GENDER

Wednesday, 3 April 2024 10:15 pm

 SEX vs GENDER

⚫ Sex - biological/physical
- endowed by nature at brith
 How many sex are there?
- FEMALE
- MALE
- INTERSEX
- OTHERS

⚫ MAMAWA
 MEN ARE MEN AND WOMEN ARE WOMEN
- Views SEX on CORE or INNATE differences
- example: Genetic makeup, hormones, anatomy, biological capabilities

⚫ GENDER
 EMOTIONAL / BEHAVIORAL / SOCIAL
- Attitude, feeling, and behavior
associated by an individual &
culture to a person’s sex

GENDER IDENTITY vs SEXUAL ORIENTATION

⚫ GENDER IDENTITY
 INTERNAL AWARENESS on where an individual belongs in the masculine or feminine categories

 Cisgender
 Genderqueer
 Transgender
 Gender Fluid

► CISGENDER
- “ cis ” is a Latin prefix that means “ on this side ”
- identifies with the sex assigned at birth

► GENDERQUEER
- binary conceptualization of gender DOES NOT ACCURATELY DESCRIBE AN INDIVIDUAL’ s gendered outlook

► TRANSGENDER
- transitioning
- Female to Man (FtM) -
Transgender Man
- Male to Female (MtF) -
Transgender Woman

► GENDER FLUID
- gender identity changes from time to time

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 - gender identity changes from time to time

⚫ SEXUAL ORIENTATION
 DIRECTION of one’s SEXUAL & ROMANTIC INTERESTS

 Heterosexual
 Homosexual
 Bisexual
 Queer
 Asexual

► HETEROSEXUAL
- “hetero ” means “different” or “ other ”
- attracted to the OPPOSITE sex

► HOMOSEXUAL
- “homos ” means “ same ” attracted to the SAME sex
- umbrella term for GAY, LESBIAN

► BISEXUAL
- “bi” meaning “two ”
- attracted to both male and female

► QUEER
- attracted to people who do not clearly identify with a certain binary gender

► ASEXUAL
- absence of PHYSICAL or SEXUAL attraction
- is a spectrum
- Do not engage in PHYSICAL SEXUAL ACTS

► PANSEXUAL
- Attracted to ANY and ALL
- Does not look at a person’sgender identity or sexual orientation

⚫ FEMINISM (feminist - people who support feminism)

 GENDER EQUALITY
- Equal rights and opportunity, respect, absence of discrimination

 COMMON MISCONCEPTION - For FEMALES ONLY

 FEMINISM = FOR ALL GENDERS

FEMINISM
- female discrimination
- toxic masculinity
- LGBTQA++

❖ WAVES OF FEMINISM

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 FIRSTWAVE
- Suffrage Women ’ s Right to Vote
◊ Suffragist - people who fought for women's right to vote

 SECONDWAVE
- EQUAL PAY EDUCATION

 THIRDWAVE
- ANTI-DISCRIMINATION
- NON-CONFORMITY
- PATRIARCHY

 FOURTHWAVE
- SOCIAL MEDIA #MeToo Movement

◊ #MeToo Movement
- VICTIMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE
RAPE CULTURE

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GENDER LENSES
Wednesday, 3 April 2024 11:24 pm

 GENDER LENSES

 ANDROCENTRISM
 GENDER POLARIZATION
 ESSENTIALISM/BIOLOGICAL ESSENTIALISM

⚫ GENDER LENSES
- different perspectives on how people see gender

⚫ ANDROCENTRISM
- "ANRO” means male
- “CENTRISM’’ means center

 HOW DOES IT VIEW GENDER?

- Men is a gender-neutral standard
- Women defined gender specific
- Male dominance

⚫ GENDER POLARIZATION
- “POLARIZATION” means dividing
- Feminity and masculinity is polar opposite

 HOW DOES IT VIEW GENDER?

- Male behaviors and attitudes are not seen as appropriate for women and vise versa

⚫ ESSENTIALISM
- Biological destiny
- Innate characteristics

 HOW DOES IT VIEW GENDER?

- Gender is discrete and dichotomous social category

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INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOME THEORY
Wednesday, 3 April 2024 11:26 pm

 INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOME THEORY

 Institution
- an established organizations or practices in society that are built around specific purposes, functions or objectives.
 THEORY
- - the general principles that can be used to make meaning of the world around us.

⚫ Institutional Theory
- helps define rules and regulations in an organization.
- legitimacy

⚫ FEMINIST INSTITUTIONALISM
- how institutions are gendered - how their formal and informal rules play a part in shaping political life.
 UNDERREPRESENTATION
- law, politics, religion, state and the economy have historically been developed by men
- women are underrepresented in government institutions

⚫ HOMOSEXUAL CAPITAL
- promotes clear distinctions between women and men through segregation in social institutions

❖ Two forms of Homosocial Capital

 Bonding Capital
- the trust that is developed between members of a particular groups
 Bridging Capital
- the trust that is developed between members of different groups

❖ Bjarnegard’s Resources
 Instrumental resources
- refer to a person’s position within society before they enter the political realm.
 Expressive Resources
- refers to the gender of the individual and the roles that this plays in the accumulation of homosocial capital

⚫ Power Imbalance between the Genders

- the unequal distribution of power
- rooted in social and political
example: “women have been less holding power to the areas of economics, budget and management.”

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GENDER CONFLICT THEORY
Wednesday, 3 April 2024 11:27 pm

 GENDER CONFLICT THEORY

 GENDER CONFLICT
- gender inequality, power dynamics, societal conflicts.
- Example: unequal pay, limited opportunities, gender
stereotypes

⚫ SOCIOLOGY
- explores gender conflict in society.
- Harriet Martineau

⚫ DOMINANT GENDER IDEOLOGY

- traditional beliefs about binary gender roles.
EX.
1. PATRIARTCHY
2. MATRIARTCY

⚫ MARGINALIZATION
- exclusion, discrimination, and oppression based on
gender.
- Example: gender pay gap

⚫ MULTI-CULTURALISM
- recognition, respect, and inclusion of diverse genders.
- Example: gender fluidity

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MULTICULTURISM
Wednesday, 3 April 2024 11:27 pm

 MULTICULTURISM
- Recognition of diverse cultural perspective and framework analyzing

❖ FIVE CONCEPST OF MULTICULTURALISM

 RECOGNITION OF DIVERSITY
 INTERSECTIONALITY
 CULTURAL RELATIVISM
 CHALLENGES TO WESTERN - CENTRIC PERSPECTIVES
 PRIORITY OF DIALOGUE AND UNDERSTANDING

► RECOGNITION OF DIVERSITY
- Composed of unique beliefs, values and norms regarding their gender
❖ FIVE ASPECTS OF RECOGNITION DIVERSITY

 Cultural variations in gender norms

 Impact of cultural beliefs and values
 Cultural practices and traditions
 Experiences of gender based violence
 Intersection of gender and other identities

► INTERSECTIONALITY
- recognizes that individuals hold multiple societies

► CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- recognizing that may be considered oppressive or empowering

► CHALLENGES TO WESTERN - CENTRIC PERSPECTIVES

- Challenges the dominance of western - centric perspectives in feminist discourse

► PRIORITY OF DIALOGUE AND UNDERSTANDING

- Among individuals and groups with diverse cultural backgrounds

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STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL THEORY
Wednesday, 3 April 2024 11:27 pm

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL THEORY

⚫ STRUCTURE vs FUNCTION
 Social Structure
Routine/pattern of Interaction.
 Social Function
- Acts/Processes
- Equilibrium

⚫ Structural Functional Theory

- Focuses on Social Structure and Function
- Aims for Stability and Solidarity

❖ Influencing Factor Affecting Social Function

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❖ Influencing Factor Affecting Social Function
 Influence 1 Genetics/Biological
 Influence 2 Movies/Books/Social Media
 Influence 3 Culture/Norms
 Influence 4 Model Prestige

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CRITICAL THEORY OF GENDER
Wednesday, 3 April 2024 11:28 pm

 CRITICAL THEORY OF GENDER

⚫ Intersections of Gender
- Understanding how aspects of individual and collective
identity.

⚫ Deconstructive Theory
- Gender shaped by society, distinct from biological sex.

⚫ System of Oppression
- Intentional favoritism toward dominant group and
disadvantaging others.

 Gender Oppression
- Theories of gender differences and gender inequality.

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- Theories of gender differences and gender inequality.

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