Cellular Networks Lab Manual TE E&TC

Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s

College of Engineering, Pune
Karve Nagar, Pune-411 052

Department of Electronics &

Telecommunication Engineering

Lab Manual

Cellular Networks
304192
Prepared by,
Ms. H. N. Burande
Ms. R. R. Malekar

Preface

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Our modern way of life is critically dependent on wireless and mobile networking
technology which enables citizens to communicate with each other and access all
types of information and services from anywhere anytime. To meet the growing
demand and diversified requirements of new applications and services, wireless
networking technology has advanced at a rapid pace in recent years introducing
many new features and concepts. These developments range from adding new
features to previous versions of the technology to developing completely new
paradigms for wireless networking. While the next generation students need to
gain a good understanding of these latest developments, it is rare to find a text
that covers them in a compact form. This book fills this gap by covering not only
the latest developments in Bluetooth, WiFi, and Cellular networks, but also the
emerging wireless networking paradigms including Internet of Things (IoT)
networking with LoRa, Artificial Intelligence (AI) assisted wireless networking,
wireless sensing with WiFi and millimeter wave radars, and aerial networking
with drones. Presenting the fundamental wireless concepts in a less
mathematically intensive manner is another key feature of this book, which
makes it accessible to readers from a wide range of backgrounds.

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T.E. –E&TC

PROGRAMS OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

2. Problem Analysis: Identity, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design / development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research – based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

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7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Course Outcomes
A. Course Outcomes:

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Course Statement
Outcome
At the end of the course, a student will be able to:

304192 .1 Outline of fundamentals of wireless communications

304192.2 Outline of OFDM and MIMO concepts.

304192.3 Demonstrate the concept of the cellular network and construct cellular radio system
design

304192.4 Summarize aspects of wireless system planning and relate it with Tele-traffic theory

304192.5 Compare 4G LTE and 5G technologies.

304192.6 Relate different issues in performance analysis

B. CO-PO mapping
Course Program outcomes
Outcome
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

304192 .1
2 2 - - 1 - - - 1 1 - -

304192.2
2 1 - - 1 - - - 1 1 - -

304192.3
2 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 - -

304192.4
2 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 - -

304192.5
2 1 - - - - - - - 2 - 1

304192.6
2 2 1 1 - - - - 1 - -

Average 2.00 1.33 1.00 1.00 1.00 -- -- - 1.00 1.17 - 1.00

C. CO-PSO mapping:

Program Specific Outcomes

Course
Outcome 1 2 3

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304192 .1 - 2 -
304192.2 - 2 -
304192.3 - 2 -
304192.4 - 2 -
304192.5 - 1 -
304192.6 - 1 -

Average - 1.67 -

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INDEX

Sr. Experiment Page Date of Date of CAS Signature

No. conduction completion of Faculty

1 Compute and compare the

median loss by employing the
Hata model for various
distances for carrier
frequencies of 2.1 GHz and 6
GHz. Assume transmit and
receive antenna heights of 40
m and 2 m in a large city. Plot
the graph of path loss vs
distance.

2 Simulate BER performance

over a Rayleigh fading
wireless channel with BPSK
transmission for SNR: 0 to 50
dB

3 Simulate BER performance

over a wireline AWGN
channel with BPSK
transmission for SNR: 0 to 50
dB

4 Estimate fading channel

coefficient in AWGN for
given transmitted pilot
symbols and received outputs
across the standard Rayleigh
fading wireless channel
(Single Rx/Tx antenna).

5 Compute the RMS delay

spread for a given Power
profile and plot the graph of
Power vs Delay.

6 Perform a Link-Budget
analysis for a wireless

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communication system.

7 Simulate BER performance of

multi-antenna Rayleigh
channel for SNR varying from
0 to 60 dB.

8 Number of users calculations

9 Implementation of LAN using

Cisco Packet Tracer
demonstrating client-server
and peer to peer mode of
configuration.

10 Compute doppler shift of the

received signal for a different
carrier frequency of mobile
generations by considering the
vehicle is moving at 60 miles
per hour at an angle of 30
degrees with the line joining
the base station.

CERTIFICATE
Certified that Mr./Ms._______________________________________ of Class TE Electrical
Engineering Roll No.__________ has completed the Tutorial work in the subject Power
System II (304192) during the academic year 2022-23 Sem II.

Signature of the Faculty Signature of Head of the Department

Date:

Cellular Networks Lab (304196)

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Practicals: 2Hrs/week Examination Scheme: OR:50 Marks

List of Experiments
Sr. No. Title of Experiment
Compute and compare the median loss by employing the Hata model for various distances
1 for carrier frequencies of 2.1 GHz and 6 GHz. Assume transmit and receive antenna
heights of 40 m and 2 m in a large city. Plot the graph of path loss vs distance.

Simulate BER performance over a Rayleigh fading wireless channel with BPSK
2
transmission for SNR: 0 to 50 dB

Simulate BER performance over a wireline AWGN channel with BPSK transmission for
3
SNR: 0 to 50 dB

Estimate fading channel coefficient in AWGN for given transmitted pilot symbols and
4 received outputs across the standard Rayleigh fading wireless channel (Single Rx/Tx
antenna).

Compute the RMS delay spread for a given Power profile and plot the graph of Power vs
5
Delay.

6 Perform a Link-Budget analysis for a wireless communication system.

Simulate BER performance of multi-antenna Rayleigh channel for SNR varying from 0 to
7
60 dB.

8 Number of users calculations

Implementation of LAN using Cisco Packet Tracer demonstrating client-server and peer to
9
peer mode of configuration.

Compute doppler shift of the received signal for a different carrier frequency of mobile
10 generations by considering the vehicle is moving at 60 miles per hour at an angle of 30
degrees with the line joining the base station.

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Experiment No. 1
Aim : Write a program to measure bit error rate in presence of Hata propagation model

Resources required/Apparatus: PC with MATLAB

Theory: In order to plan the installation and deployment of a wireless network, one needs to
characterize the performance of the communication system in terms of the transmitted power and
total load in terms of users that can be supported by the network. Link-budget of wireless link is
a systematic listing of power losses and gains of different intermediate components in the
transceiver chain.
Hata Model

The Hata model is a popular model for signal strength prediction proposed initially by the
Japanese engineer Masaharu Hata in his 1980 paper titled “ Empirical Formula for Propagation
Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services “. The Hata model presents an analytical approximation for
the graphical-information based on another Okumura model. Parameters required for simulations
:
Hbts= Height measured from the base of the BTS tower to the radiation centerline
Tbts = Terrain elevation at the location of the BTS
Htav= Height of the average terrain (from 3 Km to 15 km distance from the BTS)
Hm=Height of the mobile antenna in meters
f= Range of frequencies in MHz
d=Range of Tx-Rx separation distances in Kilometers
Pt = Power transmitted by the BTS antenna in Watts
Gt= BTS antenna gain in dBi
Hb= Hbts+ Tbts - Htav = Effective Height of the BTS antenna in meters
models =
Big City (Urban model
aHm=3.2*(log10(11.75*Hm))^2-4.97;
C=0
Small & Medium City (Urban model)

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aHm = (1.1*log10(f)-0.7)*Hm-(1.56*log10(f)-0.8);
Sub-urban environment
aHm = (1.1*log10(f)-0.7)*Hm-(1.56*log10(f)-0.8);
C=-2*(log10(f/28))^2-5.4;
Open Rural environment
aHm = (1.1*log10(f)-0.7)*Hm-(1.56*log10(f)-0.8);
C=-4.78*(log10(f))^2+18.33*log10(f)-40.98;
A = 69.55 + 26.16*log10(f) - 13.82*log10(Hb)-aHm;
B = 44.9 - 6.55*log10(Hb);

Path Loss (dB)=PL=A+B*log10(d)+C;

Received Signal Level(dB) =Pr = 10*log10(Pt*1000)+Gt-PL

Conclusion:

Write answers in brief to following questions

Que 1: Write expression for net signal power at the receiver?

Que 2 : Derive an expression of received power for Free space propagation model ?

Que 3 : What is meant by Small Scale Fading ?

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Experiment No. 2
Aim: Write a program to simulate experiment on GMSK/QPSK/QAM modulation over
AWGN to evaluate Bit error rate

Resources required/Apparatus: PC with MATLAB

Theory:

The move to digital modulation provides more information capacity, compatibility with digital
data services, higher data security, better quality communications and quicker system
availability. Developers of communication systems face following constraints:
1. available bandwidth
2. permissible power and
3. inherent noise level of the system
The RF spectrum must be shared, yet everyday there are more users for this spectrum as demand
for communication services increases. Digital modulation schemes have greater capacity to
convey large amounts of information than analog modulation schemes.
Phase shift keying (PSK) involves the switching of the instantaneous phase of the carrier
between 2 or more levels according to the baseband digital data. A MATLAB script to generate
Binary PSK is given below:

Transmitter:

For the QPSK modulation, a series of binary input message bits are generated. In QPSK, a
symbol contains 2 bits. The generated binary bits are combined in terms of two bits and QPSK
symbols are generated. From the constellation of QPSK modulation the symbol ‘00’ is
represented by 1, ‘01’ by j (90 degrees phase rotation), ‘10’ by -1 (180 degrees phase rotation)
and ‘11’ by -j (270 degrees phase rotation). In another form of QPSK, these phase rotations are
offset by 45 degrees. So the effective representation of symbols in this form of QPSK is ‘00’=1+j
(45 degrees), ’01′=-1+j (135 degrees), ‘10’ = -1-j (225 degrees) and ‘11’= 1-j (315 degrees).
Here we are simulating a 45* rotated QPSK system. Once the symbols are mapped, the power of
the QPSK modulated signal needs to be normalized by 1/sqrt(2).

For the channel model “randn” function in Matlab is used to generate the noise term. This
function generates noise with unit variance and zero mean. In order to generate a noise with
standard deviation - σ for the given Eb/N0 ratio, use the above equation, find σ, multiply the
“randn” generated noise with this σ, add this final noise term with the transmitted signal to get
the received signal. For a pi/4 rotated QPSK system, since the modulated signal is in complex
form (due to sine and cosine basis functions),the noise should also be in complex form.

Receiver:

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QPSK receiver employs two threshold detectors that detect real (in phase arm) and imaginary
parts (quadrature arm). The detected signals are sent through a parallel to serial converter
(implemented by “reshape” function in MATLAB).

Conclusion:

Write in brief answers to the following Questions:

Que 1: Comparison of Analog Modulation Schemes with Digital Modulation.
Que 2: Mention theoretical bandwidth efficiency limits for each modulation formats.
Ans :
Modulation Theoretical bandwidth efficiency
format
BPSK 1 bit/sec/Hz
QPSK
8PSK
16-QAM
1024- QAM

Que 3 : List services and features of different generations of cellular networks.

Ans :

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Experiment No. 3
Aim: Simulate BER performance over a wireline AWGN channel with BPSK transmission for
SNR: 0 to 25 dB.

Resources required/Apparatus: PC with MATLAB/Octave

Theory: Digital modulation schemes have greater capacity to convey large amounts of
information than analog modulation schemes. Further, Phase shift keying (PSK) involves the
switching of the instantaneous phase of the carrier between 2 or more levels according to the
baseband digital data. The medium between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna is
termed as channel. In wireless transmission, the characteristics of the signal change as it travels
from the transmitter to the receiver. The signal characteristics are due to several phenomena:

1) existence of line of sight path between the antennas

2) reflection, refraction and diffraction of the signal due to the objects in between the antennas
3) The relative motion between the transmitter and receiver and the objects in between them
4) The signal attenuation as it travels through the medium
5) Noise
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Algorithm: Simulate BER performance over a wireline AWGN channel with BPSK
transmission for SNR: 0 to 50 dB.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Input: Value of SNR

Output: Plot the graph of Bit Error Rate vs SNR

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Initialize all the parameters with values

2. Compute Bit error Rate

3. Plot Graph of Bit Error Rate vs SNR

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Conclusion:

Write in brief answers to the following Questions:

Que 1: Performance comparison of Digital Modulation techniques
Que 2: List prime goals of a communication design engineer

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Experiment No. 4

Aim: Simulate BER performance over a wireline AWGN channel with BPSK transmission for
SNR: 0 to 25 dB.

Resources required/Apparatus: PC with MATLAB/Octave

Theory: Digital modulation schemes have greater capacity to convey large amounts of
information than analog modulation schemes. Further, Phase shift keying (PSK) involves the
switching of the instantaneous phase of the carrier between 2 or more levels according to the
baseband digital data. The medium between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna is
termed a channel. In wireless transmission, the characteristics of the signal change as it travels
from the transmitter to the receiver. The signal characteristics are due to several phenomena:

1) existence of line of sight path between the antennas

2) reflection, refraction and diffraction of the signal due to the objects in between the antennas
3) The relative motion between the transmitter and receiver and the objects in between them
4) The signal attenuation as it travels through the medium
5) Noise
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Algorithm: Simulate BER performance over a wireline AWGN channel with BPSK
transmission for SNR: 0 to 50 dB.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Input: Value of SNR

Output: Plot the graph of Bit Error Rate vs SNR

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Initialize all the parameters with values

2. Compute Bit error Rate

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3. Plot Graph of Bit Error Rate vs SNR

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Conclusion:

Write in brief answers to the following Questions:

Que 1: Performance comparison of Digital Modulation techniques
Que 2: List prime goals of a communication design engineer

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Experiment No. 5

Aim: Compute the RMS delay spread for a given Power profile and plot the graph of Power vs
Delay.

Resources required/Apparatus: PC with MATLAB/Octave

Theory: In radio systems with low antenna heights, there are often multiple indirect paths
between the transmitter and receiver due to reflections from surrounding objects, in addition to
the direct path when there is line-of-sight. Such multipath propagation is particularly significant
in urban environments, where the sides of buildings and paved road surfaces provide strong
reflections. As a result, the received signal consists of the summation of several components
having various amplitudes, phase angles and directions of arrival.

Figure: Illustration of reflections of various kinds

The resulting spatial variability of signal strength can be viewed as having two regimes:
a) rapid fading which varies over distances of the order of a wavelength due primarily to changes
in phase angles of different signal components.
b) slow fading which varies over larger distances due primarily to changes in shadowing loss by
surrounding objects.
In addition, the various signal components can be Doppler shifted by different amounts due to
the movement of the mobile or of reflecting objects such as vehicles.
The multipath mobile channel can be characterized in terms of its impulse response which varies
at a rate dependent on the speed of the mobile and/or the scatterers. Therefore, a receiver has to
be able to cope with the signal distortion arising from echoes in the channel as well as the rapid
changes in the nature of this distortion. Such characteristics of the mobile radio channel are
described by the power delay profiles and the Doppler spectra which are obtained from wideband
channel sounding measurements.

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Delay Spread
As an electromagnetic wave can travel from the transmitter to the receiver via multiple paths, the
signal can reach the receiver with interference from its own echoes. Delay spread measures the
effect of the time dispersion in multipath channels. Thus, the total power received in a multipath
wireless channel occurs over a spread of time referred to as the delay spread.
Figure shows how a transmitted pulse its received at the receiver with different signal strength as
it travels through a multipath channel with different propagation delays (τ, τ1, τ2).

Figure: Power Delay Profile Example 1

Figure: Power Delay Profile Example 2

Detection of the first arrival peak is not an easy task to do when generating a power delay
profile. Generally, one might think that the first peak corresponds to the maximum peak of the
signal, but this is not necessarily the case. It may be that the peak of maximum energy is not the
first peak, as this can suffer greater attenuation than other arrivals in Non-Line of Sight (NLOS)
situations.
Power Delay Profile is usually supplied as a table of values obtained from empirical data and it
serves as a guidance to system design. Nevertheless, it is not an accurate representation of the
real environment in which the mobile is destined to operate at.
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Power delay profile is a good representation of the average “geometry” of the transmitter, the
receiver, and the reflectors. To quantify “how spread-out” the arriving signals are, we use time
dispersion parameters:
Excess delay: the delay with respect to the first arriving signal (τ )
Maximum excess delay: the excess delay of the latest arriving Multi Path Component (MPC)
Mean excess delay: the “mean” excess delay of all arriving MPC
RMS delay spread: the “standard deviation” of the excess delay of all arriving MPC
In a nutshell, the RMS delay spread indicates the capability of the communication channel
of supporting high data rate communications by implying the probability of performance
degradation which may occur due to the ISI because of multipath signal propagation.
Even though the same signal is transmitted from a single transmission antenna, the signal may go
through various different path. Each of the different path may cause different travel distance if
the signal get reflected by one or more obstacles (like buildings) and in some case different path
may has different physical property of propagation media, so it is highly likely that the signal
traveling through different path would arrive at the receiver antenna at different timing. So if you
send a signal from a transmitter antenna and measure the arrival time at the receiver antenna
which is a certain distance away from the transmitter antenna, you would get multiple different
arrival timing.
In radio systems with low antenna heights, there are often multiple indirect paths between the
transmitter and receiver due to reflections from surrounding objects, in addition to the direct path
when there is line-of-sight. Such multipath propagation is particularly significant in urban
environments, where the sides of buildings and paved road surfaces provide strong reflections.
As a result, the received signal consists of the summation of several components having various
amplitudes, phase angles and directions of arrival.

Figure: Illustration of reflections of various kinds

The resulting spatial variability of signal strength can be viewed as having two regimes:

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a) rapid fading which varies over distances of the order of a wavelength due primarily to
changes in phase angles of different signal components.
b) slow fading which varies over larger distances due primarily to changes in shadowing
loss by surrounding objects.
In addition, the various signal components can be Doppler shifted by different amounts due to
the movement of the mobile or of reflecting objects such as vehicles.
The multipath mobile channel can be characterized in terms of its impulse response which varies
at a rate dependent on the speed of the mobile and/or the scatterers. Therefore, a receiver has to
be able to cope with the signal distortion arising from echoes in the channel as well as the
rapid changes in the nature of this distortion. Such characteristics of the mobile radio
channel are described by the power delay profiles and the Doppler spectra which are
obtained from wideband channel sounding measurements.
Delay Spread
As an electromagnetic wave can travel from the transmitter to the receiver via multiple paths, the
signal can reach the receiver with interference from its own echoes. Delay spread measures the
effect of the time dispersion in multipath channels. Thus, the total power received in a
multipath wireless channel occurs over a spread of time referred to as the delay spread.
Figure shows how a transmitted pulse its received at the receiver with different signal strength as
it travels through a multipath channel with different propagation delays (τ, τ1, τ2).

Figure: Power Delay Profile Example 1

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Figure: Power Delay Profile Example 2

Detection of the first arrival peak is not an easy task to do when generating a power delay
profile. Generally, one might think that the first peak corresponds to the maximum peak of the
signal, but this is not necessarily the case. It may be that the peak of maximum energy is not the
first peak, as this can suffer greater attenuation than other arrivals in Non-Line of Sight (NLOS)
situations.
Power Delay Profile is usually supplied as a table of values obtained from empirical data
and it serves as a guidance to system design. Nevertheless, it is not an accurate representation
of the real environment in which the mobile is destined to operate at.
Power delay profile is a good representation of the average “geometry” of the transmitter, the
receiver, and the reflectors. To quantify “how spread-out” the arriving signals are, we use time
dispersion parameters:
Excess delay: the delay with respect to the first arriving signal (τ )
Maximum excess delay: the excess delay of the latest arriving Multi Path Component (MPC)
Mean excess delay: the “mean” excess delay of all arriving MPC
RMS delay spread: the “standard deviation” of the excess delay of all arriving MPC
In a nutshell, the RMS delay spread indicates the capability of the communication channel of
supporting high data rate communications by implying the probability of performance
degradation which may occur due to the ISI because of multipath signal propagation.
Even though a same signal is transmitted from single transmission antenna, the signal may go
through various different path. Each of the different path may cause different travel distance if
the signal get reflected by one or more obstacles (like buildings) and in some case different path
may has different physical property of propagation media, so it is higly likely that the signal
traveling through different path would arrive at the reciever antenna at different timing. So if you
send a signal from a transmitter antenna and measure the arrival time at the reciever antenna

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which is a certain distance away from the transmitter antenna, you would get multiple different
arrival timing.
If you plot those arrival timing on the axis of time, you would see a certain variation
(spread) of those values. This spread is called 'Delay Spread'.
Power delay profile

Figure: (1) Discrete PDP (2) Continuous/exponential PDP

For continuous PDP, the RMS delay spread (τrms) can be calculated as

Knowledge of the delay spread is essential in system design for determining the trade-off
between the symbol rate of the system and the complexity of the equalizers at the receiver. The
ratio of RMS delay spread (τrms ) and symbol time duration (Tsym ) quantifies the strength of
intersymbol interference (ISI). Typically, when the symbol time period is greater than 10 times
the RMS delay spread, no ISI equalizer is needed in the receiver. The RMS delay spread
obtained from the PDP must be compared with the symbol duration to arrive at this conclusion.

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With the power delay profile, one can classify a multipath channel into frequency selective or
frequency non-selective category. The derived parameter, namely, the maximum excess delay
together with the symbol time of each transmitted symbol, can be used to classify the channel
into frequency selective or non-selective channel.
PDP can be used to estimate the average power of a multipath channel, measured from the
first signal that strikes the receiver to the last signal whose power level is above certain
threshold. This threshold is chosen based on receiver design specification and is dependent on
receiver sensitivity and noise floor at the receiver.
Maximum excess delay, also called maximum delay spread, denoted as (Tm), is the relative time
difference between the first signal component arriving at the receiver to the last component
whose power level is above some threshold. Maximum delay spread (Tm) and the symbol time
period (Tsym) can be used to classify a channel into frequency selective or non-selective
category. This classification can also be done using coherence bandwidth (a derived parameter
from spaced frequency correlation function which in turn is the frequency domain representation
of power delay profile).
A channel is classified as frequency selective, if the maximum excess delay is greater than the
symbol time period, i.e, Tm > Tsym. This introduces intersymbol interference into the signal that
is being transmitted, thereby distorting it. This occurs since the signal components (whose
powers are above either a threshold or the maximum excess delay), due to multipath, extend
beyond the symbol time. Intersymbol interference can be mitigated at the receiver by an
equalizer.
On the other hand, if the maximum excess delay is less than the symbol time period, i.e, Tm <
Tsym , the channel is classified as frequency non-selective or zero-mean channel. Here, all the
scattered signal components (whose powers are above either a specified threshold or the
maximum excess delay) due to the multipath, arrive at the receiver within the symbol time. This
will not introduce any ISI, but the received signal is distorted due to inherent channel effects like
SNR condition. Equalizers in the receiver are not needed.

Formulae
∞

∫ ❑ ϕ ( τ ) τ dτ
−∞
Mean delay , τ= ∞

∫ ❑ϕ ( τ ) dτ
−∞

√
∞

∫ ❑ ϕ ( τ ) ( τ−τ )2 dτ
RMS −∞ 1
RMS delay , σ τ = ∞
maximum symbol rate ¿ avoid ISI=
10 ×σ RMS
∫ ❑ϕ ( τ ) dτ τ

−∞

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1
For 0.9 correlation , Coh erance BW = RMS
50 ×σ τ

Consider,
∞ ∞
moment 1= ∫ ❑ ϕ ( τ ) τ dτmoment 2= ∫ ❑ϕ ( τ ) ( τ −τ ) dτ
2

−∞ −∞

Conclusion:

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Experiment No. 6

Title: Perform a Link-Budget analysis for a wireless communication system.

Aim: To perform a Link-Budget analysis for a wireless communication system.

Apparatus: Matlab, PC, Printer

Theory:
Link-budget of a wireless link is a systematic listing of power losses and gains of
different intermediate components in the transceiver chain. The various additive
and negative components for the net signal power at the receiver The + sign
denotes a component which enhances or adds to the received signal strength while
the – sign denotes a component which subtract from the signal strength or SNR.
The final = in the last row denotes the required SNR. Therefore, The link-budget
expression for the SNR required is given as:

SNRreq = Pt ( dB) + Gt ( dB) − L50 ( dB) − M dB + Gr ( dB) − Lc

( dB) − (N + 1) (dB)

Therefore, the above expression can be recast to compute the required transmit
power as
Pt ( dB) = SNRreq − Gt ( dB) + L50 ( dB) + M dB − Gr ( dB) + Lc (
dB) + (N + 1) dB

Components of a typical wireless-link budget

Additive(+)/Negative(−) Component Symbol
+ Transmitter power Pt
+ Transmit-antenna gain Gt
− Median-link-propagation loss L50
− Margin M dB
+ Mobile-receive antenna gain Gr
− Cabling losses Lc
− Receiver (noise + interference) N + I
= Required SNR SNRreq
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Conclusion:

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Experiment No. 7

Title: Simulate BER performance of multi-antenna Rayleigh channel for SNR varying from
0 to 60 dB.

Aim: Simulate BER performance of multi-antenna Rayleigh channel for SNR varying from
0 to 60 dB.

Apparatus: Matlab, PC, Printer

Theory: MIMO System

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless communications employ multiple antennas at

the transmitter and the receiver. MIMO can be employed to increase the reliability of the signal
through diversity combining. This leads to diversity gain and a net decrease in the bit-error rate
of the wireless communication system.
MIMO wireless systems are that they enable a several-fold increase in the data rate of the
wireless communication system by transmitting several information streams in parallel. This is
termed spatial multiplexing. This can be thought of as transmitting multiple parallel streams in
space through different spatial modes

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Conclusion:

FAQ:
1. Explain the MIMO system with the help of Schematic.
2. Draw and explain the MIMO- OFDM transmitter.
3. Draw and explain the MIMO- OFDM receiver.

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Experiment No. 8
Title: Simulate a cellular system with 48 channels per cell and a blocking
probability of 2%. Assume traffic per user is 0.04 E. What is the number of users
that can be supported in a city of 603 km2 area if cell radius are changed in the
steps of 500 m, 700m, 900 m, 1000 m, 1200 m, and 1500 m.

Apparatus: Matlab, PC and Printer

Theory:
For N = 48 channels and blocking probability PB = 0.02, it can be seen that the
net offered load or supported traffic is given as A = 38.4 E. Also, since the total
traffic A = NA0, we have

N=A/A0=38.4/0.02=960
Further, from Figure 8.9, it can be seen that the area of a typical hexagonal cell of
radius 1 km is given as

Cell area = 6 × 1 × 1/√3 = 3.46 km .

Figure 8.9 Cell

Therefore, the number of cells that are required to cover the entire city is given as

Number of cells = city area/cell area =603/3.46=174

Therefore, the total number of users that can be
supported by the cellular provider is given as Number of
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users supported = Number of cells × Number of users per

cell ≈ 174 × 960 = 167, 040

Thus, approximately 167,040 users can be supported by the cellular service

provider in the given city for the desired blocking probability of 2%.

Conclusion:

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Experiment No. 9

Title: Implementation of LAN using Cisco Packet Tracer demonstrating client-server and
peer to peer mode of configuration.

PROBLEM STATEMENT: Setup a wired LAN using Layer 2 Switch for two
computers. It includes preparation of cable, testing of cable using line tester,
configuration machine using IP addresses, testing using PING utility.

PREREQUISITES: Knowledge of Wired and wireless media, networking devices and

protocols.

THEORY:
To implement the cross-wired cable and straight through cable using

crimping tool. Components: RJ-45 connector, Crimping Tool, Twisted pair

Cable

Network Hardware Devices:

Switch:

A switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects multiple

nodes together. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3
and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches. The basic
function that any switch is supposed to perform is to receive information from any
source connected to it and dispatch that information to the appropriate destination only.

Access point:
Wireless access points (APs or WAPs) are special-purpose communication devices on
Wireless

Access LAN (WLAN). Access points act as a central transmitter and receiver of
wireless radio signals.

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Configuring Access Point:

● Enable/Disable: Enables or disables the device’s wireless access point functions.

● SSID: The Service Set Identifier used to identify the network. Most access points
have
well-known defaults.
● Allow broadcast SSID to associate? Disables the access point’s periodic
broadcast of the SSID. Normally, the access point regularly broadcasts its SSID
so that wireless devices that come within range can detect the network and join
in. For a more secure network, we can disable this function. Then, a wireless
client must already know the network’s SSID in order to join the network.
● Channel: Lets we select one of 11 channels on which to broadcast. All the
access points and computers in the wireless network should use the same
channel. We may be experiencing interference from a cordless phone or other
wireless device operating on the same channel.
● WEP — Mandatory or Disable: Lets you use a security protocol called wired
equivalent
privacy.
● Take a wireless device for connecting multiple nodes (Access point or wifi router).
● Access the AP from any remote machine.
● Configure access point by giving suitable password and network name.
● Add multiple node’s MAC address (48 bit) in Wireless MAC Filter provided in
Wireless
Field.
● Save the settings.

Required Equipment for LAN

1. Two or Three PCs (with Linux OS).

2. PC’s should be equipped with Network Interface Cards.
3. One switch/Access point.
4. Cables.
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Set-up a LAN

a. First, determine which cables are necessary for the available hardware
b. Insert one end of the cable into the Switch and the other end of the cable into the host
computer.
c. Connect all host computers to the Switch and configure the IP address to every host.
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3

Host set-up (e.g. IP address and netmask) using ifconfig

a. Boot each host machine and log on with your user-name.

b. open Network connections and assign IP address, mask address for all the hosts
c. Check network interface settings using ifconfig # ifconfig –a
d. Verify that eth0 exists on each host by checking the output from above
e. Verify communication among the machines by using the ping command.
# ping 192.168.1.2.

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Experiment No. 10

Doppler Shift
Title: Compute doppler shift of the received signal for different carrier frequency of mobile
generations by considering vehicle is moving at 60 miles per hour at an angle of 30 degree with
the line joining the base station.

Aim: Compute doppler shift of the received signal for different carrier frequency of mobile
generations by considering vehicle is moving at 60 miles per hour at an angle of 30 degree with
the line joining the base station.

Apparatus: Matlab, PC, Printer

Theory:

Matlab Code:
clc;
clear all;
speed_miles=60; % Given Speed in miles per hour
speed_km=60*1.6; % conversion to km per hour
speed_meter_per_sec=speed_km*(5/18); % conversion to m/s
c=3*(10^8); %speed of light in m/s

fd=(speed_meter_per_sec/c)*cos(pi/6)*(1850*10^6); % Doppler Shift frequency

display(fd);

Result:
fd = 142.41 (In Hz)

Conclusion:

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Experiment No. 11

Aim: To understand the handoff mechanism in VLAB

Objectives: To study the effect of handover threshold and margin on SINR and call drop
probability and handoff probability.

Theory: Consider the figure below Initially say the mobile M is quite close to the base station
A and hence receives signal strength from A= . As the mobile moves away from the
base station. A and goes towards B then the signal strength from A keeps falling(pathloss
increases).Let there be a minimum sensibility level . for the mobile, i.e. if the signal from
the B.S.to which the mobile is connected falls below then the call drops. In order to prevent
call drop the mobile monitors receive signal strength from the neighboring 3-6 B.S.. These
neighboring 3-6 B.S. also monitor Rx signal strength from the M.S.

The mobile should get connected to B.S. which has the highest signal strength. However if the
M.S.continuously attaches itself to the B.S. with instantaneous height signal strength then the
h/o rate may very high in server condition.

Conclusion:

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Experiment No. 12

Aim: Simulate the OFDM system and evaluate frame error rate against SNR

Equipment: PC with MATLAB/ Octave, PC and Printer

Theory: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) forms the basis for 4G, i.e.,
Fourth Generation wireless communication systems. OFDM is used in 4G wireless cellular
standards such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access). OFDM is a key broadband wireless technology which supports data rates in
excess of 100 Mbps. Similarly, the wireless local area (LAN) standards such as 802.11 a/g/n are
based on OFDM.
An OFDM system is defined by IFFT/FFT length – N, the underlying modulation technique
(BPSK/QPSK/QAM), supported data rate, etc. The FFT/IFFT length N defines the number of
total subcarriers present in the OFDM system.
IEEE 802.11 standard [IEEE80211] specifies the following parameters for its OFDM physical
layer. FFT/IFFT size = 64 (implies 64 subcarriers in total = used + unused = NFFT ) Number of
data subcarriers = 48 (Nd) Number of pilot subcarriers = 4 (Np) Derived parameters from the
above specification are: Number of total USED subcarriers = 52 (Nu = Nd+ Np) Number of total
UNUSED subcarriers = 12 (Nun = NFFT – Nu). According to the spec, these 52 used subcarriers
are distributed in the following way. The 52 used subcarriers are named as 1, 2, 3… 26 and -1, -
2, -3… -26. The used subcarriers 1 to 26 are mapped to 1 to 26 of IFFT inputs and the
subcarriers -1,-2, ..., -26 are mapped to the IFFT inputs 38 to 63. The remaining IFFT inputs 27
to 37 and the input 0 (dc input) are set to “0”. In this manner the 12 null subcarriers are mapped
to IFFT inputs. The OFDM transmitter & receiver system which will be simulated in this
experiment is as shown in fig 7.1

Fig. OFDM Transmitter & Receiver System

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Arrangement of subcarriers: The IEEE 802.11 specification specifies how to arrange the given
subcarriers. The 52 used subcarriers (data + pilot) are assigned numbers from -26,-25, …,-2,-1 and 1,2,
…,25,26. The following figure illustrates the scheme of assigning these subcarriers to the IFFT inputs.

Fig: Arrangement of subcarriers

For simulation consider IEEE 802.11 standard [IEEE80211] which specifies the following parameters
for its OFDM physical layer.
FFT/IFFT size = 64 (implies 64 subcarriers in total = used + unused = NFFT )
Number of data subcarriers = 48 (Nd)
Number of pilot subcarriers = 4 (Np)
Derived parameters from the above specification are:
Number of total USED subcarriers = 52 (Nu = Nd+ Np)
Number of total UNUSED subcarriers = 12 (Nun = NFFT – Nu).

Conclusion:

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Experiment No. 13

Aim : Program to implement OFDM and evaluate frame error rate against SNR

Resources required/Apparatus: PC with MATLAB

Theory:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM):

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) stands at the forefront of modern wireless
communication, reshaping the landscape of data transmission across a large number of
applications. This digital modulation technique has become a linchpin in technologies like Wi-Fi,
LTE, and digital broadcasting, owing to its remarkable efficiency and resilience in challenging
signal environments. At its core, OFDM's innovation lies in the division of the available
frequency spectrum into a multitude of orthogonal subcarriers. These subcarriers, each spaced
precisely apart, facilitate simultaneous data transmission, making OFDM a potent solution for
achieving high data rates.

One of the key features of OFDM is its adeptness at handling frequency-selective fading and
mitigating intersymbol interference. This is achieved through the strategic use of the Inverse Fast
Fourier Transform (IFFT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in the transmitter and receiver,
respectively. The IFFT maps data into the time domain before transmission, while the FFT at the
receiver efficiently brings the signal back to the frequency domain for demodulation.

A crucial aspect of OFDM's robustness is the incorporation of a Cyclic Prefix (CP) in each
transmitted symbol. This prefix guards against the effects of multipath propagation, providing a
cushion against delays and reflections. The guard interval, comprising the CP and a portion of
the symbol, effectively reduces intersymbol interference, ensuring reliable communication in
diverse channel conditions.

OFDM's adaptability is evident in its utilization of different modulation schemes such as Binary
Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). This flexibility
allows it to cater to varying communication standards and diverse application requirements.

The advantages of OFDM are numerous. Its ability to efficiently use the available frequency
spectrum results in high spectral efficiency and enables the transmission of large volumes of
data. Moreover, OFDM's resilience to multipath fading makes it a preferred choice for wireless
communication in environments where signal reflections and delays are common.
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As we navigate the era of data-intensive applications, OFDM remains a cornerstone technology,

meeting the escalating demands for speed, reliability, and adaptability in wireless
communication. Its impact reverberates across the digital landscape, ensuring that we stay
seamlessly connected in an ever-evolving technological ecosystem.

Conclusion:

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