Dear students, FLASH NOTES

FOR UPSC PRELIMS

The “Flash Notes for Dominate Prelims”

on Space Tech is your one-stop solution
to mastering one of the most dynamic and
frequently tested areas in UPSC Prelims
With a deep dive into 120+ PYQs (2015–2024), this book
deciphers India’s space missions, global collaborations,
astronomical phenomena, and emerging trends in space
technology—all in a structured and revision-friendly
format.

This book meticulously covers ISRO’s flagship programs,

from Chandrayaan, Aditya-L1, Gaganyaan, and XPoSat,
to cutting-edge advancements like Reusable Launch
Vehicles, Semi-Cryogenic Engines, and AI-powered
Space Telescopes. Alongside India’s achievements,
it also provides detailed insights into global projects,
such as NASA-ISRO’s NISAR, ESA’s Proba-3 Mission,
and international space collaborations, ensuring a
360-degree perspective on space technology.

A special focus has been placed on Microtheme Analysis,

identifying patterns in previous UPSC Prelims questions
and spotlighting high-yield areas such as Lagrange
Points, Space Weather, Exoplanets, and Space-based
Defense Systems. The book also includes in-depth
discussions on frequently asked topics like Coronal Mass
Ejections, Solar Flares, Space Debris Mitigation, and
Astrobiology, ensuring complete exam readiness.

With structured tables, crisp explanations, and quick-

recall summaries, this book is tailored for efficient
revision. Whether tackling orbital mechanics or staying
updated on India’s private space sector, this book equips
you with exam-focused insights to stay ahead.

Drop in your comments and

suggestions to us at [email protected]

Best,
Civilsdaily IAS’ Dominate Prelims Team

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 2
 Prelims PYQs Microthemes Distribution
24 Question Count
2010-2024

Souce: CD PYQ Microtheme Tool

The concept: Microthemes

Microthemes are recurring patterns observed in the last 20
in Space Technology:
years 1.
of UPSC Prelims papers. These represent predictable, high-yield areas
SpaceXTheory
and should be your
2. Space Priority
Program 1. Focus on them specifically, as you should
X Intl
expect questions from these topics. Only move on to other topics after you
3. Space ProgramXIND
have thoroughly mastered the Microthemes.

Microtheme 1: SpaceXTheory
These Flash Notes simplified complex UPSC Syllabus
into microthemes, making my Prelims journey
Question 1 (2024): efficient and result-oriented—highly recommended
for every aspirant!
Consider the following statements: - AIR 2, Animesh Pradhan

Statement I: Giant stars live much longer than dwarf stars.

Statement II: Compared to dwarf stars, giant stars have a greater rate of nuclear reactions.

With Flash
WhichNotes,
oneI could pinpoint
of the Crisp,
high- is correct in respect of the
following focused,
above and packed with microtheme
statements?
yield microthemes and streamline my insights—Flash Notes transformed how you
revision, making Prelims prep smarter, approach Prelims, ensuring clarity on First-priority
not harder!
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and topics.
Statement II explains Statement I
- IRMS, Sreelaxmi KV - AIR 48, Aaditya Pandey
UPSC 2023
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, but Statement II does not explain Statement I
Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 3
(c) Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect
 Table of Contents
Microtheme 1: Space X Theory 6
Sun’s Rotation and its Variation 7
Magnetic behavior of Mars 7
What are Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)? 8
Moon occulting the Antares (Jyeshtha) 9
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Technology 9
Halo Orbit 10
Hanle Dark Sky Reserve 11

Microtheme 2: Space Program X Intl 12

Proba-3 Mission 13
Copernicus EMS 14
How Space Telescopes Work? 14
Ozone found on Jupiter’s moon Callisto 15

Microtheme 3: Space Program X IND 16

Major Developments in India’s Space Sector 17
NISAR Satellite 18
TRISHNA Mission 18
Chandrayaan-4 and Shukrayaan-1 (Venus Orbiter Mission) 18
Earth Observation Satellite: EOS-08 19
August 23rd declared as National Space Day 19
Lal Crater on Mars 20
PraVaHa tool for Aerodynamic Design and Analysis 20
Agnibaan Sub Orbital Technology Demonstrator (SOrTeD) 20
POEM-3: ISRO’s ‘Zero Orbital Debris’ Milestone 21
ISRO’s NICES Programme Combatting Climate Change 21
Chandrayaan-3 Landing Site named as ‘Statio Shiv Shakti’ 21
‘Pushpak’ Reusable Landing Vehicle Landing 22
Multi-purpose app SAKHI to assist Gaganyaan Crew 22
Kulasekarapattinam: ISRO’s New Rocket Launchport 23
4 IAF Gaganyaan Astronaut-designates named 23
PAPA: Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya L1 23
ISRO’s CE20 Cryogenic Engine 24
INSAT-3DS launch: The Naughty Boy of ISRO 24
X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) Mission 25
Prithvi Vigyan Scheme for Earth Sciences 25

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 5
Microtheme 1:
Space X Theory
Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2024] Consider the following 7. Shortwave radio communication of the (c) Direction keeping the polestar to his left.
statements: aircraft flying over polar regions could be (d) Direction keeping the polestar to his right.
Statement I: Giant stars live much longer interrupted.
than dwarf stars. Select the correct answer using the code [UPSC CSE 2011] What is the difference
Statement II: Compared to dwarf stars, giant given below: between asteroids and comets?
stars have a greater rate of nuclear reactions. (a) 1, 2, 4, and 5 only 1. Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while
Which one of the following is correct in (b) 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 only comets are formed of frozen gases held
respect of the above statements? (c) 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 only together by rocky and metallic material.
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 2. Asteroids are found mostly between the
are correct and Statement II explains orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are
Statement I [UPSC CSE 2021] Which one of the found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are following is a reason why astronomical 3. Comets show a perceptible glowing tail,
correct, but Statement II does not explain distances are measured in light-years? while asteroids do not.
Statement I (a) Distances among stellar bodies do not Which of the statements given above is/are
(c) Statement I is correct, but Statement II is change. correct?
incorrect (b) Gravity of stellar bodies does not change. (a) 1 and 2 only
(d) Statement I is incorrect, but Statement (c) Light always travels in a straight line. (b) 1 and 3 only
II is correct (d) Speed of light is always the same. (c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
[UPSC CSE 2023] Consider the following [UPSC CSE 2019] Recently, scientists
pairs: observed the merger of giant ‘black holes’ [UPSC CSE 2009] Which one of the
billions of light-years away from the Earth. following planets has the largest number of
Objects in Description
What is the significance of this observation? natural satellites or moons?
Space
(a) Higgs boson particles were detected. (a) Jupiter
1. Cepheids Giant clouds of dust and (b) Gravitational waves were detected. (b) Mars
gas in space (c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel (c) Saturn
through ‘wormholes’ was confirmed. (d) Venus
2. Nebulae Stars which brighten and (d) It enabled the scientists to understand
dim periodically ‘singularity’. [UPSC CSE 2009] Who of the following
3. Pulsars Neutron stars that are scientists proved that the stars with mass
formed when massive stars [UPSC CSE 2015] The term ‘Goldilocks less than 1.44 times the mass of the Sun end
run out of fuel and collapse Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context up as White Dwarfs when they die?
How many of the above pairs are correctly of: (a) Edwin Hubble
matched? (a) The limits of the habitable zone above the (b) S. Chandrasekhar
(a) Only one surface of the Earth. (c) Stephen Hawking
(b) Only two (b) Regions inside the Earth where shale gas (d) Steven Weinberg
(c) All three is available.
(d) None (c) Search for Earth-like planets in outer
space.
[UPSC CSE 2022] If a major solar storm (d) Search for meteorites containing precious
(solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the metals.
following are the possible effects on the
Earth? [UPSC CSE 2012] A person stood alone in a
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail. desert on a dark night and wanted to reach
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions. his village which was situated 5 km east of
3. Power grids could be damaged. the point where he was standing. He had
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of no instruments to find the direction, but he
the Earth. located the polestar. The most convenient
5. Forest fires could take place over much of way now to reach his village is to walk in the:
the planet. (a) Direction facing the polestar.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. (b) Direction opposite to the polestar.

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 6
Sun’s Rotation and its Variation
• Indian astronomers mapped the variation in the Sun's rotation speed from its
equator to the poles for the first time.
• The study used 100 years of daily solar observations from Kodaikanal Solar
Observatory, Tamil Nadu.
• Chromosphere, a thin plasma layer between the photosphere (visible surface)
and the corona (upper atmosphere), was studied.
• Sun’s equator rotates faster than its poles: 25 days for the equator, 35 days
for the poles.
• Equator rotates at 13.98 degrees/day, while at 80 degrees latitude, it slows to
10.5 degrees/day.
• Used solar plages and network cells from 100 years of records to measure
rotation speeds across latitudes.
- Plages: Brighter regions with weaker magnetic fields, 3-10 times larger
than sunspots, found in the chromosphere.
- Network Cells: Weaker magnetic fields, larger than sunspots but smaller
than sunspot groups, always present on the Sun’s surface.
• Unlike sunspots, plages and network cells help track rotation even at the poles.

Date: 2024-11-06
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/does-the-sun-rotate/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/does-the-sun-rotate/article68832128.ece

Magnetic behavior of Mars

• A study by the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism
(IIG) found that Mars’ magnetic field strength
varies between day and night.
• Mars’ magnetic field is stronger during the day
and nearly absent at night.
• The magnetic field is mostly located in the south-
ern hemisphere, beyond 30°S latitude.
• Magnetic fields are unevenly distributed between
120°E and 240°E.
• The daytime magnetic field affects Mars’ iono-
sphere, impacting future mission communications
and navigation.
• The study used data from the MAVEN satellite,
orbiting Mars since 2014.
• MAVEN’s data on electron density and magnetic
fields helped analyze Mars’ plasma environment.
• Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, larger
only than Mercury.
• Its surface is reddish due to iron oxide, earning it
the name “Red Planet.”
• Mars has a thin atmosphere with craters, valleys,
deserts, and polar ice caps.
• Mars’ rotational period and axial tilt provide simi-
lar days and seasons to Earth.
• It has Olympus Mons, the largest volcano, and Valles Marineris, a massive canyon.
• NASA recently found water frost over Olympus Mons.

Date: 2024-08-30
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/study-reveals-intriguing-magnetic-behavior-on-mars/
Source: https://theprint.in/science/study-reveals-intriguing-magnetic-behavior-on-mars/2244197/

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 7
What are Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)?

• Recently, the Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya L1 (PAPA) detected solar wind impact from Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
• PAPA payload is an energy and mass analyzer designed for in-situ measurements of solar wind electrons and ions in the low energy range.
• CMEs are large expulsions of plasma and magnetic fields from the Sun’s corona into space.
• Occurrence: Varies with the solar cycle, impacting various ground- and space-based technologies, including satellites.
• Effects: Magnetic fields merge between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and geomagnetic field lines, driving geomagnetic storms
and substorms; Substorms cause northern and southern auroras.
• Plasma temperatures range from cold chromospheric material (around 10^4 K) to hot plasma (around 10^7 K).
• Studying CMEs helps assess their impact on Earth’s communication systems, vital for space weather forecasting.
• Aditya-L1 was launched on September 2 2023, successfully by ISRO.
• Orbits around the Lagrangian Point 1 (L1), maintaining a stable position 1.5 million km from Earth in the direction of the Sun.
• Hosts seven payloads dedicated to studying various aspects of the Sun, encompassing both remote observations and in-situ
measurements.

Date: 2024-06-11
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/what-are-coronal-mass-ejections-cmes/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-releases-images-of-sun-captured-by-aditya-l1-during-may-solar-storm/arti-
cle68273124.ece

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 8
Moon occulting the Antares (Jyeshtha)
• Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) captures the
moon passing in front of Antares, a bright red star.
• Moon occasionally occults bright stars like Antares
and planets as it orbits Earth once a month.
• Antares (Jyeshtha) is a red supergiant star, also
known as ‘Alpha Scorpii,’ located in the constellation
of Scorpius.
• Visible in the southern sky during summer months in
the northern hemisphere.
• Often referred to as the “heart of the scorpion” due to
its location within Scorpius constellation and striking
red color.
• Massive star, with a diameter estimated to be around
700 times that of the Sun.
• Relatively low surface temperature compared to other stars, giving it its distinctive red color.
• Approximately 550 light-years away from Earth, making it one of the closest red supergiant stars to our solar system.
• Occultation is total or partial cut-off of light of a celestial body due to its passage behind another body.
• Finest example: solar eclipse, technically a lunar occultation of the sun.

Date: 2024-05-03
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/moon-occulting-the-antares-jyeshtha/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indian-institute-of-astrophysics-releases-video-of-moon-occulting-antares-hiding-occul-
tation/article68128228.ece

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Technology

• ISRO tested a 100 W Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
(PEMFC) on the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM)-3,
launched on January 1, 2024, via PSLV-C58.
• Efficiently converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, water,
and heat.
• Components include Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA), Plat-
inum-based catalyst, Gas Diffusion Layers (GDLs), and Bipolar
Plates.
• Direct fuel-to-electricity conversion offers greater efficiency com-
pared to batteries.
• Produces water as a by-product, usable for onboard consumption
or electrolysis for oxygen generation.
• Ideal for the proposed Indian space station due to its high
efficiency and water production.
• Suitable for long-duration deep space missions, offering reliable
and sustainable power solutions.
• POEM-3 Platform: Designed for testing new space technologies
under real-world orbital conditions.
• ISRO has qualified 10 Ah Silicon–Graphite anode-based high
energy density Li-ion cells, offering a lightweight, cost-effective
alternative to current technologies.

Date: 2024-01-06
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/isro-successful-
ly-tests-polymer-electrolyte-membrane-fuel-cell-in-space/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successful-
ly-tests-polymer-electrolyte-membrane-fuel-cell-on-pslv-c58s-orbit-
al-platform-poem3/article67708743.ece

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 9
Halo Orbit

• ISRO successfully placed the Aditya-L1 spacecraft in a halo orbit around the Lagrangian point (L1).
• Halo orbits are 3D, periodic orbits around Lagrange points in two-body systems like Earth-Sun or Earth-Moon.
• Orbits are associated with L1, L2, and L3 points, balancing gravitational and centrifugal forces.
• Halo orbits offer stable views of Earth and Sun, aiding continuous communication and solar power.
• Unlike 2D orbits, halo orbits form a 3D loop around Lagrange points.
• Spacecraft in L1 and L2 halo orbits require periodic adjustments to maintain trajectory.
• These orbits are energy-efficient, needing minimal propulsion for maintenance.
• James Webb Space Telescope uses a halo orbit around the Earth-Sun L2 point.
• Aditya-L1’s Mission: In a halo orbit around L1, 1.5 million km from Earth, with a 177.86-day orbital period
• Five-year mission to study the sun’s photosphere, chromosphere, and corona, and particles and fields at L1.
• Uninterrupted solar observation for understanding solar activities and space weather.
• Lagrange Points and L1: Allow objects to maintain position relative to two larger bodies.
• L1: 1.5 million km from Earth, is ideal for continuous solar observation.
• Aditya-L1’s Journey: Post-launch, ISTRAC executed four earth-bound maneuvers for higher orbits.
• A crucial maneuver on September 19 started its 110-day journey to L1.

Date: 2024-01-08
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/aditya-l1-successfully-placed-in-a-halo-orbit-around-l1-point/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-aditya-l1-successfully-placed-in-a-halo-orbit-around-l1-point/article67712914.ece

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 10
Hanle Dark Sky Reserve

• Star Party at Hanle is a meeting of amateur astronomers and photographers to observe and capture celestial events.
• Hosted by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) with over 45 enthusiasts from across India attending.
• HDSR, in Changthang, eastern Ladakh, controls light pollution to preserve natural dark skies.
• Covers about 1,073 sq km and houses the Indian Astronomical Observatory, managed by IIA.
• Established to promote astronomy and astrophotography, offering India’s darkest skies.
• Hanle has the world’s second-highest optical telescope, set up by IIA in 2001.
• Its elevation ensures clear skies with minimal atmospheric interference.
• Ideal for observing faint celestial objects due to limited artificial light.
• Dry weather improves visibility, reducing humidity’s impact on observations.

Date: 2024-10-09
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/hanle-dark-sky-reserve-star-party-observed-in-ladakh/
Source: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2063296

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 11
Microtheme 2:
Space Program X Intl

Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2023] Which one of the [UPSC CSE 2014] Which of the following
following countries has its own Satellite pairs is/are correctly matched?
Navigation System?
Spacecraft Purpose
(a) Australia
(b) Canada 1. Cassini- Orbiting Venus and
(c) Israel Huygens transmitting data to the
(d) Japan Earth

[UPSC CSE 2020] “The experiment will 2. Mapping and investigating

employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation Messenger
in the shape of an equilateral triangle that 3. Voyager 1 Exploring the outer solar
has sides one million kilometers long, with and 2 system
lasers shining between the craft.”
The experiment in question refers to: Select the correct answer using the code
(a) Voyager-2 given below:
(b) New Horizons (a) 1 only
(c) LISA Pathfinder (b) 2 and 3 only
(d) Evolved LISA (c) 1 and 3 only
[UPSC CSE 2016] What is ‘Greased (d) 1, 2, and 3
Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?
(a) Electric plane tested by NASA
(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft
designed by Japan
(c) Space observatory launched by China
(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 12
Proba-3 Mission

• India will launch the ESA’s PROBA-3 Mission in December from Sriharikota.
• Uses ISRO’s PSLV rocket to place two satellites in orbit to study the Sun’s corona (outer atmosphere).
• ESA’s first mission for precision formation flying.
• To demonstrate precision flying between two satellites to create an artificial eclipse, revealing views of the Sun’s faint corona.
• Core objective: To create an artificial eclipse by coordinating two satellites, enabling observation of the Sun’s corona, which is typically
obscured by its brightness.
• 2 satellites: Coronagraph spacecraft and Occulter spacecraft (solar-disc-shaped).
• Working: Occulter flies 150 meters apart from Coronagraph, casting its shadow to block direct sunlight, allowing the Coronagraph to image
the faint corona in visible, UV, and polarized light.
• Provides insights into coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which can disrupt satellites and power grids.
• Also measures total solar irradiance, tracking changes in the Sun’s energy output, which may affect Earth’s climate.

Date: 2024-11-07
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/europes-proba-3-mission-to-arrive-in-india/
Source: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/europes-proba-3-mission-to-arrive-in-india-for-launch-aboard-pslv-xl-by-is-
ro-2626279-2024-11-01

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 13
Copernicus EMS

• European Union activated Copernicus Emergency Management Service after Iranian President’s helicopter crash.
• Copernicus EMS: Launched in 1998 by EU for earth observation.
• Utilizes Sentinel satellites, ground systems for environmental data.
• Implemented by EU member states, supported by European Space Agency (ESA).
• GMES Utility: Rapid Response Mapping Service
• Copernicus EMS offers rapid mapping for emergencies.
• Rapid Mapping Process: Acquires, processes, analyzes satellite images and data.
• Provides timely information, including pre-event reference, post-event assessments.

Date: 2024-05-23
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/eu-activated-copernicus-ems-to-locate-crashed-iranian-helicopter/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/iranian-president-ebrahim-raisi-crash-copernicus-ems-rapid-response-ser-
vice-search-rescue-explainer/article68195943.ece

How Space Telescopes Work?

• Types:
- Reflecting Telescopes: Use mirrors to focus light; common in large observatories with parabolic mirrors for clear images.
- Refracting Telescopes: Use lenses to bend light; limited by lens size (up to 1 meter), larger lenses can distort images.
• Light-Gathering Ability: Telescopes collect more light based on aperture size.
• Example: A 70mm telescope gathers 118 times more light than the human eye.
• Brightness is measured in apparent magnitude (lower number = brighter).
• Example: Sun (-26.78), Venus (-4.92), Sirius (-1.46), Andromeda (+3.44).
• Small telescopes detect objects up to magnitude +11.2, 100 times fainter than visible to the eye.
• Small telescopes resolve 47 arcseconds apart, 40 times more detailed than the human eye.
• Why are Telescopes on Mountains? High-altitude observatories reduce atmospheric distortion.
• Adaptive Optics: Ground telescopes use adaptive optics to correct atmospheric distortion, creating clearer images using artificial stars.
• Segmented Mirrors are large mirrors (over 8.5 meters) sag under their own weight.
• Segmented mirrors use smaller sections to form larger, effective mirrors (e.g., ELT with a 39.3-meter aperture).

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 14
• Notable Telescopes:
- Large Binocular Telescope (LBT): Two 8.4-meter mirrors, combined aperture of 11.9 meters.
- Extremely Large Telescope (ELT): Under construction in Chile, with a 39.3-meter aperture.
- Subaru Telescope (Hawaii): Captured objects with a magnitude of +27.7, 100 million times fainter than visible to the eye.

Date: 2024-04-04
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/india-among-countries-mulling-telescopes-on-around-the-moon/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/astronomers-optical-radio-telescopes-moon-far-side-pratush-india/article68023622.ece

Ozone found on Jupiter’s moon Callisto

• Scientists from various countries, including India, discover evidence of ozone on Callisto, one of Jupiter’s moons, suggesting potential for life.
• Callisto previously considered barren, now seen as possibly supporting life due to ozone presence.
• One of Jupiter’s largest moons, third-largest in the Solar System after Ganymede and Titan.
• Discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei along with Jupiter’s other largest moons.
• Primarily composed of water ice, rocky materials, sulfur dioxide, and organic compounds.
• Surface heavily cratered, indicating a history of asteroid and comet impacts.
• Lacks extensive seismic activity seen on other Jupiter moons like Io and Europa.
• Habitable Zone: Distance from a star where liquid water could exist on orbiting planets’ surfaces.
• Kepler 22b: Confirmed by NASA’s Kepler mission to orbit within habitable zone of a sun-like star.
• Proxima Centauri b: Exoplanet located in habitable zone of its star, very close to Earth.
• TRAPPIST-1 System: Group of seven Earth-sized planets orbiting an ultra-cool dwarf star, some within habitable zone.
• Ozone plays vital role in shielding planets from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
• Found in Earth’s stratosphere, absorbs most harmful UV radiation, protecting surface from DNA damage and skin cancer.

Date: 2024-04-02
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/ozone-found-on-jupiters-moon-callisto/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/prl-ahmedabad-ozone-callisto-habitability/article68015568.ece

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 15
Microtheme 3:
Space Program X IND

Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2018] With reference to India’s 3. made India the only country to be 1. The orbit is geosynchronous.
satellite launch vehicles, consider the successful in making its spacecraft orbit 2. The orbit is circular.
following statements: Mars in its very first attempt. 3. The orbit lies in the plane of the Earth’s
1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth Which of the statements given above is/are equator.
resources monitoring, whereas GSLVs are correct? 4. The orbit is at an altitude of 22,236 km.
designed mainly to launch communication (a) 1 only Select the correct answer using the codes
satellites. (b) 2 and 3 only given below:
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to (c) 1 and 3 only (a) 1, 2, and 3 only
remain permanently fixed in the same (d) 1, 2, and 3 (b) 1, 3, and 4 only
position in the sky, as viewed from a (c) 2 and 4 only
particular location on Earth. [UPSC CSE 2016] With reference to (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle Astrosat, the astronomical observatory
with the first and third stages using solid launched by India, which of the following [UPSC CSE 2010] Consider the following
rocket motors, and the second and fourth statements is/are correct? statements:
stages using liquid rocket engines. 1. Other than the USA and Russia, India is The Satellite Oceansat-2 launched by India
Which of the statements given above is/are the only country to have launched a similar helps in:
correct? observatory into space. 1. Estimating the water vapour content in the
(a) 1 only 2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in atmosphere.
(b) 2 and 3 an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of 2. Predicting the onset of monsoons.
(c) 1 and 2 the Earth. 3. Monitoring the pollution of coastal waters.
(d) 3 only Select the correct answer using the code Which of the statements given above is/are
given below: correct?
[UPSC CSE 2018] With reference to the (a) 1 only (a) 1 and 2 only
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (b) 2 only (b) 2 only
(IRNSS), consider the following statements: (c) Both 1 and 2 (c) 1 and 3 only
1. IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) 1, 2, and 3
and four satellites in geosynchronous
orbits. [UPSC CSE 2015] In which of the following [UPSC CSE 2009] India has recently landed
2. IRNSS covers entire India and about 5500 activities are Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) its Moon Impact Probe on the Moon. Among
sq. km beyond its borders. satellites used? the following countries, which one landed
3. India will have its own satellite navigation 1. Assessment of crop productivity such a probe on the Moon earlier?
system with full global coverage by the 2. Locating groundwater resources (a) Australia
middle of 2019. 3. Mineral exploration (b) Canada
Which of the statements given above is/are 4. Telecommunications (c) China
correct? 5. Traffic studies (d) Japan
(a) 1 only Select the correct answer using the code
(b) 1 and 2 only given below: [UPSC CSE 2010] In the context of space
(c) 2 and 3 only (a) 1, 2, and 3 only technology, what is Bhuvan, recently in the
(d) None (b) 4 and 5 only news?
(c) 1 and 2 only (a) A mini-satellite launched by ISRO for
[UPSC CSE 2016] Consider the following (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 promoting distance education in India.
statements: (b) The name given to the next Moon Impact
The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO: [UPSC CSE 2011] Satellites used for Probe, for Chandrayaan-II.
1. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission. telecommunication relay are kept in a (c) A geoportal of ISRO with 3D imaging
2. made India the second country to have a geostationary orbit. A satellite is said to be in capabilities of India.
spacecraft orbit Mars after the USA. such an orbit when: (d) A space telescope developed by ISRO.

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 16
Major Developments in India’s Space Sector
India’s space sector has seen remarkable growth in recent years, driv-
en by ISRO’s pioneering efforts, the emergence of private players,
5. Important Launch Vehicles
India’s space launch vehicle landscape is diverse and evolving, with
and robust government policies. Below are the major developments
several key vehicles playing critical roles in the nation’s space explo-
across various domains:
ration efforts:

1. Landmark Space Science Missions Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM-3)

Chandrayaan-3 (2023): Heavy-lift three-stage launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space
- Achieved a historic soft landing on the Moon’s south pole. Research Organisation (ISRO); formerly known as Geosynchronous
- Demonstrated India’s capability in lunar exploration. Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III).
Aditya-L1 Solar Mission (2023): • Payload Capacity: 4,000 kilograms to Geosynchronous Transfer
- India’s first solar observatory launched in September 2023. Orbit (GTO); 10,000 kilograms to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
- Successfully reached its L1 orbit in July 2024 to study solar • Stages: Two solid propellant S200 strap-ons, an L110 liquid stage,
storms and their impact on Earth. and a C25 cryogenic stage.
XPoSat (2024): • Height & Mass: 43.5 meters tall; lift-off mass of 640 tonnes.
- Launched in January 2024, focusing on X-ray polarization to • Key Missions: Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3, CARE (Crew Mod-
enhance India’s astronomy research. ule Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment), & future Gaganyaan crewed
missions.
• Uses: Designed for launching geostationary communication
2. Progress in the Gaganyaan Human satellites and conducting human spaceflight missions under the
Gaganyaan programme.
Spaceflight Program • Technological Impact: Provides India with the capability to launch
Key Milestones: heavier satellites independently.
- Conducted the first abort test (TV-D1) of the crew escape
system in 2023. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
- Four astronaut candidates undergoing rigorous training. India’s workhorse launch vehicle, operational since 1994, dependable
Timeline: and adaptable.
- First uncrewed mission expected in late 2024. • Payload Capacity: 1,750 kilograms to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit
- Crewed mission scheduled for 2025. (SSPO) at 600 kilometers altitude; 1,425 kilograms to Sub-Geosyn-
Future Plans: chronous Transfer Orbit (Sub-GTO).
- Ambitions to establish an Indian space station by 2035. • Stages: Four-stage expendable rocket with solid and liquid propulsion.
• Versatility: Capable of launching satellites into various orbits,
including Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO), and
3. Advancements in Launch Vehicle Sub-GTO.
• Multi-Payload Capability: Efficient in launching multiple satellites
Technology per mission.
Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV):
• Key Missions: Chandrayaan-1 (India’s first lunar mission), Mars Or-
- A three-stage rocket aimed at enhancing payload capacity and biter Mission (Mangalyaan), Astrosat (India’s first space observatory),
reducing costs. and commercial satellites.
- Features semi-cryogenic, liquid, and cryogenic engines. • Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle Orbital Experimental Module
Semi-Cryogenic Engine Development: (POEM): Utilizes the discarded fourth stage (PS4) as a stabilized
- Successful pre-burner ignition tests conducted for LVM-3 in orbital platform for conducting experiments, powered by solar panels
May 2024. and batteries.
Reusability Efforts:
- Conducted critical tests for Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV), Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)
reducing costs for future missions. Specifically designed for launching small satellites (10–500 kilo-
grams) to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
• Payload Capacity: Up to 500 kilograms to LEO.
4. Push for Commercialization & Privatization • Stages: Three solid propulsion stages and a Velocity Trimming
NewSpace India Limited (NSIL): Module (VTM) for fine-tuning orbital insertion.
- Took over commercial operations for remote sensing satellite • Cost-Effective: Costs one-tenth of the Polar Satellite Launch
data in May 2024. Vehicle (PSLV).
- Actively engages in technology transfers and commercial satel- • Fast Turnaround: Requires only 72 hours for launch preparation,
lite launches. compared to 70 days for PSLV.
Private Sector Contributions: • Unique Feature: Capable of deploying multiple satellites into differ-
- Agnikul Cosmos successfully launched its SoRTeD-01 rocket ent orbits during a single mission.
in March 2024. • Industry Partnership: Manufacturing and deployment led by New
- Companies like Skyroot Aerospace are driving innovation in Space India Limited (NSIL), ISRO’s commercial arm.
small satellite launches and propulsion systems. • Global Relevance: Meets the growing demand for launching mini,
micro, and nano-satellites in the international market.

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 17
NISAR Satellite
• Launch may be delayed to October-November due to U.S. spacecraft issues.
• NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar): Joint mission between NASA and ISRO.
• Low Earth Orbit observatory enhancing understanding of Earth’s processes.
• L-band and S-band Radar Frequencies: NASA handles L-band, ISRO provides S-band radar.
• Dual-band capability for high-precision monitoring in all weather conditions.
• Large Deployable Antenna: 12-meter diameter antenna captures detailed radar images.
• 39-foot stationary antenna reflector focuses radar signals.
• Scans entire Earth every 12 days, crucial for observing temporal changes.
• Monitors ecosystems, forest biomass, ice dynamics, natural hazards.
• Penetrates vegetation, soil for 3D reconstructions.

Date: 2024-11-13
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/new-nasa-isro-satellite-nisar-to-revolutionise-earth-monitoring/
Source: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/science-technology/new-nasa-isro-satellite-nisar-to-revolutionise-earth-monitoring-disaster-pre-
paredness

TRISHNA Mission
• Joint Earth observation project by ISRO and CNES (French Space Agency).
• Full form: “Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural resource A“
• Launch planned for 2026 with a 5-year lifespan.
• Monitor water and energy budgets of the continental biosphere.
• Assess evapotranspiration for improved water management.
• Assess urban heat islands and detect heat anomalies.
• TIR Payload (Thermal Infrared): Provided by CNES to map surface temperature and emissivity.
• VNIR-SWIR Payload (Visible-Near Infrared-Short Wave Infrared): Developed by ISRO to map surface reflectance with seven spectral
bands.
• Sun-synchronous orbit at 761 km
• Resolution: 57 meters for land/coastal areas, 1 km for Ocean/Polar Regions.
• Contributes to global initiatives like GEOGLAM and SDGs with vital agricultural and climate data.

Date: 2024-09-19T13:53:03+05:30
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/trishna-mission/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/we-are-sharing-state-of-the-art-expertise-with-isro-for-gaganyaan-mission-french-
space-agency-chief/article68655380.ece

Chandrayaan-4 and Shukrayaan-1 (Venus Orbiter Mission)

• Union Cabinet Approval: Expansion of key space programs, including Chandrayaan-4 Mission, Venus Orbiter Mission (Shukrayaan-1),
Gaganyaan, India's first space station (Bharatiya Antariksh Station), and NextGen launch vehicles.
Chandrayaan-4 Mission:
• Overview: Fourth mission under India’s Chandrayaan program (initiated in 2003).
• Launch: Expected around 2027, under conceptualization phase.
• Goals:
- Develop technology for successful moon landing.
- Collect lunar samples for Earth analysis.
- Ensure safe return to Earth.
• Methodology: Two-phase launch using LVM3 rockets.
Venus Orbiter Mission (Shukrayaan-1):
• Launch Timeline: Planned for 2028.
• Mission Duration: 4 years.
• Orbit: Elliptical Orbit: 60,000 km at apoapsis, 500 km at periapsis.

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 18
• Aims: Study Venus’ surface, atmosphere, volcanic activity, and solar wind interactions with its ionosphere.
• Specifications:
- Payload capacity: 100 kg.
- Powered by 500 watts.
- Includes Indian and international instruments.
• Global Collaborations:
- NASA (USA), CNES (France), and Russia to contribute technology and expertise.

Date: 2024-09-19
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/chandrayaan-4-venus-orbiter-gets-approval-from-cabinet/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-4-mission-gets-approval-from-centre-on-expansion/article68655345.ece

Earth Observation Satellite: EOS-08

• ISRO launched the EOS-08 Earth Observation Satellite using the SSLV-D3.
• This was the third and final development flight of the SSLV.
• Built on ISRO’s Microsat/IMS-1 bus, known for its compact design.
• Operates in a circular low Earth orbit at 475 km altitude with a4° inclination.
• Has a mission life of 1 year.
• EOIR: Captures images for surveillance, disaster monitoring, and environmental assessments.
• GNSS-R Payload: Monitors ocean winds, soil moisture, and water bodies using GNSS-R remote sensing.
• SiC UV Dosimeter: Monitors UV radiation, supporting ISRO’s Gaganyaan Mission.
• SSLV is designed for launching satellites (10 to 500 kg) into a 500 km orbit.
• It has 3 solid propulsion stages and a liquid propulsion-based terminal stage.
• Designed for low cost and quick turnaround.
• Can accommodate multiple satellites and supports launch-on-demand.
• Requires minimal launch infrastructure, making it versatile for satellite deployment.

Date: 2024-08-17
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/isros-sslv-d3-successfully-launches-eos-08-satellite/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-earth-observation-satellite-sslv-d3-eos-08-launch-sriharikota-august-16-2024/arti-
cle68531393.ece

August 23rd declared as National Space Day

• India’s first National Space Day was on 23rd August 2024, marking Chandrayaan-3’s landing on 23rd August 2023.
• Chandrayaan-3 provided the first analysis of the Moon’s southern topsoil and backed the molten sea hypothesis.
• India is fourth country to land on Moon, first to reach the southern polar region.
• Aims to inspire youth toward STEM careers and support space efforts.
• 2024 Theme: ‘Touching Lives while Touching the Moon: India’s Space Saga’.
• Terrain around Chandrayaan-3’s landing is uniform.
• Evidence shows a past sea of molten rock under the Moon’s surface.
• Findings support the lunar magma ocean (LMO) hypothesis; the Moon’s crust formed layer by layer.
• South pole topsoil has more minerals than expected, hinting at the Moon’s lower crust.
• Moon likely formed from an asteroid impact with Earth 4.5 billion years ago.
• Heavier minerals sank, forming the lower crust and mantle; lighter minerals formed the upper crust.

Date: 2024-08-13
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/august-23rd-declared-as-national-space-day/
Source: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2044457

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 19
Lal Crater on Mars
• Ahmedabad-based PRL identified three new craters on Mars in the Tharsis volcanic region around 21.0 S, 209 W.
• International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved the names based on PRL’s recommendation.
• Lal Crater: Named after Prof. Devendra Lal, former PRL director, 65 km wide, located at -20.98° and 209.34°.
• Mursan Crater: Named after a town in Uttar Pradesh, India, ~10 km wide, on the eastern rim of Lal crater.
• Hilsa Crater: Named after a town in Bihar, India, ~10 km wide, on the western rim of Lal crater.
• Geophysical evidence suggests a 45-meter thick sedimentary deposit, indicating subsurface water.
• Mursan and Hilsa craters show episodic infilling of Lal crater over time.
• IAU founded on July 28, 1919, in Brussels, Belgium, for international collaboration in astronomy; Headquarters in Paris, France.
• General Assembly held every 3 years, gathering professional astronomers to discuss research and cooperation.
• Standardizes names for celestial bodies and features through various working groups.
• Membership spans 92 countries, with 85 as National Members.
• India is represented by the Astronomical Society of India (ASI). Members include professional astronomers active in research, education,
and outreach.

Date: 2024-06-13
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/prl-ahmedabad-discovers-of-3-new-craters-on-mars/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/three-craters-discovered-on-mars-by-scientists-of-physical-research-laboratory/arti-
cle68280651.ece

PraVaHa tool for Aerodynamic Design and Analysis

• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software PraVaHa for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dynamic Analysis.
• Developed at ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), highlights India’s aerospace technology capabilities.
• It simulates external and internal flows on diverse aerospace vehicles, including launch vehicles and re-entry vehicles, aiding in
aerodynamic design studies.
• CFD predicts aerodynamic and aerothermal loads by solving governing equations, offering high accuracy and speed in simulations.
• PraVaHa integrates into ISRO’s Gaganyaan program, facilitating aerodynamic analysis for HLVM3, Crew Escape System (CES), and Crew
Module (CM).
• Designed for scalability on CPU and GPU architectures.
• Supports current and future supercomputing facilities, promoting collaboration with academic and government institutions.

Date: 2024-06-04
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/pravaha-tool-for-aerodynamic-design-and-analysis/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-develops-pravaha-software-for-aerodynamic-design-and-analysis/article68246269.
ece

Agnibaan Sub Orbital Technology Demonstrator (SOrTeD)

• Second postponement of AgniKul ‘Agnibaan SOrTeD’ launch.
• IIT Madras-based Agnikul Cosmos aims to test-fire Agnibaan rocket with 3D-printed engine.
• SOrTeD (Suborbital Tech Demonstrator) features a single-stage launch vehicle with Agnilet semi-cryogenic engine.
• Offers vertical take-off and precise trajectory for orchestrated maneuvers.
• Dimensions stand at 18 meters, weighing 14,000 kg.
• Payload capacity can reach up to 100 kg.
• Engine configuration allows for up to seven Agnilet engines.
• Launch pedestal ‘Dhanush’ ensures mobility.
• Agnilet engine, a 3D-printed, single-piece, 6 kN semi-cryogenic marvel, powers Agnibaan.

Date: 2024-05-31
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/agnibaan-sub-orbital-technology-demonstrator-sorted/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agnibaan-sorted-indias-second-privately-developed-rocket-takes-off/article68231253.ece

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 20
POEM-3: ISRO’s ‘Zero Orbital Debris’ Milestone
• ISRO’s PSLV-C58/XPoSat mission demonstrated minimal debris in Earth’s orbit, highlighting responsible space practices.
• PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-3 (POEM-3) utilized spent PS4 stage of PSLV-C58, launched on January 1, 2024.
• Three-axis-altitude controlled platform designed to support payloads, showcasing ISRO’s commitment to responsible space practices.
• After deployment into 650 km orbit, maneuvered to 350 km circular orbit to minimize orbit decay post-experiment.
• After 400 orbits, POEM-3 re-entered Earth’s atmosphere, spending 73 days in space.
• Debris leads to unusable orbit regions and ‘Kessler syndrome,’ generating more debris from collisions.
• Initiatives to mitigate Space Debris:
- Project NETRA: ISRO’s early warning system.
- Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines: Established in 2002, endorsed by UN in 2007.
- Zero Debris Charter by ESA aims for zero space debris by 2030.
- NASA’s Orbital Debris Program focuses on reducing debris creation and exploring removal technologies.
- Space Force Tracking System by US Space Force monitors space debris and assesses collision risks.
- Chinese Debris Removal Initiatives deploy spacecraft for debris removal with technologies like solar sails.
- Japanese CRD2 Demonstration partnership between JAXA and Astroscale to develop debris removal technologies.

Date: 2024-04-10
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/poem-3-isros-zero-orbital-debris-milestone/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-zero-orbital-debris-milestone-the-space-debris-crisis-explained/article68019524.
ece

ISRO’s NICES Programme Combatting Climate Change

• National Information System for Climate and Environment Studies (NICES) Program extends invitations to Indian researchers for climate
change mitigation efforts.
• Operated by ISRO and the Department of Space, launched in 2012 under the National Action Plan on Climate Change.
• Aims to enhance Indian researchers’ participation in addressing climate change challenges through multidisciplinary scientific
investigations.
• Focus areas include Space-based Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), Climate Change Challenges, Weather Extremes, and Climate
Services.
• Invites project proposals from Indian scientists, academicians, and researchers to address climate change challenges.
• Projects expected to be completed within 3 years from sanction date.
• Primary objective: Generate and disseminate long-term Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) from Indian and other Earth Observation (EO)
satellites.
• Variables crucial for characterizing Earth’s climate and monitoring changes over time.
• Since 2012, developed over 70 geophysical products meeting stringent quality standards.
• Instrumental in documenting climate change impacts, contributing to scientific understanding and evidence-based decision-making.

Date: 2024-04-02
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/isros-nices-programme-combatting-climate-change/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nices-programme-invites-indian-researchers-to-join-in-combating-climate-
change/article68015185.ece

Chandrayaan-3 Landing Site named as ‘Statio Shiv Shakti’

• International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved the name ‘Statio Shiv Shakti’ for Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander landing site, marking
a milestone in planetary nomenclature.
• IAU was founded on July 28, 1919, during the Constitutive Assembly in Brussels, Belgium, to foster international collaboration in astrono-
my post-World War I.
• Aims to promote and safeguard astronomy globally through international cooperation, headquartered in Paris, France.
• General Assembly: Holds triennial meetings for professional astronomers worldwide to discuss research, cooperation, and professional
interests.
• IAU standardizes celestial body names, features, and phenomena, maintaining working groups for naming conventions.
• Facilitates international collaboration in astronomical research, supporting initiatives like observational campaigns and data sharing.

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 21
• Actively promotes astronomy education and public outreach efforts globally, supporting programs, workshops, and resources.
• Membership spans 92 countries, with 85 as National Members, represented by professional astronomers engaged in research, education,
and outreach.
• India’s representation is through the Astronomical Society of India (ASI).
• IAU Nomenclature Criteria: Rule 4: Encourages equitable representation of diverse names, countries, and genders.
• Rule 9: Prohibits names with political, military, or religious connotations, except historical figures before the 19th century.
• Rule 11: Stresses uniqueness of names within celestial nomenclature to prevent confusion.
• The name ‘Statio Shiv Shakti’ was announced by the PM Modi in August 2023, reflecting Indian mythology’s significance.
• Located at 69.373°S 32.319°E, between lunar craters Manzinus C and Simpelius N.
• Symbolizes the masculine-feminine duality of nature, strength, resolution, and India’s diverse cultural heritage.

Date: 2024-03-25
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/iau-approves-statio-shiv-shakti-as-name-for-chandrayaan-3-landing-site/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/iau-approves-statio-shiv-shakti-as-name-for-chandrayaan-3s-landing-site/arti-
cle67986944.ece

‘Pushpak’ Reusable Landing Vehicle Landing

• ISRO conducts Pushpak Reusable Landing Vehicle (RLV) LEX 02 landing experiment at Chitradurga’s Aeronautical Test Range.
• It was lifted by Chinook helicopter of IAF and dropped from 4.5 km altitude.
• Milestone achievement in ISRO’s pursuit of reusable space technology.
• Pushpak RLV is a winged vehicle with aerodynamic surfaces for controlled Earth re-entry.
• Designed to autonomously land on designated runway post-space mission, showcasing India’s autonomous space vehicle landing
capability.
• Equipped with advanced navigation, control, and landing gear systems for autonomous navigation and runway landing.
• Low lift-to-drag ratio requires high glide angles and landing velocities of 350 km/h.
• Capable of transporting payloads to Low Earth orbits and returning for reuse.
• Success opens doors for orbital re-entry missions for scientific and commercial purposes using reusable vehicles.

Date: 2024-03-25
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/isro-successfully-conducts-pushpak-reusable-landing-vehicle-landing-experiment/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successfully-conducts-pushpak-reusable-landing-vehicle-landing-experiment/arti-
cle67979052.ece

Multi-purpose app SAKHI to assist Gaganyaan Crew

• Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) developed the multi-purpose app ‘SAKHI’ for Gaganyaan Crew.
• SAKHI: Space-borne Assistant and Knowledge Hub for Crew I
• Monitors health, maintains communication and manages dietary schedules.
• Essential tool for real-time assistance and access to necessary data.
• Assists astronauts during Gaganyaan mission, accessing vital technical information.
• Strapped to astronauts’ space suits for easy access and maintenance of mission logs.
• SAKHI offers health monitoring: blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, hydration, dietary schedules, and sleep patterns.
• Ensures seamless communication between crew, onboard computers, and ground-based stations.
• ISRO aims to launch Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission in 2025.
• Four astronaut-designates, all IAF test pilots, revealed at high-profile event attended by PM at VSSC on February 27.

Date: 2024-03-19
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/multi-purpose-app-sakhi-to-assist-gaganyaan-crew/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sakhi-to-be-a-friend-in-need-for-gaganyaan-crew/article67965278.ece

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 22
Kulasekarapattinam: ISRO’s New Rocket Launchport
• PM inaugurated ISRO’s second rocket launchport at Kulasekarapattinam.
• This facility in Tamil Nadu’s Thoothukudi district will primarily focus on commercial, on-demand, and small satellite launches.
• Located strategically, it will serve as a hub for Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs) on a commercial basis.
• Equipped with the capacity to launch 24 satellites annually using a mobile launch structure.
• Its strategic location enables direct southward launches over the Indian Ocean, minimizing fuel consumption.
• Unlike the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, it eliminates the need for rockets to follow curved paths to avoid landmasses.
• The opening of the space sector to private players necessitates more commercial launches.
• Kulasekarapattinam launch port will ease the burden on the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, catering exclusively to smaller
payloads.
• Positioned strategically, it provides natural advantages for SSLV launches, minimizing fuel consumption.
• Its launch trajectory enables direct southward paths, beneficial for SSLV missions.
• SSLV is designed for small satellite launches into Low Earth Orbit.
• Despite SSLV-D1’s initial failure in August 2022, SSLV-D2’s success in February 2023 marked a significant milestone for ISRO’s SSLV
program.

Date: 2024-03-07
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/kulasekarapattinam-isros-new-rocket-launchport/
Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/isro-building-second-rocket-launchport-9199038/

4 IAF Gaganyaan Astronaut-designates named

• India announced the names of four astronaut designates for the Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission, scheduled for launch in 2025.
• Gaganyaan Mission aims to demonstrate India’s human spaceflight capabilities by sending a crew of 4 into a 400 km Low Earth Orbit
(LEO).
• Announced by the PM on the 2018 Independence Day, preliminary studies and technological development began in 2006 under the
name “Orbital Vehicle.”
• GSLV Mk III, also known as LVM-3, will serve as the launch vehicle for the Gaganyaan mission.
• Human-Rated LVM3: A modified version equipped with a Crew Escape System (CES) and an Orbital Module ensures crew safety.
• Orbital Module (OM) consists of a Crew Module (CM) and Service Module (SM) providing habitable space and support systems
respectively.
• Crew Escape System (CES) facilitates emergency escape mechanisms for astronauts during critical phases of the mission.
• Life Support System ensures crew members have a conducive environment addressing physiological needs.
• Testing Phase: Included Integrated AirDrop Test (IADT) and Pad Abort Test (PAT) to validate safety mechanisms and system performance.
• Unmanned Missions: Technology demonstration and safety verification precede the manned mission.
• Manned Mission: Involves executing the human spaceflight module following successful unmanned missions.

Date: 2024-02-28
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/4-iaf-gaganyaan-astronaut-designates-named/
Source: https://epaper.thehindu.com/ccidist-ws/th/th_international/issues/73164/OPS/G6BCECK2F.1+G21CFFSTD.1.html

PAPA: Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya L1

• Recently, the PAPA onboard Aditya-L1 detected solar wind impact from Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
• PAPA payload is an energy and mass analyzer designed for in-situ measurements of solar wind electrons and ions in the low energy range.
• CMEs are large expulsions of plasma and magnetic fields from the Sun’s corona into space.
• Occurrence: Varies with the solar cycle, impacting various ground- and space-based technologies, including satellites.
• Effects: Magnetic fields merge between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and geomagnetic field lines, driving geomagnetic storms
and sub storms; Substorms cause northern and southern auroras.
• Plasma Temperatures ranges from cold chromospheric material (around 10^4 K) to hot plasma (around 10^7 K).
• Studying CMEs helps assess their impact on Earth’s communication systems, vital for space weather forecasting.
• Aditya-L1 was launched on September 2 2023, successfully by ISRO.
• Orbits around the Lagrangian Point 1 (L1), maintaining a stable position 1.5 million km from Earth in the direction of the Sun.

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 23
• Hosts seven payloads dedicated to studying various aspects of the Sun, encompassing both remote observations and in-situ
measurements.

Date: 2024-02-24
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/papa-plasma-analyser-package-for-aditya-l1/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/payload-aboard-aditya-l1-mission-detects-solar-wind-impact-of-coronal-mass-ejections/
article67877733.ece

ISRO’s CE20 Cryogenic Engine

• ISRO conducts successful flight test of CE-20 cryogenic engine for Gaganyaan mission.
• Designed and developed by ISRO’s Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC).
• Powers Cryogenic Upper Stage of LVM3 for Gaganyaan Mission.
• First Indian cryogenic engine with gas-generator cycle.
• Among world’s most powerful upper-stage cryogenic engines.
• Generates 36 kN thrust in vacuum.
• Used in LVM3 to carry up to 8 tonnes to Lower Earth Orbit (LEO).
• LEO: Space region close to Earth’s surface, altitude around 160 Km to 2,000 Km.
• Cryogenic engines operate on extremely low temperatures below -150°C.
• Convert gases like oxygen and hydrogen into liquids.
• Liquid Hydrogen fuel and Liquid Oxygen oxidizer create powerful thrust for rocket.
• Commonly used in upper stages to place payloads into desired orbits.

Date: 2024-02-22
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/isros-ce20-cryogenic-engine-ready-for-gaganyaan-missions/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-accomplishes-key-test-ce20-cryogenic-engine-is-now-human-rated-for-gaganyaan-
missions/article67869973.ece

INSAT-3DS launch: The Naughty Boy of ISRO

• ISRO is scheduled to launch the GSLV-F14/INSAT-3DS mission on February 17, 2024.
• The mission aims to bolster weather forecasting and disaster warning capabilities.
• INSAT-3DS will be carried by the GSLV F14.
• GSLV-F14 is a 3-stage launch vehicle with solid propellant and earth-storable propellant stages.
• It marks the 16th flight of the GSLV and the 10th with the indigenous cryo stage.
• INSAT-3DS includes 4 payloads: Imager, Sounder, Data Relay Transponder (DRT), and Satellite-Aided Search and Rescue Transponder
(SA&SR).
• Imager captures Earth images in 6 wavelength bands.
• Sounder provides atmospheric vertical profile data.
• DRT relays meteorological, hydrological, and oceanographic data.
• SA&SR transmits distress signals for global search and rescue operations.
• INSAT-3DS aims to enhance meteorological observations and disaster management.
• It is fully funded by Ministry of Earth Sciences and joins the lineage of Third Generation Meteorological Satellites.
• The satellite will complement the services of existing INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR satellites.
• India currently relies on INSAT-3D & 3DR satellites for weather updates, with INSAT 3DR launched in 2016 as a successor to INSAT-3D
launched in 2013.

Date: 2024-02-17
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/insat-3ds-launch-the-naughty-boy-of-isro/
Source: https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/insat3ds-launch-today-why-is-gslv-f14-rocket-called-naughty-boy-of-isro-101708129451487.
html

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 24
X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) Mission
• A joint project by ISRO and Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru, for X-ray polarization studies.
• Global Significance:
- Second X-ray polarimetry mission globally after NASA’s IXPE (launched in 2021).
- Operates in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at ~650 km altitude with a 6-degree inclination.
• Mission Goals:
- Study orientation of X-ray light waves, a type of electromagnetic radiation.
- Measure X-ray polarization in the 8-30 keV band.
- Conduct long-term studies in the 0.8-15 keV range.
• Operational Efficiency:
- Observations conducted during Earth’s eclipse period to maximize efficiency.
- Planned operational lifespan of 5 years.
• Payloads:
- POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays):
○Developed by RRI and ISRO.
○Assesses polarization in medium X-ray energy ranges.
- XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing):
○ Created by ISRO’s URSC.

○ Collects spectroscopic data in the 0.8-15 keV range.

Date: 2024-01-01
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/india-set-to-launch-its-first-x-ray-polarimeter-satellite-xposat-copy/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-to-launch-xposat-and-10-other-payloads-on-january-1/article67686899.ece

Prithvi Vigyan Scheme for Earth Sciences

• Approved by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) for 2021-2026, focusing on Earth System Sciences.
• Five Sub-Schemes under PRITHVI:
1. ACROSS: Research on atmosphere and climate, modeling, observing systems, and services.
2. O-SMART: Focus on ocean services, modeling, application, resources, and technology.
3. PACER: Polar science and cryosphere research.
4. SAGE: Enhancing seismological monitoring, microzonation, and solid Earth research.
5. REACHOUT: Initiatives in research, education, training, and outreach.
• Covers the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere.
• Key Objectives:
- Augment and sustain long-term observations of Earth's vital signs.
- Develop models for weather, ocean, climate hazards, and climate change understanding.
- Explore polar and high seas regions for new phenomena and resources.
- Provide advanced warning services for natural disasters, aiding disaster management.
• Societal and Environmental Impact:
- Improve weather forecasts for land and ocean safety.
- Reduce property damage with precise hazard warnings.
- Translate Earth systems knowledge into societal, environmental, and economic services.
• Focus on Arctic, Antarctic, and Himalayan regions, offering critical insights into these environments.

Date: 2024-01-06
Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/cabinet-approves-prithvi-vigyan-scheme-for-earth-sciences/
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-approves-4797-crore-for-prithvi-scheme/article67709390.ece

Flash Notes: Space Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 25