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MMM basics

The document discusses measurements and measurement systems, emphasizing their definition, significance, and the components of a generalized measuring system. It outlines the stages of measurement, including detection-transduction, signal conditioning, and readout-recording, along with the importance of accuracy and control in engineering. Additionally, it highlights the role of transducers and the classification of measurement errors.

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Yagnesh B Chauhan GEC-DAHOD
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13 views

MMM basics

The document discusses measurements and measurement systems, emphasizing their definition, significance, and the components of a generalized measuring system. It outlines the stages of measurement, including detection-transduction, signal conditioning, and readout-recording, along with the importance of accuracy and control in engineering. Additionally, it highlights the role of transducers and the classification of measurement errors.

Uploaded by

Yagnesh B Chauhan GEC-DAHOD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measurements and

measurement systems
Hareesha N Gowda
Dept of Aeronautical Engineering
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
Bangalore-78
UNIT-5: Measurements and measurement systems:
• Definition, significance of measurement, generalized
measurement system.
• Definitions and concept of accuracy, precision, calibration,
threshold, sensitivity, hysterisis, repeatability, linearity,
loading effect, system response-times delay.
• Errors in measurement, classification of errors.
• Transducers, transfer efficiency, primary and secondary
transducers, electrical, mechanical, electronic transducers,
advantages of each type transducers.
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM:
• Measurement means determination of anything that exists in some amount.
• If those things that exist are related to mechanical engineering, then the
determination of such amounts are referred to as mechanical measurements.
• An engineer is not only interested in the measurement of physical variables but also
concerned with their control.
• These two functions are closely related because one must be able to measure a
variable such as temperature, or flow in order to control it.
• The accuracy of control is essentially dependent on the accuracy of measurement.
Hence, a good knowledge of measurement techniques is necessary for the design of
control systems.
Definition of Measurement :
• Measurement is defined as the process or the act of obtaining a quantitative
comparison between a predefined standard and an unknown magnitude.
SIGNIFICANCE OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
• Measurement provides the fundamental basis for research and
development. Development is the final stage of the design
procedure involving the measurement of various quantities
pertaining to operation and performance of the device being
developed.
• Measurement is also a fundamental element of any control
process, which requires the measured discrepancy between the
actual and the desired performances.
• Many operations require measurement for proper performance.
For example : In modern central power stations, temperatures,
pressures, vibrational amplitudes etc., are monitored by
measurement to ensure proper performance.
• Measurement is also a bias of commerce, because the cost of the
products are established on the basis of amounts of materials,
power, expenditure of time and labour, and other constraints.
THE GENERALIZED MEASURING SYSTEM
• Most measuring systems fall within the framework of a general
arrangement consisting of three phases or stages:
• Stage 1. A detection-transduction, or sensor-transducer, stage
• Stage 2. An intermediate stage, which we shall call the signal-
conditioning stage
• Stage 3. A terminating, or readout-recording, stage
• Each stage consists of a distinct component or group of
components that performs required and definite steps in the
measurement. These are called basic elements: their scope is
determined by their function rather than by their construction.
Figure 1.2 outline the significance of each of these stages.
First, or Sensor-Transducer, Stage
• The primary function of the first stage is to detect or to sense
the measurand.
• At the same time, ideally, this stage should be insensitive to
every other possible input.
• For instance, if it is a pressure pickup, it should be insensitive
to say, acceleration;
• if it is a strain gage, it should be insensitive to temperature;
• if a linear accelerometer, it should be insensitive to angular
acceleration; and so on.
• Unfortunately, it is rare indeed to find a detecting device that
is completely selective.
• Unwanted sensitivity is a measuring error, called noise.
Second, or Signal-Conditioning, Stage
• The purpose of the second stage of the general system
is to modify the transduced information so that it is
acceptable to the third, or terminating stage.
• In addition, it may perform one or more basic
operations, such as selective filtering to remove noise,
integration, differentiation, as may be required.
• Probably the most common function of the second
stage is to increase either amplitude or power of the
signal, or both, to the level required to drive the final
terminating device.
Third, or Readout-Recording, Stage
• The third stage provides the information sought in a
form comprehensible to one of the human senses or to
a controller.
• If the output is intended for immediate human
recognition, it is, with rare exception, presented in one
of the following forms:
– As a relative displacement, such as movement of an
indicating hand or displacement of oscilloscope trace
– In digital form, as presented by a counter such as an
automobile odometer, or by a liquid crystal display (LCD)
or light-emitting diode (LED) display as on a digital
voltmeter
• To illustrate a very simple measuring system, let us consider
the familiar tire gage used for checking automobile tire
pressure. Such a device is shown in Fig. (a).
• It consists of a cylinder and piston, a spring resisting the
piston movement, and a stem with scale divisions.
• As the air pressure bears against the piston, the resulting
force compresses the spring until the spring and air forces
balance.
• The calibrated stem, which remains in place after the spring
returns the piston, indicates the applied pressure.
• The piston-cylinder combination constitutes a force-
summing apparatus, sensing and transducing pressure to
force.
• As a secondary transducer, the spring converts the force to a
displacement. Finally, the transduced input is transferred
without signal conditioning to the scale and index for
readout.

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