Definition of School health

All the strategies, activities, and services offered in

association with schools that are designed to promote
students' physical, emotional, and social development
make up a school's health program.

(American School Health Association,2009)

Note
When a school works with students, their families,
and their community to provide these strategies,
activities, and services in a coordinated, planned way,
then the term coordinated school health program
(CSHP) applies.
 QUESTION:
What is a Coordinated
School Health Program?
School health significance

Priority of the program

I. School children are the future productive group of
population.

II. They represent one third to one half of the total

population.

III. They represent a vulnerable group where they

undergo physical, mental, and social growth and
development.

IV. They spend more than half of their day time at the
school where they may exposed to many health
hazards.
Objectives of the school health program
❖ The main objectives of the school health
program are:

To detect and correct physical impairments,

that are

amenable to manage early before they

develop into

permanent disabilities, as well as to detect

major morbidity

conditions that require thorough

investigation, treatment and follow-up
 To prevent and control
communicable diseases that
could be transmitted from home
to school or vice versa,
including vaccine-preventable
diseases.

To promote health awareness

among students in order to
avoid self-damaging behavior
such as smoking and promote
healthy life styles.
Basic component of the program

School health
services.
Health education.
Healthful school day
 1- School health services
A. Comprehensive medical examination
➢ School children should be at least
examined four times during their
school years;
➢ At the first primary school entry.
➢ At the mid-primary period.
➢ At the preparatory school entry.
➢ At the secondary school entry
 B. Screening tests

❖ Definition:- Screening tests has been defined as the

presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or
health condition (not yet under medical care).

❖ Items of screening
✓ Growth and development.
✓ Visual acuity.
✓ Hearing acuity.
✓ Dental examination.
✓ Intelligence quotient.
✓ Simple laboratory tests; urine
, stool and blood analysis.
 C. Health record School

❑ Every child should have his or her own

health record for registration of all events
and activities concerning health.

Content of the record

➢ Personal data
➢ Results of medical examination.
➢ Immunization given.
➢ Any history of previous diseases, injuries and
hospitalization.
 D. Preventive aspect

The aspect includes two phases;

1) . prevention and control
of communicable
diseases.
2)Prevention of accidents.
i. Prevention and control of communicable
diseases
Sanitation of school environment.

Health education for healthy behavior

of the students.

Immunization of school children.

Periodic physical examination and

daily supervision

Improvement of the nutritional status

of the pupils through
school feeding
 ii. Prevention of accidents

Definition of injury:- It is the physical damage to a person that

occurs as a result of exposure to physical or chemical agents at
rates greater than the body can tolerate .

First aid
At the school, the first aid is the first assistance given to the injured
child. and aimed at reducing suffering from pain and prevention of
further harm.

The requirements for first aid include

rest room, adequate blankets, wash basin, soap, towels, table,
splints, gauze and cotton. Also the important phone department and
a method of transportation should be available
 towels

wash basin gauze and cotton

table

splints

adequate blankets soap

 2. Health education
Definition:- health education is define as the
process of teaching the public the basic
knowledge of health.

Objectives of health education

➢ To create a state of health consciousness
among the children and their parents.
➢ To change bad health habits.
➢ To motivate the children, their parents and
school personnel to acquire healthy
behavior.
3. Healthful school day

❑Educational aspect.
❑Physical education.
❑Emotional climate.
❑Food services
 Hazards of unsanitary school environment

❖ Spread of respiratory infection.

❖ Reduce achievement due to Inadequate

ventilation.

❖ Eye troubles due to inadequate light

❖ Skeletal deformities due to inconvenient

desks and seats.

❖ Giving bad role model to children

 School health problems
1- Deficiency diseases
A. Iron deficiency anemia.
B. protein deficiency.
C. Dental caries.
D. vitamin A deficiency.
E. healed rickets.

Predisposing factors:
❖ Inadequate nutrition.
❖ Nutritional ignorance.
❖ Low income.
❖ Parasitic infections
➢School feeding program and dietary
supplement.

➢Nutrition education of the children and

their parents.

➢Prevention and control of parasitic

diseases.

➢health appraisal for early detection

and management of

➢ deficiency diseases.
 School nutrition program
Ω The MOH has a school health team who monitor the

health status of school children at primary entry (age 6

years) and secondary entry (13 years). Height and

weight measurements are taken at primary entry only.

Children with nutritional problems are referred to

health clinics for follow-up. Nutrition education is
incorporated into the school curriculum as part of
Promoting healthy
lifestyles.
Vitamin A, B, C, D, E
Important vitamins at the school age

Vitamin A helps eyesight.

Vitamin B helps you make

energy and set it free.

Vitamin C helps you heal faster

and be more healthy.

Vitamin D helps heal bones and

make them strong.

Vitamin E protects body tissue.

Predisposing factors:
❖ Unsanitary school
environment ,over-crowded
classrooms and unsanitary
drinking taps
❖ Faulty health habits of young
children.
❖ malnutrition and poor
housing.
 Predisposing factors
❑ Unsanitary environment.
❑ Bad health behavior.
❑ Deficient health services.
∞ Environmental sanitation.
∞ Health education.
∞ Case finding through
stool and urine analysis.
 Screening study of new entrants medical examination
Among UNRWA schools

➢ During the 2006-2007 school year, a total of 49,682 new

entrants were registered in UNRWA schools of whom
24,157 were girls and 23,691 were boys. Each new
student was immunized, and received a thorough
medical examination and follow-up from UNRWA
Health staff.

The main morbidity conditions detected

among new students were:-
Disease Percentage
Dental caries 47.1
Gingivitis 3.8%
96 students with flourosis 96996
Bronchial asthma 47.1% caries 47.1% 1.8%35.7
Hernia
1.2%
Squint
1.1%
Hearing impairment
1%11.9
Chronic otitis media
90.8%.8
Undescended testicles
0.9%6.3
Heart disease
0.7%5.6
Thyroid enlargement
0.6%
Congenital malformations
0.4%
Haemolytic anaemia
0.7%
Arthritis
0.3%
Physical disabilities
0.2%
Epilepsy
0.2%
Type I Diabetes was reported in 17 children.
7.0
Health problems related to
personal hygiene were:-
1) pediculosis 2.5%
2) scabies 0.5%

As part of the UNRWA school health

service, children with disabilities were
assisted with the provision of
eyeglasses, hearing aids and other
prosthetic devices according to their
conditions and available resources.
 Up to date research studies concerning school
health

1) Relationship between Anemia and school performance

among school children in the Gaza Strip.

❖ Result
The result of the study showed that the prevalence
of anemia among school children was 29.9%.
Average math, Arabic and total scores were lower
(Daher Mahmoud, 2002)
 2) Prevalence and risk factors for skin diseases
among primary schoolchildren in Gaza Strip

➢ The results showed that skin conditions are very

common in children and half of them (48.5%) are
affected. The prevalence of skin diseases is
higher among males (55.9%) than females
(42.8%), the differences between males and
females are statistically significant. Pityriasis
alba and pediculosis lices had the highest
prevalence rates of all skin disorders (23.5%,
9.5% respectively).

(Naim Rafat, 2006)

 3) Dental fluorosis and associated risk factors
among Palestinian children aged 12-18 years in
Gaza strip.

The study found that the prevalence of Dental

Fluorosis among children is 78%. Among them
63.4% have moderate Dental Fluorosis and
14.6% have severe Dental Fluorosis.

(Abu Haloub Lamees, 2004).

The Islamic University of Gaza ‫الجـامعــــــــــة اإلســـــالميــة بغــزة‬
Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies ‫عمادة البحث العلمي والدراسات العليا‬
Master of Environmental Sciences ‫ماجستيـــــــر العلـــــوم البيئيــــــــــــة‬
Environmental management and ‫االدارة والمــــــراقـبــة البيـئـيــــــــــة‬
monitoring

“Assessment of Health and Safety Risks in

Governmental Primary Schools in Rafah – Gaza Strip”

‫تقييم مخاطر الصحة والسالمة في المدارس االبتدائية في محافظة‬

‫رفح – قطاع غزة‬

By
Mohammed Barhoom
Supervised by

Prof. Dr. Samir A. Afifi Prof. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

2018
 General
objective

To assess health and safety hazards

in the primary schools in Rafah
Governorate.
 Conceptual framework

Fire risks

First aid / health services and

treatment

Environment
Type of school and
educational grade

Electricity and gas

Hazardous materials

Public health

Out-door areas

Knowledge of school workers

 Results

Sample distribution according to age, gender and Experience years

Variables Number Percentage

(%)
30 years and below 48 15.6

31 – 40years 141 45.8

41 – 50 years 66 21.4
Age (Years)
More than 50 years 53 17.2

Total 308 100.0

Male 153 49.7
Female 155 50.3
Gender
Total 308 100.0
10 years and below 157 51.0

Experience 11 – 20 years 118 38.3

More than 20 years 33 10.7
years
Total 308 100.0
 Mean percentage of potential Fire risk

Number (%) Mean Score

Likelihoo Severit
No risk% Risk%
d y
Emergency exits and corridors are
suitable for the number of students
200 (64.9) 108 (35.1) 1.42 2.10

Evacuation instructions are present 264 (

in each class. 43 (14.0) 2.10 2.20
High 85.7)
Risk

Low Risk
 Mean percentage of First aid and availability of
treatment in the governmental schools in Rafah
governorate
Number (%) Mean Score
First aid and availability of
Likelihoo Severit
treatment No risk% Risk%
d y
The casualty is transferred from
0.31 0.27
the school to the hospital easily. 35 (11.4) 273 (88.6)

The school has a first-aid room. 204 (66.2) 104 (33.8) 1.92 1.55

High
Risk

Low Risk
 Mean percentage of environment in the
governmental schools in Rafah governorate

Number (%) Mean Score

Sanitation and environment Likelihoo Severit
No risk% Risk%
d y
There is adequate and safe
283 (
protection on the outside windows 25 ( 8.1) 0.23 0.19
of the classrooms. 91.9)
The number of students 133 ( 157 (
corresponds to the class size. 1.73 0.94
High 43.2) 56.8)
Risk

Low Risk
 Mean percentage of availability of public health
measures in the governmental schools in Rafah
governorate

Number (%) Mean Score

Public health measures Likelihoo Severit
No risk% Risk%
d y
Clean drinking water is constantly
71 (23.1) 237 (76.9) 0.93 0.47
available
Soap and water are available in
211 (68.5) 97 (31.5) 2.58 1.18
handwashing areas

High
Risk

Low Risk
 Level of knowledge of health and safety risks
Mean
Level of knowledge percentag Rank
e
Committed to safety procedures in the school 76.2 1
Knowledge regarding occupational health and safety 75.2 2
Extent they aware about the level of risk surrounding in the
71.4 3
school
Ability to identify surround risks in the school 69.6 4
Know the risk level of continuous exposure to radiation in
67.6 5
the school
Have information regarding the types of injuries associated
65.2 6
with the nature of your workplace?
Aware of your rights if it came to any personal danger during
65.0 7
working
Have information regarding how to use fire extinguisher in
59.8 8
the school
There signboards explain the nature of the risks surrounding
in the school and how to avoid and reduce the impact on the 58.0 9
worker
There are periodic follow-up from the department of
55.0 10
occupational health and safety in the school
Gillam S and Badrinath P. (2007)
Work is an important determinant of
health, it influences health positively or
negatively , for most people work is
essential for economic, social as well as
physical well being,
Statistics
About 250 million work-related
accidents occur every year throughout
the world, and 3,000 people die every
day from work-related causes.

160 million cases of occupational

disease are recorded annually

Deaths linked to the workplace are

higher than deaths from traffic
accidents, wars and violence
Classification of Occupational Diseases

∆ Mechanical
diseases.
∆ Physical diseases.
∆ Biological disease.
∆ Chemical diseases.
∆ Psychosocial
disease
Occupational Diseases
Environmental factors can influence
worker health or safety

❖ Physical factors
❖ Psychosocial
factors
❖ Ergonomic factors
❖ Chemical factors
❖ Biological factors
 Physical factors

Temperature, sun, Noise, extreme pressure, Soundness of

the building and equipment are physical factors that can

influence worker health.

Example
a. Excessive noise may disrupt concentration, prevent

verbal communication and over time can cause hearing

loss
b. Exposure to the sun and
those who work outdoors are
at risk for skin cancer

c. Exposure to temperature
extremes can put them at risk
for frostbite at the winter and
heat stroke in the summer

d. Exposure to extreme
pressure (working in a high
attitudes or tunnels) can
cause tissue damage and
affecting the
ears
 Chemical factors

❑ Chemical factors are the chemical agents

present in the work environment that may
threaten worker health and safety. These
chemical agents present in chemical
industries, dry cleaners, insecticides, food
companies, plastic factories, pharmaceutical
companies and hospital. Chemical agent can
enters the human body through the lung,
gastrointestinal tract and skin
Example
Lead enters the body through all three routes
and cause toxicity, the degree of toxicity
depend on the amount of
chemical, duration and route of exposure.

Example
Carelessness handling and exposure of
insecticides can cause serious burn, poisoning,
tissue damage and
even cancer

Example
Inhalation of harmful substances such as carbon
monoxide is common in the work place and
cause poisoning. The incidence of carbon
monoxide poisoning is twice as high
in the winter as in the summer (Valent et al.,
2002)
 Biological factors

Biologic factors are living organisms found in the

environment. These include bacteria, work
viruses, fungi, parasites. Health care providers,
for instance are subjected to:-

ő Tuberculosis (TB)
ő . Hepatitis B & C

ő HIV

ő Rubella
 Examples of Biological factors

Bacteria : Haemophilus influenzae Bordetella, pertussis,

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Viruses: Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Human

immunodeficiency virus.

Fungi: Aspergilllus .

Parasites: amoebae and Giardia

Other biological factors include

All of body fluids

₱ Blood
₱ Pus
₱ Mucous membrane
secretions
₱ Saliva , sputum
₱ Semen , vaginal secretion
₱ Feces, urine , vomit
 Post exposure Immediate
measures
➢ First aid :
a. Remove the contaminated clothes.
b. Allow immediate bleeding of the wound.
c. Wash the injured area well with soap and
water, and apply an antiseptic (if available).
d. If the eyes, nose, or mouth are involved, flush
them well with large amounts of water.

➢ Reporting and assessment:

By coordination with Occupational Health and
Preventive medical departments
Psychosocial factors

Psychological hazard include

the responses and
behaviours that workers
exhibit on the job. These
behaviours come from the
attitudes and values learned
from their culture, work
experience and worksite
norms.
Examples of psychosocial
factors:-

Ω Working extra hours

Ω Fatigue
Ω Tense
Ω Anger
Ω Agitated
Ω Family difficulties (divorce, ill
spouse, child problems)

Such problems can result in

depression even despair which
increase mortality rate among
health care providers health
 Ergonomic factor

₸ Ergonomic factor includes all the interactions between the

worker, the demand of the job, the work setting and the

overall environment. Ergonomic has become a field of the

study in occupational health concerned with workplace (tool,

equipment, lighting, ventilation, physical position workers,

body motions). Improper lifting, handling and body motion

can lead to permanent and serious musculoskeletal disorders

When these factors begin to
have an impact on individual
health, job stress result
(manifested by feeling anxiety,
frustration, and fatigue) which
can lead to job strain and that
will lead the workers to lose
interest in the job.

Some extreme cases of job

strain or burnout result in
Former employees’ using
violence against employees or
company
Example of Ergonomic hazard
❖ Low back pain
Determinants of Low Back Pain among Operating
Room Nurses in Gaza Governmental Hospitals

Yousef Aljeesh, Samer Al-Nawajha (2011).

Determinants of Low Back Pain among

Operating Room Nurses in Gaza
Governmental Hospitals. Al-azhar University
Journal
 Distribution of study population according to place of work

Target
Hospital name Respondents Percentage Response rate
population

Al-shifa hospital 56 51 35.7 91.07%

Nasser medical complex 21 21 14.7 100%

European Gaza hospital 21 17 11.9 80.95%

Aqsa Martyrs Hospital 14 14 9.8 100%

Kamal Adwan hospital 9 9 6.3 100%

Abu Yousef Al Najjar 12 8 5.6 66.6%

Beit Hanoun hospital 10 10 7.0 90.9%

Ophthalmic hospital 7 6 4.2 85.7%
Crescent Alemaraty 9 7 4.9 77.7%
Total 159 143 100.0
Distribution of Study Population According to Height, Weight and BMI (N=
143)
Variables Category Frequency Percentage (%)
166cm and less than 41 28.7
167 – 176 cm 56 39.2
Height (cm) 177 – 186 cm 40 28.0
187cm and above 6 4.2
Total 143 100.0
67kg and less than 32 22.4
68-78 kg 39 27.3
Weight (kg)
79-89 kg 41 28.7
90 kg and above 31 21.7
Total 143 100.0
Less than 25 55 0.7
225-29.55 – 225-29.59.5 6633 37.37.88
Body Mass Index
30 30 and moreand
(BMI) 255 44.1
more
Prevalence of low back pain

No Complain;
29.40%

Complaining of
LBP; 70.60%
 Gender and LBP (N = 143)

Total No Yes

%
% Within % Within
Frequency Frequency Frequency Gender
gender gender

100.0
110 31.8 35 68.2 75 Male

100.0
33 21.2 7 78.8 26 Female

100.0
143 29.4 42 70.6 101
Total
P-value = 0.241 // Chi square = 1.37
 Pain radiation
Pain radiation

Radiation

1. Not radiate 2. Both legs 3. Rt. leg 4. No pain

26.5 % 20.9% 8.3% 29.3%
Lt. leg
14.6%
 Risk factors of LBP among OR nurses
16.1% 23.1% 62.9% 65.0% 67.1%
3

Sustained trauma
during work
Wearing high heel
shoes during work
Lifting and
transferring patients
work overload
Prolonged time standing
Work Environment Characteristics

61.5% Yes Enough lighting in work •

38.5% No place

39.2% Yes Good ventilation in work •

place
60.8% No

28.0% Yes Presence of Comfortable •

72.0 % No
chairs
Work Environment Characteristics

Presence of wheels to move

39.2 % Yes
heavy equipment
60.8 % No

25.2 % Yes Presence of mechanical

devices for patient lifting
74.8 % No

Presence of adequate
76.2 % Yes
staffing
23.8% No
Suggestions and Recommendations to Reduce
LBP among OR nurses

1 1. Provide adequate staffing in OR

2. Take rest breaks during work
2 3. Reduce number of operations
3 per day
4
4. Reduce working hours

6.36 7.09 7.27 8.50

Mean Score
 Occupational Health Hazards in Gaza Strip

Evaluation of the occupational health hazards among

nurses working in governmental primary health care
centers in the Gaza Governorates.

(Aljeesh, Y. and Natat I. 2011)

 Results
Age distribution

50 45.9
45
40
35
30 28.4
25.7
25
‫شرق‬
20
15
10
5
0
30 Yrs and less From 31 to 45 Yrs More than 45 Yrs
Gender distribution
 Distribution of subjects by governorates

Items No. %

North 15 13.33

Khanyounis 13 11.6

Gaza 56 50

Rafah 13 11.6

Mid Zone 15 13.33

Total 112 100

 Work Environment
Yes No Total
Items
No. % No. % No. %
Does your work require the use of
95 84.8 17 15.2 112 100.0
any equipment
If yes, is it convenient 75 78.9 20 21.1 95 100.0

Do you have any safety measures at

102 91.1 10 8.9 112 100.0
work
Using these measures 103 92.0 9 8.0 112 100.0

If yes Wearing gloves 80 77.7 23 22.3 103 100.0

Safe handling of patient 59 57.3 44 42.7 103 100.0

Uniforms 83 80.6 20 19.4 103 100.0

Eye cover 21 20.4 82 79.6 103 100.0

Safety box 100 97.1 3 2.9 103 100.0

 Training
Yes No Total
Items
No. % No. % No. %

Training programs
61 59.2 42 40.8 103 100.0

Instruction
67 65.0 36 35.0 103 100.0

Protocol
39 37.9 64 62.1 103 100.0
Knowledge of nurses toward the types of hazards
Type of hazard ranking %
Physical hazard 1 49.0%

Biological hazard 2 31.8%

Ergonomic and safety 3 30.9%

Psychological hazard 4 29.1%

Chemical hazard 5 26.4%

The Islamic University of Gaza ‫الجـامعــــــــــة اإلســـــالميــة بغــزة‬
Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies ‫عمادة البحث العلمي والدراسات العليا‬
Master of Environmental Sciences ‫ماجستيـــــــر العلـــــوم البيئيــــــــــــة‬
Environmental Health ‫الصـــــــــــــــــحة البيئيــــــــــــــــــــة‬

“Assessment of Health and Safety Risk among Health

Care Providers in Governmental Primary Health Care
Centers in South area of Gaza Strip”

‫«تقييم مخاطر الصحة والسالمة بين مزودي الخدمات الصحية في مراكز‬

»‫الرعاية األولية الحكومية في المحافظات الجنوبية في قطاع غزة‬
By
Mohanad Ali
Younis
Supervised by

Dr. Zeyad Abu Heen Prof. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

Objectives
 General
objective

❖ The general objective of this

study is to assess health and
safety risks among health
care providers who are
working in the governmental
primary health care (PCH)
centers in the southern Gaza
Governorate
 Specific
objectives
To identify physical, biological, chemical, and work
1 related health and safety risks among health care
providers in the PHC.
To examine the differences in the health and safety
2 hazards with regard to demographic factors of
health care providers in the PHC.
To determine the level of health care providers’
3 knowledge regarding health and safety risks in the
PHC.
To provide recommendations to the policy makers
at the ministry of health toward the importance of
4
occupational health and safety in PHC in the Gaza
Strip.
 Conceptual framework

Type of health
care providers
(Job title) Educational
Socio-
demographic qualification and
factors of level of
health care knowledge of
providers health care
providers
Health and
Safety Risk in
Governmental
Primary Health
Care Centers
 Research
Methodology
 Research
Methodology
Study
design

o The study adopted descriptive, analytical cross

sectional design.
o This design is useful for describing the study
construct in terms of people, resources. It is
practical and manageable and meets the study
objectives in short time.
 Research
Methodology
Study
setting

This study was conducted at

primary
health care centers in the Southern
Gaza Governorates
(Khanyounis and Rafah).
 Research
Methodology

Study population

o Health care providers were considered as the

target population of this study (nurses,
physician, and other technicians) who are
working in primary health care centers in the
Southern Gaza Governorates.
o The total number of health care providers is
140.
o All of them were included in this study.
 Research
Methodology
Study
instrument
Questionnair
e

Self-administered questionnaire for all

health care providers who illegible to the
study criteria.
Results
 Results

Sample distribution according to demographic factors of health care

provider
Variables Number Percentage (%)
(21 – 30) years 6 4.8
(31 – 40) years 49 38.9
Age (41 – 50) years 50 39.7
(51 – 60) years 21 16.7
Total 126 100.0
Male 61 48.4
Gender Female 65 51.6
Total 126 100.0
Physician 51 40.5
Health care Nurse 31 24.6
Other 44 34.9
provider
Total 126 100.0
 Results

Variables Number Percentage

(%)
Married 121 96.0

Single 1 0.80
Marital 2 1.6
Divorced
status Widow/er 2 1.6

Total 126 100.0

Diploma 49 38.9

Bachelor 69 54.8
Educational
Post- 8 6.3
qualification graduate
Total 126 100.0

Rafah 35 27.8

Khanyounis 91 72.2
Work place
 Mean percentage of potential physical risks among
health care providers in primary health care

Number (%) Mean Score

Physical risk No Likelihoo Severit
Risk%
risk% d y
Air conditioning in your workplace
1
is available and in good situation 73(57.9) 53(42.1) 1.32 0.79

2 Window in your workplace

contribute to better lighting 116(92.1) 10(7.9) 0.20 0.17
conditions
 Mean percentage of potential Biological risks among
health care providers in primary health care

Number (%) Mean Score

Biological risk Likeliho Severit
No risk% Risk%
od y

1 Gloves are used in every time in 106 20

dealing with patient 0.37 0.28
(84.1) (15.9)

2 Vaccinations against infectious

diseases and epidemics are taken 116(92.1) 10(7.9) 0.13 0.16
regularly
 Mean percentage of potential Work-related risks among
health care providers in primary health care

Number (%) Mean Score

Work-related risk Likeliho Severit
No risk% Risk%
od y

1 You are wearing a medical shoes 51

always 75 (59.5) 1.16 0.29
(40.5)

You are free of any disease related

2 to the nervous and muscular 113 13
0.36 0.26
system incompatible with the (89.7) (10.3)
nature of your working
 Mean percentage of potential Chemical risks among
health care providers in primary health care

Number (%) Mean Score

Chemical risk Likeliho Severit
No risk% Risk%
od y

Labels are placed on chemicals

1 18
and show how to deal with them 108 (85.7) 0.45 0.29
safely (14.3)

2 Chemicals are stored safely 121 (96.0) 5 (4.0) 0.06 0.06

 Level of knowledge of health and safety risks among health
care providers in PHC

Mean
N Area of knowledge Ran
percentag
o k
e
Aware about the risk and methods of infection
1 transmission during your contact with the 88.8 1
patient?

Receive adequate training from the department of

2 occupational health and safety in how to with
occupational risk that affect you during your 58.8 15
working?
Conclusion
 Conclusion
The study results showed that :

❖ The highest physical risk among health care providers is the “absence of

air conditioning in the workplace”.

❖ The highest biological risk is the “gloves are not used in every time in

dealing with patient”.

❖ The highest work-related risk among health care providers is the

“wearing a medical shoes always”.

❖ The highest chemical risk among health care providers is the “labels are

not placed on chemicals and show how to deal with them safely”.
Occupational hazard in Laboratory
works?
Toxic gases, fumes and liquids may
break out and cause acute poisoning,
suffocation, burns, and other traumas.

Chemical or biological agents are highly

flammable and/or explosive, which may
end in fires and explosions.

Some chemical substances and

biological materials have accumulative
effects.
work is often done in a seating posture so
it may cause back, hands and arms
pains.
 Personal Protective Equipments

1. Respiratory protection
(Dust & Gas Mask)
2. Hearing protection
(Ear plugs)
3. Eye and face protection
( Face-shield )
4. Skin protection
( Gloves, Safety Shoes)
Probability
of Protection
injury
Common injuries and accidents that can
occur in the workplaces
℗ Amputation: (Put the amputated
part in Ice and transfer to the
hospital)
℗ Shock: (Cover and rise feet of the
patient, check breathing, nothing by
mouth)
℗ Fracture: (do not move unless
necessary and ask help)
℗ Injury to the eye: (If chemical, flush
with water for 15minuts, and ask
help)
℗ Electric shock: (Turn off current, do
not touch)
 Common injuries and accidents
continue
℗ Burn: (Chemical flush with water for 15
minutes) degrees, 1st cause red skin,
2nd red and blister, and 3rd destroy the
skin and damage the tissues.
℗ Exposure to chemical: (flush with water
for 15 minutes, gas or vapor refresh air
and start CPR)

℗ Bleeding: (Push on wound, elevate, and

make tourniquets the last choice)
℗ Breathing: (check breathing and pulse,
clean inlet and loose the clothes, and
start artificial respiration)
 Common injuries and accidents continue
® Chocking: (Abdominal thrust
maneuver)
® Fainting: (Lay on back and ask help)
® Heart attack: (Seat comfortably, loose
clothes, supply O2, and search patient
medication and professional CRP)
® Sun stroke: (Ask help, wet clothes)
® Stroke: (Ask help, and cover the
patient and STR (nothing to take)
® Epilepsy: (Keep away from danger
and ask help).
 Vaccinations for some workers

❑ Sewage workers: Hepatitis A, typhoid vaccine

Construction workers: Tetanus Toxoid
❑ Health workers: Hepatitis A, B vaccine

❑ Airline cabin crew: Influenza, meningitis vaccine

❑ Food industry: Hepatitis A, typhoid vaccine
Research laboratory workers:
polio, hepatitis A, B, typhoid, cholera ,
❑ acupuncturists: Hepatitis B vaccine
 Occupational health and safety in
Palestine
➢ There are many laws that protect the rights of workers
and employees to have safe work place, but there is no
supervision and evaluation system that implement these
laws.

➢ Any new institution or factory needs a license to start

working, and this license is given only after offering
safety equipment needed according to the work place
and also after examination of these equipment by
experts if it is effective or not, but there is no follow up
system that follow the safety performance of these
institutions.

➢ There is no system of information about work injuries

and safety in work places.
‫‪∆ In another study done by UNRWA in Gaza strip through‬‬
‫‪the years 2000 – 2008‬‬
‫‪..‬جدول "إحصائيات الحوادث واإلصابات" الخاصة بمؤسسات وكالة الغوث الدولية‬

‫عدد أيام التغيب‬ ‫التعويضات‬

‫التكاليف الناتجة عن ايام‬
‫الناتجة عن‬ ‫الناتجة عن‬ ‫عدد اإلصابات‬ ‫السنة‬
‫"‪ "$‬التغيب‬
‫اإلصابات‬ ‫"‪ "$‬اإلصابات‬
‫‪36736‬‬ ‫‪1302‬‬ ‫‪38826‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪19964‬‬ ‫‪708‬‬ ‫‪2148‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪2001‬‬
‫‪42336‬‬ ‫‪1512‬‬ ‫‪2793‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪2002‬‬
‫‪29456‬‬ ‫‪1052‬‬ ‫‪8067‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪2003‬‬
‫‪10332‬‬ ‫‪772‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪2004‬‬
‫‪49140‬‬ ‫‪1755‬‬ ‫‪1197‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪2005‬‬
‫‪38304‬‬ ‫‪1408‬‬ ‫‪1828‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪2006‬‬
‫‪12656‬‬ ‫‪452‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪2007‬‬
‫‪868‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2008‬‬