Vector & Calculus 2.

Vector & Calculus

CHAPTER
2
Section A - Definition of Vector and Angle Knowledge of direction
between Vectors, Addition of
Vectors, Subtraction of Vectors
N
1. SCALAR :
In physics we deal with two type of physical quantity
one is scalar and other is vector. Each scalar quantity W E
has a magnitude and a unit.
For example mass = 4kg
S
Magnitude of mass =4
and unit of mass= kg
Example of scalar quantities : mass, speed, distance
3. GENERAL POINTS REGARDING
etc.
VECTORS :
Scalar quantities can be added, subtracted and
multiplied by simple laws of algebra. 3.1 Representation of vector :
Geometrically, the vector is represented by a line
2. VECTOR : with an arrow indicating the direction of vector as

Tail Head
Vector are the physical quantites having magnitude Length
(magnitude)
as well as specified direction.
For example : ?
Mathematically, vector is represented by A .
Speed = 4 m/s (is a scalar)
Sometimes it is represented by bold letter A.
Velocity = 4 m/s toward north (is a vector)
Thus, the arrow in abow figure represents a vector
If someone wants to reach some location then it is
not sufficient to provide information about the Y 
A
distance of that location it is also essential to tell him
about the proper direction from the initial location 
A 
to the destination.
?
The magnitude of a vector ( A ) is the absolute value X
?
of a vector and is indicated by | A | or A.
in xy-plane making an angle  with x-axis.
Example of vector quantity : Displacement, velocity,
acceleration, force etc. A representation of vector will be complete if it gives
us direction and magnitude.

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2.2 Theory and Exercise Book

? ? ??
Symbolic form : v, a, F, s used to separate a EXAMPLE 1
vector quantity from scalar quantities (u, i, m)
? ??
Three vectors A, B,C are shown in the figure. Find
Graphical form : A vector is represented by a ? ? ? ? ?
angle between (i) A and B , (ii) B and C , (iii) A and
directed straight line,
?
having the magnitude and direction of the quantity C.
represented by it.
x x
e.g. if we want to represent a force of 5 N acting ? 30º 45º
A ? ?
45° N of E B C
30º
x
(i) We choose direction co-ordinates.
(ii) We choose a convenient scale like 1 cm  1 N Sol. To find the angle between two vectors we connect
? ?
the tails of the two vectors. We can shift B & C
? ? ?
such that tails of A, B and C are connected as
N
B shown in figure.
5cm
Head
45° ?
W E A
A
30º x
tail 30º
45º
? ?
S C B
1cm 1N

?
Now we can easily observe that angle between A
(iii) We draw a line of length equal in magnitude and
? ? ? ?
in the direction and B is 60º, B and C is 15º and between A and
of vector to the chosen quantity. ?
C is 75º.
(iv) We put arrow in the direction of vector.
???
AB 3.3 Negative of Vector
Magnitude of vector : It implies vector of same magnitude but opposite in
???? direction.
| A B | 5N
 
A –A
3.2 Angle between two Vectors () 3.4 Equality of Vectors.
Angle between two vectors means smaller of the Vectors having equal magnitude and same direction
two angles between the vectors when they are placed are called equal vectors
tail to tail by displacing either of the vectors parallel ?
to itself (i.e 0). C

? ? ?
B B A ?
? B
B ? ? ?
   if | A| |B| |C|
 ? ? ?
A A A and A ? B ?C ?
? ? ?
then A  B  C

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 Vector & Calculus 2.3

3.5 Collinear vectors :

Any two vectors are co-linear then one can be 3.8 Multiplication and division of a vector
express in the term of other. by a scalar
?
? ? Multiplying a vector A with a positive number  gives
a  b (where  is a constant)
? ?
3.6 Co-initial vector : If two or more vector start a vector (B   A) whose magnitude become  times
from same point then they called co-initial vector. ?
but the direction is the same as that of A . Multiplying
? ?
a vector A by a negative number  gives a vector B
A
? ?
A ? B whose direction is opposite to the direction of A and
B ?
C whose magnitude is – times | A | .
?
e.g. C ?
The division of vector A by a non-zero scalar m is
O ? D
D
? 1
defined as multiplication of A by .
m
here A, B, C, D are co-initial.
? ?
At here A and B are co-linear vector
3.7 Coplanar vectors :
Three (or more) vectors are called coplanar vectors
EXAMPLE 2
if they lie in the same plane or are parallel to the
same plane. Two (free) vectors are always A physical quantity (m = 3kg) is multiplied by a vector
? ? ?
coplanar. a such that F  ma . Find the magnitude and direction
?
of F if
Important points ?
(i) a = 3m/s2 East wards
 If the frame of reference is translated or rotated ?
(ii) a = –4 m/s2 North wards
the vector does not change (though its components ? ?
may change).
Sol. (i) F  ma  3  3ms 2 East wards
= 9 N East wards
? ?
(ii) F  ma  3  ( 4) N North wards
or ?
?
ect
B v A S' = –12 N North wards
O' = 12 N South wards
S
O

Two vectors are called equal if their magnitudes

and directions are same, and they represent values
of same physical quantity.

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 Kinematics 3.1

Kinematics
CHAPTER
3
Section A - Distance, Displacement, Velocity ?
Consider a particle which moves from location r1
and Acceleration, Equation of
(at time t1)
Motion
?
to location r2 (at time t2) as shown in the figure
below, following path ACB.
1. REST AND MOTION :
y
* An object is said to be in motion wrt a frame of A C
reference S1, when its location is changing with r1 B
time in same frame of reference S1.
r2
* Rest and motion are relative terms.
x
* Absolute rest and absolute motion have no
meaning. (C) Distance :
The length of the actual path traversed by the particle
is termed as its distance.
Mo tion is broadly classif ied into 3
categories. Distance = length of path ACB.

1. Rectilinear and translatory motion. * Its SI unit is metre and it is a scalar quantity.

2. Circular and rotatory motion. * It can never decrease with time.

3. Oscillatory and vibratory motion. (D) Displacement :

The change in position vector of the particle for a
given time interval is known as its displacement.
1.1 Rectilinear or 1-D Motion
When a particle is moving along a straight line, then  ? ? ?
AB  r  r2  r1
its motion is a rectilinear motion.
* Displacement is a vector quantity and its SI unit
Parameters of rectilinear motion or translatory
is metre.
motion or plane motion:
* It can decrease with time.
(A) Time :
For a moving particle in a given interval of time
* It is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is second(s).
* Displacement can be +ve, –ve or 0, but distance
* At a particular instant of time, a physical object
would be always +ve.
can be present at one location only.
* Distance  Magnitude of displacement.
* Time can never decrease.
* Distance is always equal to displacement only
(B) Position or location - It is defined with
and only if particle is moving along a straight
respect to some reference point (origin) of given
line without any change in direction.
frame of reference.

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3.2 Theory and Exercise Book

(E) Average speed and average On the distance - time plot, the speed is equal to the
velocity: slope of the tangent to the curve at the time instant
Average speed and average velocity are always 't'. Let A and B point on the plot corresponds to the
defined for a time interval. time t and t + t during the motion. As t approaches
Total dis tan ce travelled s zero, the chord AB becomes the tangent AC at A.
Average speed (v av )   The slope of the tangent equal ds/dt, which is equal
Time int erval t
to the intantaneous speed at 't'.
? ? ?
? Displacement r r2  r1
Average velocity (v av )    DC ds
Time int erval t t 2  t1 v = tan = 
AC dt
* Average speed is a scalar quantity, while
average velocity is a vector quantity. Both have
the same SI units, i.e., m/s. (G) Instantaneous velocity :
For a moving particle in a given interval of time Instantaneous velocity is defined exactly like speed.
* Average speed can be a many valued function It is equal to the ratio of total displacement and time
but average velocity would be always a single- interval, but with one qualification that time interval
valued function. is extremely (infinitesimally) small. Thus,
* Average velocity can be positive, negative or 0 instantaneous velocity can be termed as the average
but average speed would be always positive. velocity at a particular instant of time when t tend
to zero and may have entirely different value that of
(F) In stan taneous speed and average velocity : Mathematically.
instantaneous velocity
Instantaneous speed is also defined exactly like r dr
v  lim 
average speed i.e. it is equal to the ratio of total t0 t dt
distance and time interval, but with one qualification
As t tends to zero, the ratio defining velocity
that time interval is extremely (infinitesimally) small.
becomes finite and equals to the first derivative of
The instantaneous speed is the speed at a particular
the position vector. The velocity at the moment 't' is
instant of time and may have entirly different value
than that of average speed. Mathematically. called the instantaneous velocity or simply velocity
at time 't'.
s ds
v  lim  ...(4) S
s0 t dt
Position/displacement

When s is the distance travelled in time t. B

As t tends to zero, the ratio defining speed
B'
becomes finite and equals to the first derivative of D S

the distance. The speed at the moment 't' is is called C
A t
the instantaneous speed at time 't'. t
O t t  t time
S Instantaneous velocity is equal to the slope
of the tangent at given instant.

B
Distance

The magnitude of average velocity |vavg| and average

D S
speed vavg may not be equal, but magnitude of

instantaneous velocity |v| is always equal to
A t C
instantaneous speed v.
t
O t t  t time
Instantaneous speed is equal to the slope
of the tangent at given instant.

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 Kinematics 3.3

EXAMPLE 1 Sol. Let total distance = 2x. Then

In 1.0 sec a particle goes from point A to point B x x  v1  v 2 

moving in a semicircle of radius 1.0 m. The total time taken = v  v  x  v v 
1 2  1 2 
magnitude of average velocity is
(A) 3.14 m/sec (B) 2.0 m/sec 2x 2v1v 2
(C) 1.0 m/sec (D) zero  Average speed = 
 v1  v 2  v1  v 2
x 
Total displacement d  v1v 2 
Sol. Average velocity  
Total time t
(G-1) Wh en v elocity is given as a
D = AO + OB function of t :
A
= 1 + 1 = 2m 1m
o
t = 1 sec (given) 1m EXAMPLE 4
B Velocity-time equation of a particle moving in a
2
 mg of v of = 2m/sec straight line is,
1
v = (10 + 2t + 3t2)
Find :
EXAMPLE 2 (a) displacement of particle from the origin of time t
A particle moves along a semicircular path of radius = 1 s, if it is given that displacement is 20 m at
R in time t with constant speed. For the particle time t = 0
calculate (b) acceleration-time equation.
(i) distance travelled, Sol. (a) The given equation can be written as,
(ii) displacement, R
A B ds
(iii) average speed, v=  (10  2t  3t 2 )
dt
(iv) average velocity,
ds = (10 + 2t + 3t2) dt
Sol. (i) Distance = length of path of particle = AB = R
s t
(ii) Displacement = minimum distance between or ds  (10  2t  3t 2 )dt
initial and final point

20

0

= AB = 2R
or s – 20 = [10t + t2 + t3]01
total dis tan ce R or s = 20 + 12 = 32 m
(iii) Average speed, v = 
time t (b) Acceleration-time equation can be obtained by
differentiating the given equation w.r.t. time.
2R
(iv) Average velocity = Thus,
t
dv d
a=  (10  2t  3t 2 )
dt dt
EXAMPLE 3
A body travels the first half of the total distance or a = 2 + 6t
with velocity v1 and the second half with velocity
v2. Calculate the average velocity :

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 CIRCULAR MOTION & WPE 3.1

Circular Motion &

Work Power Energy
CHAPTER
3
CIRCULAR MOTION 2. KIN EMAT ICS OF CIRCULA R
MOTION :
2.1 Variables of Motion :
Section A,B - Kinematics of circular
(a) Angular Position :
MotionCentripetal and tangential
Acceleration, Relative Circular The angle made by the position vector with given
Motion line (reference line) is called angular position Circular
motion is a two dimensional motion or motion in a
1. CIRCULAR MOTION plane. Suppose a particle P is moving in a circle of
radius r and centre O. The position of
When a particle moves in a plane such that its
distance from a fixed (or moving) point remains
Y
constant then its motion is called as the circular
motion with respect to that fixed (or moving) point.
P'
That fixed point is called centre and the distance
 P
between fixed point and particle is called radius.
 x
O r

v v v
A the particle P at a given instant may be described by
1
the angle  between OP and OX. This angle  is
2

called the angular position of the particle. As the

B particle moves on the circle its angular position 
change. Suppose the point rotates an angle  in
time t.
The car is moving in a straight line with respect to
the man A. But the man B continuously rotate his (b) Angular Displacement :
d Definition :
face to see the car. So with respect to man A 0
dt Angle rotated by a position vector of the moving
particle in a given time interval with some
d reference line is called its angular displacement.
But with respect to man B 0
dt

Therefore we conclude that with respect to A the Important point :

motion of car is straight line but for man B it has • It is dimensionless and has proper unit SI unit radian
some angular velocity while other units are degree or revolution 2
rad = 360° = 1 rev

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3.2 Theory and Exercise Book

• Infinitely small angular displacement is a vector

2 n
quantity but finite angular displacement is not av =
t
because the addition of the small angular
displacement is cummutative while for large is not. If T is the period and ‘f’ the frequency of uniform
? ? ? ? circular motion
d1 + d2 = d2 + d1 but 1 + 2  2 + 1
2  1
• Direction of small angular displacement is decided av = = 2f
T
by right hand thumb rule. When the fingers are
directed along the motion of the point then thumb d
will represents the direction of angular displacement. • If  = a – bt + ct2 then  = = – b + 2ct
dt
• Angular displacement can be different for different
observers
Relation between speed and angular velocity :

(c) Angular Velocity   d

 = lim = dt
(i) Average Angular Velocity t t

The rate of change of angular velocity is called the

Total Angle of Rotation
av = ; angular acceleration (). Thus,
Total time taken
d d 2
2 – 1   = dt = 2
dt
av = t – t =
2 1 t
The linear distance PP’ travelled by the particle in
where 1 and 2 are angular position of the particle time t is
at time t1 and t2 respectively.
(ii) Instantaneous Angular Velocity Y
The rate at which the position vector of a particle P'
with respect to the centre rotates, is called as P
instantaneous angular velocity with respect to the 

centre. r
X
O

 d
 = lim
t0 t = d t

S
Important points : s = r or lim
t0 t
• It is an axial vector with dimensions [T–1] and SI
unit rad/s.  s d
= r lim
t0  t or  t = r d t or v = r
• For a rigid body as all points will rotate through
same angle in same time, angular velocity is a
Here, v is the linear speed of the particle
characteristic of the body as a whole, e.g., angular
It is only valid for circular motion
velocity of all points of earth about its own axis is
(2/24) rad/hr. ?
? v
v = r is a scalar quantity (   )
• If a body makes ‘n’ rotations in ‘t’ seconds then r
angular velocity in radian per second will be

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