5.

PLC and SCADA

5.1 Need for Automa on :

1. Increase Efficiency – Machines work faster and more accurately than humans.

2. Reduce Human Effort – Automa on reduces the need for manual work.

3. Improve Safety – Dangerous tasks can be done by machines, keeping people safe.

4. Ensure Consistency – Automated systems produce the same quality every me.

5. Save Time – Machines complete tasks quickly, increasing produc on.

6. Lower Costs – Automa on reduces labour costs and material waste.

7. Handle Complex Tasks – Machines can perform difficult calcula ons and opera ons.

8. 24/7 Opera on – Automated systems can work without breaks or holidays.

Advantages of Automa on

1. High Produc vity – More products can be made in less me.

2. Be er Quality – Automa on reduces errors and improves product quality.

3. Less Waste – Machines use materials efficiently, reducing waste.

4. Faster Work – Tasks are completed much quicker than manual work.

5. Cost-Effec ve – Once installed, automa on lowers produc on costs.

6. Easy Control – Machines can be programmed and controlled easily.

7. Less Human Error – Computers and machines work with high accuracy.

8. Improved Safety – Reduces the risk of accidents in dangerous jobs.

5.2 Defini on of PLC

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an industrial computer used to control machines and processes
automa cally. It takes input from sensors, processes the data, and gives output to control devices like
motors, lights, and valves.

Advantages of PLC

1. Easy Programming – PLCs use simple ladder diagrams and logic programming.

2. Fast and Reliable – PLCs work quickly and accurately without errors.

3. Compact Size – They take up less space compared to tradi onal control systems.

4. Flexible and Scalable – The same PLC can be reprogrammed for different tasks.

5. Low Maintenance – PLCs have fewer moving parts, reducing wear and tear.

6. Handles Complex Tasks – Can control mul ple machines and processes at once.
 7. Improved Safety – Reduces the risk of human errors and accidents.

8. Cost-Effec ve – Saves money by reducing wiring, labor, and down me.

5.3 Block diagram of PLC :

Parts of a PLC and Their Purpose

1. Power Supply

o Provides the required voltage (typically 24V DC or 230V AC) to the PLC system.

2. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

o Acts as the brain of the PLC.

o Processes input signals, executes the control program, and sends output signals.

o Monitors and controls the en re opera on.

3. Memory Unit

o Stores the user program, opera ng system, and temporary data.

o Includes ROM (Read-Only Memory) for permanent data and RAM (Random Access Memory)
for temporary storage.

4. Input Module

o Receives signals from input devices such as sensors, switches, and push bu ons.

o Converts real-world signals (analog or digital) into data the CPU can process.

5. Output Module

o Sends signals to output devices like motors, solenoids, relays, and lights.

o Converts CPU signals into real-world control ac ons.

6. Programming Device

o Used to write, edit, and upload programs into the PLC.

 o Examples include a PC with PLC so ware or a handheld programming device.

5.4 Applica ons of PLC

PLCs are used in various industries for automa on and process control. Some common applica ons include:

1. Manufacturing Industry

o Automated assembly lines.

o Robo c control in factories.

2. Power Plants

o Controlling turbines and generators.

o Monitoring power distribu on.

3. Automobile Industry

o Automated pain ng and welding.

o Conveyor belt control.

4. Food Processing Industry

o Automated packaging and bo ling.

o Temperature and humidity control.

5. Building Automa on

o Controlling elevators and escalators.

o Ligh ng and HVAC system control.

6. Water Treatment Plants

o Monitoring water levels and pumps.

o Controlling chemical dosing.

7. Tex le Industry

o Controlling spinning and weaving machines.

o Automated dyeing process.

8. Agriculture Sector

o Automated irriga on systems.

o Monitoring soil moisture and temperature.

5.5 Ladder Diagram in PLC

What is a Ladder Diagram?

A Ladder Diagram (LD) is a graphical programming language used in Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs).
It looks like an electrical circuit diagram and is widely used for automa on and control processes.

Features of a Ladder Diagram:

1. Uses Symbols – Represents electrical components like relays, switches, and contacts.

2. Easy to Understand – Resembles tradi onal electrical wiring diagrams.

3. Logical Flow – Runs from le to right and top to bo om like a ladder.

4. Simple Programming – Uses logical condi ons like AND, OR, and NOT.

5. Widely Used – Common in industrial automa on, manufacturing, and process control.

Basic Structure of a Ladder Diagram

A Ladder Diagram consists of two ver cal lines (power rails) and horizontal rungs (control logic).

 Power Rails: Represent electrical power supply.

 Rungs: Each rung represents a control opera on.
 Inputs (Contacts): Represent switches, sensors, or bu ons.
 Outputs (Coils): Represent relays, motors, or indicators.

Basic Ladder Logic Elements

1. Normally Open (NO) Contact – [ ]

o Acts like a push bu on or switch.

o Closes when the condi on is true.

2. Normally Closed (NC) Contact – [/ ]

o Opposite of NO; it is ON by default and turns OFF when ac vated.

3. Coil (Output) – ( )

o Represents a relay, motor, or other control device.

5.6 Explain contacts and coils used in PLC

Contacts and Coils in PLC

In Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), contacts and coils are the basic elements used in Ladder Logic
programming. They work like electrical switches and relays to control processes.

1. Contacts in PLC

Contacts represent input condi ons, such as switches, sensors, and bu ons. They can be Normally Open
(NO) or Normally Closed (NC).

Types of Contacts

(i) Normally Open (NO) Contact – [ ]

 Works like a simple switch.

 When the condi on is true (ON), it allows current to pass.

 When the condi on is false (OFF), the circuit remains open.

(ii) Normally Closed (NC) Contact – [/ ]

 Opposite of NO contact.

 When the condi on is true (ON), it remains open and blocks the current.

 When the condi on is false (OFF), it closes the circuit and allows current to pass.

2. Coils in PLC

 Coils represent output devices, such as motors, lights, and relays. They activate or deactivate
based on input conditions.

Types of Coils

(i) Output Coil – ( )

 Acts as a relay or actuator.

 Turns ON (1) or OFF (0) when input conditions are met.

(ii) Latching Coil – (L)

 Stays ON even after the input is removed.

 Requires a separate reset signal.
5.7 Draw ladder diagrams for (i)AND gate (ii)OR gate (iii) NOT gate (iv) NAND gate (iv) NOR gate (iv) X-
OR gate

(i) AND Gate :

(ii) OR Gate:

(iii) NOT Gate :

(iv) NAND Gate :

 (v) NOR Gate

(vi) X-OR Gate:

5.8 Explain the following Timers and counters (i)TON (ii)T OFF (iii) Reten ve mer (iv) CTU (v) CTD

Timers and Counters in PLC

Timers and counters are used in PLC programming to control me-based and event-based opera ons.

1. Timers in PLC

Timers create delays in switching ON or OFF an output. There are three common types:

(i) ON-Delay Timer (TON - Timer ON)

 Func on: The output turns ON a er a preset me delay.

 Example: If a motor should start 5 seconds a er pressing a switch.

(ii) OFF-Delay Timer (TOFF - Timer OFF)

 Func on: The output turns OFF a er a preset delay.

 Example: A fan should con nue running 10 seconds a er turning OFF the switch.

(iii) Reten ve Timer (RTO - Reten ve Timer ON)

 Func on: Stores the elapsed me even if the power supply is lost.

 Example: Used in batch processing where ming must con nue a er power recovery.
2. Counters in PLC

Counters count the number of events like switch presses or machine cycles.

(iv) Up Counter (CTU - Count Up)

 Func on: Increases the count each me an input pulse is received.

 Example: Coun ng the number of products on a conveyor belt.

(v) Down Counter (CTD - Count Down)

 Func on: Decreases the count each me an input pulse is received.

 Example: Keeping track of remaining bo les in a filling sta on.

Conclusion

 TON → Delays ON ac va on.

 TOFF → Delays OFF ac va on.

 RTO → Stores elapsed me during power loss.

 CTU → Counts up events.

 CTD → Counts down events.

 5.9 Draw ladder diagrams using Timers and counters:

5.10 Explana on of PLC Instruc on Set

A PLC instruc on set consists of various commands used to control industrial processes. These instruc ons
are categorized into different types based on their func on.

1. Bit-Level Instruc ons (Logic Instruc ons)

These are basic instruc ons used for logical opera ons.

 XIC (Examine If Closed) – Checks if an input/contact is ON (1).

 XIO (Examine If Open) – Checks if an input/contact is OFF (0).

 OTE (Output Energize) – Ac vates an output when condi ons are met.

 OTL (Output Latch) – Turns ON an output and holds it un l reset.

  OTU (Output Unlatch) – Turns OFF a latched output.

2. Timer Instruc ons

Used for me-based control.

 TON (ON-Delay Timer) – Ac vates an output a er a set delay.

 TOF (OFF-Delay Timer) – Keeps an output ON for a delay a er input is turned OFF.

 RTO (Reten ve Timer) – Con nues coun ng even a er power loss un l reset.

3. Counter Instruc ons

Used for coun ng opera ons.

 CTU (Count Up Counter) – Increases count when an event occurs.

 CTD (Count Down Counter) – Decreases count when an event occurs.

 RES (Reset Counter) – Resets the counter value to zero.

4. Data Handling Instruc ons

Used to move and manipulate data.

 MOV (Move Data) – Transfers data from one memory loca on to another.

 CMP (Compare Data) – Compares two values (Equal, Greater, Less).

 MUL (Mul ply), ADD (Addi on), SUB (Subtrac on), DIV (Division) – Arithme c opera ons.

5. Logical & Comparison Instruc ons

Used for decision-making.

 EQU (Equal To) – Checks if two values are equal.

 NEQ (Not Equal To) – Checks if two values are different.

 GRT (Greater Than), LES (Less Than) – Compares two values

6. Jump & Subrou ne Instruc ons

Used for program flow control.

 JMP (Jump) – Skips parts of a program.

 LBL (Label) – Defines a jump loca on.

 JSR (Jump to Subrou ne) – Calls a subrou ne.

 RET (Return) – Returns from a subrou ne.

7. Special Func on Instruc ons

 PID (Propor onal Integral Deriva ve Control) – Used in process control applica ons.

 SQO (Sequencer Output) – Controls mul -step opera ons.

 A PLC’s instruc on set helps in designing automa on processes by providing logical, ming, coun ng,
data handling, and control instruc ons. These instruc ons work together to manage machines, sensors, and
actuators efficiently.

5.11 Explain ladder diagrams for following (i) DOL starter and STAR-DELTA starter (ii) Stair case ligh ng
(iii) Traffic light control (iv) Temperature Controller

(i) DOL starter

This Direct-On-Line (DOL) Starter ladder diagram is used to control the star ng and stopping of an electric
motor using a PLC. It also includes an overload relay for motor protec on.

Working Principle:

1. Start the Motor (Input1 - I:0/0):

o When START bu on (I:0/0) is pressed, the Main Contactor (O:0/0) is energized.

o This closes the contactor, keeping the motor ON.

o A holding contact (O:0/0) is used to maintain the circuit even if the start bu on is released.

2. Stop the Motor (Input2 - I:0/1):

o When the STOP bu on (I:0/1) is pressed, the circuit breaks, de-energizing the main
contactor (O:0/0).

o The motor turns OFF.

3. Overload Relay Protec on (Input3 - I:0/2):

o If the overload relay (I:0/2) is triggered (due to excess current), it breaks the circuit and
stops the motor to prevent damage.

4. Motor Output (O:0/1):

o The motor is connected to Output (O:0/1) and will run when the main contactor is ac ve.
Conclusion:

 Press START (I:0/0) → Motor Starts (O:0/1).

 Press STOP (I:0/1) → Motor Stops.

 If Overload (I:0/2) → Motor Automa cally Stops.

(ii) Star-Delta Starter

This PLC-based Star-Delta Starter is used to start an induc on motor in star mode and then switch to delta
mode a er a me delay. This reduces the high star ng current and prevents damage to the motor.

Working Principle:

1. Start the Motor (Input1 - I:0/0):

o When the START bu on (I:0/0) is pressed, the main contactor (O:0/0) energizes, closing the
circuit.

o The motor starts in star connec on through the star contactor (O:0/1).

2. Stop the Motor (Input2 - I:0/1):

o When the STOP bu on (I:0/1) is pressed, the circuit breaks, de-energizing all contactors and
stopping the motor.

3. Overload Protec on (I:0/2):

 o If an overload condi on occurs, the overload relay (I:0/2) trips, stopping the motor to
prevent damage.

4. Star Mode (O:0/1):

o The star contactor (O:0/1) remains ON for a preset me (T4:0).

o The mer TON (T4:0) starts coun ng.

5. Timer Delay (T4:0 DN - Timer Done):

o A er the preset me (e.g., 10 seconds), the mer (T4:0) completes its count and its DN
(done) bit is ac vated.

6. Switch to Delta Mode (O:0/2):

o Once the mer is done, the delta contactor (O:0/2) energizes, and the star contactor (O:0/1)
de-energizes.

o This switches the motor from star to delta connec on, allowing it to run at full voltage.

Conclusion:

 Press START (I:0/0) → Motor Starts in STAR mode (O:0/1).

 A er Time Delay (T4:0) → Switches to DELTA mode (O:0/2).

 If Overload (I:0/2) → Motor Automa cally Stops.

This PLC-based star-delta starter ensures smooth star ng and reduces inrush current, making it ideal for
large induc on motors.

(iii) Stair case ligh ng

This PLC-based staircase ligh ng control system allows a user to control a single light (bulb) using two
switches, typically located at the top and bo om of a staircase. The light can be turned ON or OFF from
either switch.
Working Principle:

1. Inputs (I:0/0 & I:0/1 - Switches)

o I:0/0 (Input Switch 1) – Located at one end of the staircase (e.g., ground floor).

o I:0/1 (Input Switch 2) – Located at the other end (e.g., first floor).

2. Output (O:0/0 - Bulb)

o The bulb (O:0/0) turns ON or OFF depending on the switch inputs.

3. Switching Mechanism:

o The circuit follows the behavior of a Two-Way Switching System used in manual wiring.

o When either Switch 1 (I:0/0) or Switch 2 (I:0/1) is toggled, the state of the output bulb
(O:0/0) changes (i.e., it turns ON if it was OFF, and vice versa).

o This is implemented using an XOR (Exclusive OR) logic, meaning:

 If either switch is ac vated individually, the bulb turns ON.

 If both switches are ac vated at the same me, the bulb turns OFF.

Logic Table:

Switch 1 (I:0/0) Switch 2 (I:0/1) Bulb (O:0/0) Status

0 (OFF) 0 (OFF) OFF

1 (ON) 0 (OFF) ON

0 (OFF) 1 (ON) ON

1 (ON) 1 (ON) OFF

 Pressing either switch toggles the light.

 The bulb can be turned ON or OFF from any switch posi on.

 Commonly used in staircase ligh ng, corridors, and large halls.

This PLC-based design is efficient for automated staircase ligh ng in buildings

(iv) Traffic light control :
This PLC-based traffic light control system manages North-South (NS) and East-West (EW) signals with Red,
Amber, and Green lights using a sequencer (SQO) instruc on.

Working Principle:

1. Sequencer Output (SQO) Instruc on:

o The SQO instruc on is used to control the traffic light sequence by shi ing through a
predefined data table stored in N7 registers.

o The first SQO outputs a sequence to N7:20 (traffic light states).

o The second SQO outputs a sequence to T4:0.PRE, which sets the mer for each step.

2. Timer (TON - Timer On Delay):

o T4:0 is a mer that ensures the light stays ON for a set dura on before moving to the next
step.

3. Control Flow:

o The sequence progresses when T4:0.DN (Done bit) is ON, meaning the mer has finished.

o The value in N7:20 determines which light should be ON.

Traffic Light Logic Table:

N7:20 Value Light ON (Ac ve Signal)

0 NS Red

1 NS Amber

2 NS Green

3 EW Red

4 EW Amber

5 EW Green

 NS (North-South) and EW (East-West) lights alternate.

 Red → Amber → Green transi on is handled by sequen ally changing N7:20 values.

This is a real- me traffic control system for intersec ons, ensuring safe vehicle movement.
 (v) Temperature Controller

This PLC-based temperature control system automa cally turns ON/OFF the air condi oning (AC) and
compressor based on temperature readings.

Working Principle:

1. Start/Stop Control for AC System

 INPUT-1 (I:0/0) → Start AC

o When Start Input is pressed, the AC (O:0/0) turns ON.

o The output remains ON via latching.

 INPUT-2 (I:0/1) → Stop AC

o When Stop Input is pressed, the AC turns OFF.

2. Compressor Start/Stop Logic

 Compressor Start (O:0/2) depends on:

o AC being ON (O:0/0 is ac ve).

o No stop condi on (I:0/2 is OFF).

 Compressor Stop (O:0/3)

o Ac vated when the stop bu on (I:0/2) is pressed.

3. Temperature Comparison Logic (N7:0 & N7:1 Registers)

 Greater Than (GRT) Instruc on:

o Compares N7:0 (current temperature) with N7:1 (set temperature).

o If N7:0 ≥ N7:1, compressor starts (O:0/2 ON).

 Less Than (LES) Instruc on:

o If N7:0 < N7:1, compressor stops (O:0/3 ON).

This PLC program controls temperature by ac va ng/deac va ng the AC and compressor automa cally.

5.12 Explain the need of data acquisi on

Data Acquisi on (DAQ) is the process of collec ng, measuring, and storing real-world data (like
temperature, voltage, pressure, or speed) using sensors and a computer system.

Why Do We Need Data Acquisi on?

1. Monitor and Control Processes

 Helps industries track temperature, pressure, and voltage in machines.

 Ensures safe and efficient opera on.

2. Improve Accuracy and Efficiency

 Manual data recording can have errors.

 DAQ systems provide precise, real- me measurements.

3.Automa c Data Storage and Analysis

 Records data automa cally for future analysis and troubleshoo ng.

 Used in weather sta ons, medical devices, and industrial machines.

4. Faster Decision-Making

 Live data helps engineers and operators take quick ac ons to avoid failures.
5. Remote Monitoring

 Industries can track and control machines from anywhere.

 Used in power plants, smart homes, and factories.

5.13 State the advantages of supervisory control.

Supervisory Control is a system that monitors and controls machines or processes from a central
loca on using computers and automa on. It is widely used in industries like power plants, manufacturing,
and transporta on.

Advantages of Supervisory Control

1. Remote Monitoring and Control

 Operators can control machines from a central loca on.

 Useful in power grids, water treatment plants, and factories.

2. Improves Efficiency

 Reduces manual work and human errors.

 Speeds up industrial processes.

3. Quick Problem Detec on

 Detects faults, errors, or failures in machines early.

 Prevents major breakdowns and accidents.

4. Saves Time and Cost

 Fewer workers are needed for monitoring and control.

 Reduces wastage of energy and materials.

5. Data Logging and Analysis

 Stores real- me data for future analysis and improvements.

 Helps in be er decision-making.

6. Improved Safety

 Reduces risks by automa ng dangerous tasks.

 Used in nuclear plants, oil refineries, and traffic systems.

Supervisory Control helps industries run smoothly, safely, and efficiently by automa ng
monitoring, reducing costs, and improving decision-making.
 5.14 List the so ware’s used for SCADA and explain them.

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisi on) systems use specialized so ware to
monitor, control, and automate industrial processes. Some popular SCADA so ware includes:

1. Wonderware InTouch (by AVEVA)

Features:

 User-friendly Graphical Interface (HMI).

 Supports real- me and historical data logging.

 Used in power plants, water treatment, and manufacturing.

Why Use It?

Easy to learn and use.
Strong integra on with PLCs.
Powerful alarm management system.

2. WinCC (by Siemens)

Features:

 Developed by Siemens for industrial automa on.

 Supports SCADA and HMI func onali es.

 Provides high security and advanced repor ng tools.

Why Use It?

Best suited for Siemens PLCs.
Works well in large industrial plants.
Supports cloud-based monitoring.

3. Igni on SCADA (by Induc ve Automa on)

Features:

 Web-based SCADA so ware, runs on PCs, tablets, and mobiles.

 Unlimited tags and connec ons (depends on hardware power).

 Supports Python scrip ng and SQL databases.

Why Use It?

Cost-effec ve (one- me licensing).
Runs on Windows, Linux, and Mac.
Supports Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).
 4. Citect SCADA (by Schneider Electric)

Features:

 Reliable data acquisi on and process control.

 Supports redundancy (backup systems to prevent failure).

 Advanced visualiza on with dynamic graphics.

Why Use It?

Highly scalable (from small to large industries).
Fast response me in cri cal applica ons.
Strong security features.

5. GE iFIX (by General Electric)

Features:

 Strong historical data analysis and trending.

 Batch processing support for food, pharmaceu cals, etc.

 User-friendly interface for quick setup.

Why Use It?

Ideal for industries needing high data accuracy.
Strong redundancy support for system reliability.
Used in oil & gas, water treatment, and power plants.

SCADA so ware is chosen based on the industry type, required features, and budget. Wonderware,
WinCC, and Igni on are widely used in manufacturing and automa on, while Citect SCADA and GE iFIX
are used for cri cal process industries.
 5.15 State various communica on methods used in SCADA.

Communica on Methods Used in SCADA

SCADA systems rely on different communica on methods to transfer data between remote
devices (RTUs, PLCs) and the central control sta on. These methods can be wired or wireless,
depending on the industry and requirements.

1. Wired Communica on Methods

RS-232 / RS-485 Serial Communica on

 Used for short-distance, low-speed communica on.

 Commonly connects PLCs, RTUs, and sensors.

Ethernet (TCP/IP Protocols)

 High-speed data transfer over LAN and WAN networks.

 Supports remote access and large-scale SCADA systems.

Fiber Op c Communica on

 Provides high-speed, long-distance communica on.

 Best for power plants, oil & gas, and railway networks.

 Immune to electrical interference (be er than copper cables).

2. Wireless Communica on Methods

Radio Communica on (VHF/UHF)

 Used in remote loca ons where wired communica on is imprac cal.

 Common in water treatment plants, oil & gas pipelines.

 Limited bandwidth and affected by obstacles (trees, buildings).

GSM/GPRS (Mobile Network)

 Uses cellular networks (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G) to transmit data.

 Suitable for remote monitoring of industrial plants.

 Relies on mobile network availability.

Satellite Communica on

 Used for very remote loca ons where no other network is available.

 Common in oil rigs, offshore wind farms, and remote power sta ons.

 High cost but global coverage.

 Wi-Fi & Bluetooth

 Used for short-range, local communica on.

 Common in small-scale automa on and smart industries.

3. Protocol-Based Communica on

SCADA systems use specific protocols for data exchange:

Modbus (RTU & TCP/IP) – Most widely used, simple and reliable.
DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol) – Used in power & water u li es.
Profibus & Profinet – Used in industrial automa on.
IEC 60870 & IEC 61850 – Used in power grid communica on.

SCADA communica on depends on distance, speed, cost, and environment. Ethernet and fiber
op cs are best for high-speed, wired networks, while radio, GSM, and satellite are used for remote
monitoring.

5.16 Explain the working of SCADA with PLC and applica ons of SCADA.

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisi on) works with PLCs (Programmable Logic
Controllers) to monitor and control industrial processes in real me. The PLC acts as the brain of field
devices, while SCADA serves as the interface for operators to monitor and control opera ons.

Step-by-Step Working of SCADA with PLC

1. Data Collec on (Sensors & Field Devices)

 Sensors (temperature, pressure, flow, etc.) and actuators (motors, valves) collect data from the
industrial process.

 This data is sent to PLCs for processing.

2. Data Processing & Control (PLC)

 The PLC reads input signals from sensors and processes them based on programmed logic.

 It makes decisions (e.g., turning on/off pumps, adjus ng temperature).

 The processed data is sent to the SCADA system.

3. Communica on (Wired/Wireless)

 PLCs communicate with the SCADA system using protocols like Modbus, DNP3, or Profibus.

 The data is transmi ed via Ethernet, fiber op cs, or wireless networks.

4. SCADA Monitoring & Control (HMI/So ware)

 SCADA so ware displays real- me data on HMI (Human-Machine Interface) screens.

 Operators can monitor trends, alarms, and logs to make decisions.

 If needed, operators send control commands (e.g., start/stop machines) through SCADA, which are
executed by the PLC.

5. Data Logging & Repor ng

 SCADA stores data for analysis, repor ng, and future decision-making.

 Helps in predic ve maintenance, efficiency improvement, and troubleshoo ng.

 Applica ons of SCADA :

Applica ons of SCADA

SCADA is widely used in industries where remote monitoring and automa on are required.

1. Power Plants & Electrical Grids

 Monitor and control power genera on, transmission, and distribu on.

 Helps in load balancing, fault detec on, and energy management.

2. Water & Wastewater Treatment

 Controls pumps, valves, and water treatment processes.

 Ensures efficient water distribu on and wastewater management.

3. Oil & Gas Industry

 Monitors pipelines, refineries, and storage tanks.

 Detects leaks, pressure drops, and flow rates to ensure safety.

4. Manufacturing & Industrial Automa on

 Used in assembly lines, robo c automa on, and material handling.

 Increases produc vity and reduces human error.

5. Transporta on & Traffic Control

 Used in railway signalling, toll booths, and smart traffic lights.

 Ensures smooth opera ons and reduces conges on.

6. Smart Buildings & HVAC Control

 Monitors air condi oning, ligh ng, and security systems.

 Reduces energy consump on and improves efficiency.

7. Renewable Energy (Solar & Wind Farms)

 SCADA monitors power output, ba ery storage, and grid integra on.

 Helps in predic ve maintenance and op mizing energy produc on.