) and 0 (b) and 0
(b) Two modes m m
(c) One mode only
(d) Does not take part at all 2k k k
(c) and (d) and 0
12. In a normal mode of vibration of a molecule, all m m 2m
atoms move Statement for Linked Answer Q.17 and Q. 18:
(a) With the same frequency
(b) With the same amplitude The Lagrangian of two coupled oscillators of mass
(c) In the same direction m each is :
1 1
L  m  x12  x22   m02  x12  x22   m02 
(d) Opposite to each other.
13. A linear symmetric triatomic molecule consisting 2 2
of masses 1, 2 and 1 units connected by springs x1x2
of unit force constant admits normal modes of fol- 17. The equations of motion are:
lowing nonzero normal frequencies:
(a) 
x1  02 x1  02  x1 ,x2  02 x2  02  x2
(a) 1, 1 (b) 1, 2
(b) 
x1  02 x1  02  x2 ,x2  02 x2  02  x1
(c) 1, 2 (d) 1, 3
14. Consider two simple pendulum each consisting of (c) 
x1  02 x1  02  x1 ,x2  02 x2  02  x2
a point mass m attached to a string of length  . (d) 
x1  02 x1  02  x1 ,x2  02 x2  02  x1

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18. The normal modes of the system are: (b) executes damped oscillation
(c) executes sinusoidal oscillations with T > T0.
(a) 0  2  1, 0  2  1 (d) executes sinusoidal oscillations with T < T0.
23. Consider a mass m attached to a spring. When
(b) 0 1   2 , 0 1   2 the spring is extended from its equilibrium posi-
tion, the restoring force is given by F = – k1x –
(c) 0   1, 0   1
k2x3. Where k1 and k2 are positive constants. The
(d) 0 1   , 0 1   spring is now extended slightly and let go. Which
of the following is true?
19. A particle of mass m is moving in a potential of the
(a) The mass executes sinusoidal oscillations
f or m V(x,y,z) = (1/2) m 3x  3 y 
2 2 2
 (b) The mass executes periodic, but non sinusoi-
dal oscillations

2 z 2  2 xy . The oscillation frequencies of the (c) The mass executes a damped oscillatory mo-
three normal modes of the particle are given by : tion
(d) The total energy of the system decreases with
(a)  , 3 and 3 time.
(b) 2 , 3 and 3 24. Consider a bar of mass m attached to two identi-
cal massless spring (of spring constant k) in paral-
(c) 2 , 2 and 2 lel, as shown in the figure, The bar would oscillate
(d) 2 , 2 and 2 with a frequency.
20. The Lagrangian for a three particle system is given
1 2
by L 
2
  
1  22  32  a 2 12   22  32  1
k k
3  , where a is real. Then one of the normal co-
m
ordinates has a frequency given by :
a2
(b)  
2
(a)   a
2 2
(a) k (b) 2k
2 m m
(c)  2  2a 2 (d)  2  2a 2 k
(c) 2m (d) 2 k m
21. The Lagrangian of a diatomic molecule is given by
25. Two simple pendulam each of length L and mass
m 2 k
L
2
 2

x1  x22  x1 x2 , where m is the mass m are suspended from a horizontal support. If they
are coupled by a massless spring of spring con
of each of the atoms and x1 and x2 are the dis- stant k, then the higher frequency of oscillation of
placements of atoms measured from the equilib- the system is:
rium position and k > 0. The normal frequencies
are [GATE 2009] g 2k 2 g 2k
(a)    (b)   
12 14 2L m L m
k k
(a)   (b)  
m m g k g 2k
(c)    (d)   
14 12 L m L m
 k   k 
(c)   (d)   26. For small angular displacements  i.e., sin    
 2m   2m 
22. Consider a simple pendulum executing small os- a simple pendulum oscillates harmonically. For
cillations (in vacuum) with a time period T0. If a larger displacements. The motion
charge +q is pasted onto the pendulum bob, then (a) becomes a periodic
the resultant (modified) pendulum (b) remains periodic with the same period
(a) continuous to execute non-sinusoidal small os- (c) remains periodic with a higher period
cillations with the same time period T0. (d) remains periodic with a lower period.

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27. A solid cylinder of height H, radius R and density
 , floats vertically on the surface of a liquid of (c) x2  t  
A
2

sin(0 t )  sin  30t 
density  0 . The cylinder will be set into oscillatory
motion when a small instantaneous downward (d) x2  t  
A
2 sin(0t ) 
1
3
sin 30t 


 
force is applied. The frequency of oscillation is
31. Three beads each of mass m are inserted into a
[NET ]
ring (fixed) and connected to each other by three
springs of force constant K and natural length 1/
g  g
(a)  H (b) 3rd of the perimeter of circle, frequencies of nor-
0 0 H mal modes are
m
g 0 g
(c) (d)
0 H H K K
28. Consider small oscillations of a traitomic molecule.
Which of the following is true?
(a) There cannot be any mode of zero frequency. m m
(b) There may not be any mode of zero frequency.
(c) There must be mode of zero frequency
(d) There must be a mode of imaginary frequency.
K
29. The Lagrangian of a system is given by
K 2K 2K K 2 K 3K
1 5  (a) , , (b) , ,
L  mq12  2mq22  k  q12  2q22  2q1q2  m m m m m m
2 4 
where m and k are positive constants. The fre- 3 K 3K 3K K 3K
(c) , ,0 (d) , ,
quencies of its normal modes are m m m m m
[NET Dec. 2015] 32. A simple pendulum consisting of a bob of mass m
and string of length ‘l’ is suspended from a small
(a)
k
,
2m m
3k
(b)
k
2m

13  73  ring of mass m . The ring is free to slide along a
horizontal rod as shown in the figure. Frequency
5k k k 6k of normal modes is
(c) , (d) ,
2m m 2m m
30. For the coupled system shown in the figure, the m
normal coordinates are x1+x2 and x1  x2 , cor- l
responding to the normal frequencies 0 and
30 , respectively.. [JEST 2016 ]
g m g m
(a) (b)
x1 x2 l m l m
k k k
m g  m  m  g  m 
m (c)   (d)  
l  m  l  m  m 
At t = 0, the displacements are x1 = A, x2 = 0, 33. Frequencies of normal modes for two coupled
and velocities are v1 = v2 = 0. The displacement simple pendulum are
of the second particle at time t is given by :

(a) x2  t  
A
2

cos(0 t )  cos  30t 
 
K
(b) x2  t  
A
2
cos(0 t )  cos  30t
m m
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g g 2K g g K g 3g
(a) ,  (b) ,  (a) (b)
l l m l l 2m 2R 5R

g 2K g K 2g 5g
(c) , (d) , (c) (d)
l m l 2m 3R 3R
34. For three coupled pendulum which one of the fol- 38. A liquid of density  is filled is a U shaped tube
lowing is a frequency of normal mode. of cross-section area A. If L be the length of
liquid column in each arm, what will be frequency
of oscillation if liquid in one arm is displaced slightly
to set it into oscillation.
g g
K (a) (b)
L 2L
m m
2g 3g
3K g 2K g (c) (d)
(a)  (b)  3L 2L
m l m l
39. In the figure shown below. If y is small transverse
g K 3K displacement. What is the acceleration of mass m
(c)  (d) K
l m m m K
35. Three particles lying on smooth horizontal surface l l
are connected to each other as shown in the fig-
Ky Ky 2
ure. Which of the following correctly represents (a) (b)
longitudinal normal mode of vibration correspond- m ml
K Ky 3 2Ky
ing to frequency   (c) 2 (d)
m ml m
m M m 40. A thin rod of 100gm and length 1 meter is sus-
pended through a small pin hole at a distance of
(a) 10cm from one end. What is time period of small
oscillation about the point of suspension.
(b)
(a) 1.55 sec (b) 2.67 sec
(c) (c) 3.1 sec (d) 4.25 sec
(d) 41. A solid vertical rod, of length L, and cross-sec-
36. A small object of mass m slides along the surface tional area A, is made of a material of Young’s
of a smooth fixed bowl of radius R frequency of modulus Y . The rod is loaded with a mass M, and
small oscillation about the lowest point is as a result, extends by a small amount L in the
equilibrium condition. The mass is then suddenly
reduced to M/2. As a result the rod will undergo
longitudinal oscillation with an angular frequency
[NET June 2017]
g g
(a) (b)
2R R 2YA YA
(a) (b)
2g ML ML
(c) (d) none of these
R
2YA YA
37. In the previous question if the bowl is rough and a (c) (d)
small hollow rolls along its surface then frequency M L M L
of small oscillation about the lowest point is

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42. The energy of a one-dimensional system, governed
1 2 1 2n
by the Lagrangian L  mx  kx , where k
2 2 T2
and n are two positive constants, is E0. The time (c)
period of oscillation  satisfies
[NET June 2017] (0,0) M
1 n
1
(a)   k 1n (b)   k 2n
E 2n
0

n2 1 n
1 1
(c)   k 2n
E 2n (d)   k n
E 2n
T2
0 0

43. A monoatomic gas of valume V is in equilibrium in (d)

a uniform vertical cylinder, the lower end of which
is closed by rigid wall and the order by a friction- (0,0) M
less piston. The piston is pressed lightly and re-
45. A pendulum executes small oscillations between
leased. Assume that the gas is a poor conductor
of heat and the cylinder and piston are perfectly angles 0 and  0 . If    is the time spenty be
insulating. If the cross-sectional area of the cylin-
tween  and   d , then    is best repre
der is A , the angular frequency of small oscilla-
tions of the piston about the point of equilibrium, sented by
is [NET Dec. 2017] 

5 gA 4 gA
(a) (b)
 3V   3V  (a)
o
5 gA 7 gA – 0 0
(c) 3 (d)
V   5V  
44. The spring constant k , of a spring of mass ms , is
determined experimentally by loading the spring
with mass M and recording the time period T, for (b)
a single oscillation. If the experiment is carried out o
for differrent masses, then the graph that correctly – 0 0
represents the result is [NET Dec 2017]


T2 (c)
(a) o
– 0 0

(0,0) M 

T2 (d)
o
(b) – 0 0

46. A hoop of radius R is pivoted at a point on the

(0,0) M
circumference. The period of small oscillations in
the plane of the hoop is

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 7
2R R
(a) 2 (b) 2
g 4g
k
R 9R
(c) 2 (d) 2 3m
g 7g
47. A simple pendulum is in the form of a unit mass at
the end of a massless rigid rod of unit length. If  k
is the angle with the downward vertical, the ki-
netic energy T of the pendulum is given by 2m
(a) T = 2g sin  2 (b) T = 2g cos  2
2 2

(c) T = g sin 2 (d) T = g cos 2

k k k k
48. Consider a simple pendulum in three-dimensional (a) , (b) ,
space. It consists of a string length l = 20 cm and m 6m 2m 3m
bob mass m = 15 kg attached to it a shown in the
k 3k 2k 3k
figure below. The acceleration due to gravity is (c) , (d) ,
downwards as shown in the figure with a magni- m 2m 3m 2m
tude g = 10 ms-2. [JEST 2018] 50. Two small particles are connected to each other
and to the walls as shown in the figure frequencies
of normal modes are
x
m m
y l = 20 cm k k k
z
m = 15 kg k 3k 3k 5k
(a) , (b) ,
m m m m
g  10 ms 2
k k k 2k
(c) , (d) ,
The pendulum is pulled in the x-z plane to a posi- m m m m
51. Frequency of normal mode for the system shown

tion where the string makes an angle   with in the figure is
3
the z-axis. It is then released with an angular ve-
locity  radians about z-axis. What should be
the value of  in per second so that lie angle the k
string makes with z-axis does not change with
time?
k
49. Two masses 3m and 2m are suspended vertically
by identical massless springs, each of stiffiness
constant k . The mass 2m is suspended from the
mass 3m and the mass 3m is suspended from a
(a) 3  2  mk (b) 3  5  mk
rigid support, as shown in the figure. If only verti-
cal motion is permitted, the frequencies of small
oscillations of this system are [TIFR 2017]
(c) 5  3  mk (d) 3  3  mk
52. A particle of mass m moves under gravity on a
smooth surface defined by the equation
Z  x 2  y 2  xy ,the z  axis being vertical
pointing upwards, then, the frequencies of the nor-

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 8
mal modes for small oscillations about the posi- then the frequencies for small oscillations
tion of stable equilibrium are
 g  M  m   kl 
2
(a) 1  g and 2  3g
(a)   g  M  m   kl  
2

g  4 Mglk
(b) 1  and 2  g
2
 g  M  m   kl 
2

(b)   g  M  m   kl  
2
(c) 1  8 g and 2  3 g
 4 Mglk
(d) 1  g and 2  2 3g
 g  M  m   kl 
2
53. A hoop of diameter D is pivoted at the topmost
(c)   g  M  m   kl  
2

point on the circumference as shown in the figure.  4 Mglk

The acceleration due to gravity g is acting down-
 g  M  m   kl 
2
wards. What is the time period of small oscilla-
(d)   g  M  m   kl  
2
tions in the plane of the hoop. [JEST-2019]
 4 Mglk
56. A small disc is suspended by a fiber such that it is
free to rotate about the fiber axis. For small angu-
g lar deflections, the Hamiltonian for the disc is given
D
by

p2 1 2
H   ,
3D 5D 2I 2
(a) 2 (b)
2g 6g where I is the moment of inertia and  is the re-
storing torque per unit deflection. The disc is sub-
D 2D
(c) 2 (d) 2 jected to angular deflections   due to thermal
2g g
collisions from the surrounding gas at temperature
54. A simple pendulum has a bob of mass 1 kg and
charge 1 coulomb. It is suspended by a massless T and p is the momentum conjugate to  . The
string of length 13 m. The time period of small average and the root-mean-square angular deflec-
oscillations of this pendulum is T. If an electric field tion  avg and  rms , respectively are
 Vxˆ
E  100 is applied time period becomes T. [GATE 2020]
m
4
 T0 
What is the value of   [JEST-2017]
T 
(a) 100 (b) 200
(c) 101 (d) 138
55. A simple pendulum consisting of a mass m and 3

weightless string of length l is mounted on a sup- k T  2

(a)  avg  0 and  rms  B 
port of mass M which is attached to a horizontal   
1
spring with force constant k as shown in figure. k T  2
(b)  avg  0 and  rms  B 
  
M 1
k T  2
(c)  avg  0 and  rms  B 
 l   
3
k T  2

m (d)  avg  0 and  rms  B 

  

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 9
57. A simple pendulum of length l is suspended from
60. The velocity v  x  of a particle moving in one di-
a hook mounted on a slanted wall. The wall makes
a small angle  with the vertical. The pendulum is x 
displaced from the vertical by a small angle mension is given by v  x   v0 sin   ,
 x0 
     and released. Assuming that the colli-
where v0 and x0 are positive constant of appro-
sion of the bob is elastic, the time period of oscil-
priate dimensions. If the particle is initially at
lation is:
x
 , where   1 , then, in the long time, it
x0
  [NET Nov 2020]
(a) Executes an oscillatory motion around x  0
(b) Tends towards x  0
 (c) Tends towards x  x0
(a) 2
g
(d) Executes an oscillatory motion around x  x0
  1   61. Two bodies A and B of equal mass are suspended
(b) 2  2  sin  
g   from two rigid supports by separate massless

  springs having spring constants k1 and k2 respec-

(c) 2 tively. If the bodies oscillate vertically such that
g 
their maximum velocities are equal the ratio of the
  1   amplitude of oscillations of A to that of B is
(d) 2  2  cos   [TIFR 2019]
g  
58. A point particle of mass m carrying an electric
charge q is attached to a spring of stiffness con-
k1 k2
stant k . A constant electric field E along the di-
rection of the spring is switched on for a time in-
terval T (where T  m / k ). Neglecting A B
radiation loss, the amplitude of oscillation after the
field is switched off is: k2 k1
(a) k (b) k
(a) qE / k (b) qET2/m 1 2
3
(c) qE m / Tk 2 (d) qET / mk k1 k2
59. The potential energy of a particle of mass m is (c) (d)
k2 k1
given by
62. A particle of mass m moves in a one-dimensional
  potential V  x   F0 x , where F0 is a positive
U  x   a sin  k 2 x   a  0, k 2  0
 2
constant. Given the initial conditions,
The angular frequency of small oscillations of the x  0   x0  0 and x  0   0 , which one of the
particle about x = 0 is [Gate 2020]
following statements is correct?
2 2a 2 a [JEST 2020]
(a) k (b) k (a) The particle undergoes simple harmonic mo-
m m

a a F0
2 2 tion about the origin with frequency   2
(c) k (d) 2 k mx0
2m m

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 10
(b) The angular frequency of oscillations of the
K KK'
(a) 1  , 2 
1 F0 m m
particle is   
2 2mx0
K 2K '
(c) The particle begins from rest and is acceler- (b) 1  , 2 
m m
ated along the positive x-axis such that
x0  F0t 2 2K K K'
x t   (c) 1  , 2 
2m m m
(d) The angular frequency of oscillations of the
K K  2K '
particle is independent of its mass (d) 1  , 2 
m m
63. A hoop of mass M and radius R rolls without slip-
ping along a straight line on a horizontal surface as 65. A uniform rod of length l and mass m is suspended
shown in the figure. A point mass m slides without horizontally from a rigid support by two identical
friction along the inner surface of the hoop, per- massless spring, each with stiffness constant k, as
forming small oscillations about the mean position. sketched below.
The number of degrees of freedom of the system
(in integer) is____. [GATE 2021]

k k
M
m
R

l
m
If the springs can move only in the vertical direc-
tion, the frequency of small oscillations of the rod
64. Two equal masses A and B are connected to a about equilibrium is given by [TIFR 2020]
fixed support at the origin by two identical springs
2k 6k
with spring constant K and the same unstretched (a) and
length L. They are also connected to each other m m
by a spring with spring constant K ' and unstretched
2k 2 k
length 2L . The equilibrium position, with all (b) and
m m
springs unstretched, is shown in the figure. If A is
constrained to move only along the x-axis and B
k 6k
is constrained to move only they y-axis, then the (c) and
2m m
angular frequencies 1, 2 of the normal modes
are [JEST 2021] k 2 k
y (d) and
m m
B
66. The velocity v  x  of a particle moving in one di-
K
x 
K mension is given by v  x   v0 sin   ,
 x0 
where v0 and x0 are positive constant of appro-
(0, 0) x priate dimensions. If the particle is initially at
K

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 11
x
 , where   1 , then, in the long time, it
x0

(a) Executes an oscillatory motion around x  0

(b) Tends towards x  0
(c) Tends towards x  x0
(d) Executes an oscillatory motion around x  x0

ANSWER KEY

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d)

4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c)
7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d)
10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (b)
13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a)
16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (d)
19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (d)
22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b)
25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (d)
28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (a)
34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (b)
37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (c)
40. (a) 41. (a) 42. (b)
43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (b)
46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (10)
49. (a) 50. (c) 51. (b)
52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (c)
55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (b)
58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (c)
61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (6)
64. (a) 65. (a) 66. (c)

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