Chapter 1 BUILDING VOCABULARY AND WORD FORMATION 4.1. _ INTRODUCTION Vocabulary (the knowledge of words and word meanings) Is one o the key bullding blocks in learning anew language. The more words a learner knows the more they will be able to understand what they hear and read and the better they will become at communicating in speech or writing. 4.2, DEVELOPING VOCABULAR Developing a strong vocabulary takes time and practice. Here are some ways to enhance your vocabulary: 1, Read Widely: Read books, articles, and other types of written materials to expose yourself to a wide range of words and expressions. 2. Use Word Dictionarie: \JOCAB Look up new words in dictionaries to expand their @ e a ULAR meaning and usage. 3. Write Regularly: Practice writing, as it can help you remember and understand how words are used. 4, Engage in Conversations: Actively engage in conversations with others to expand your vocabulary through exposure to different words and contexts. 5. Listen to Podcasts and Audio books: Listen to podcasts and audio books to improve your comprehension and expand your vocabulary. Fig. 1.1. Vocabulary 6. Take Vocabulary Tests: Regularly take vocabulary tests to assess your progress and identify areas for improvement. 1:3, IMPORTANCE OF VOCABULARY xara cabulary plays a important role in effective communication an Gibress our thoughts, ideas, and emotions accurately, both verbally and it ¥ Vocabulary is important: d comprehension. It allows us to in writing. Here are some reasons Q ; able] ~ Building Vocabulary And Ward FormationExpands Communication: Vocabulary enables individuals to expres y, Individuals can convey complex thou ate with others, 5 themselves clearly and concisely. By expanding thy, hls, Ideas, and emotions elfectively, enhangny vocal thoir ability to communi Improves Reading and Writing Skills: ; : ' A strong, vocabulary is linked to improved reading and writing skills. A wider vocabulary allows individuals to comprehend and interpret written text accurately, enhancing their abjtity to comprehend complex ideas and arguments. Additionally, having a large vocabulary enables individuals to write more effectively, using a wider range of words and sentence structures, Increases Fluency: Vocabulary plays a crucial role in speaking fluently. Individuals with a large vocabulary can speay more articulately, using precise and descriptive words to convey their thoughts and ideas effectively This fluency in speech not only makes individuals more articulate but also helps them appear more confident and competent. Enhances Cognitive Abilities: A strong vocabulary has been linked to enhanced cognitive abilities. Individuals with a larger vocabulary possess better problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, and abstract reasoning skills. They are more likely to think critically, make connections, and come up with innovative 0s ==> (Zilia CCT =: C= OEE 0 CE Fig, 1.2. ideas. Improves Academic Performance: BHARAT™- HARAT™~ English Language and ‘Communication Skills-IV (Semester-4")supports Social and Emotional Development 6. vorabulaty extends beyond the contin of anguage an als with a la ; ye and att : inva wi Ee vocabulary ae bt aie to eta ra lana aznenen coe eed cragbet connections with others, Th culate their feelings, emotions, and contribute to stronger relationships and improved soc his emotional intelli and empathy 7, Builds Confidence: Social skills, Expanding vocabulary can have a signifi ; i: q confidence. When individuals possess a ee uae to express themselves, they feel more confident in thay cons to articulate their thoughts and engage in conversations, 7 confidence can have ripple effects on various aspects of ite, (aa including personal and professional success, fat Lr pe eters In keeping a vocabulary notebook, we discuss some reasons why vocabulary notebooks are necessary, how to notice and record vocabulary fee how to organize our notebook, and finally, how to use them for revision ~ how to remember and reuse the stebook, and finally, jon ~ hi nm emember and rel Rule No 1: Words, like people, need company You must not see words as individuals. You must pay atter i DL 7 nntion to combinations of 2. collocations. There are several types of collocation: a sila a el a (a) Verb + noun: e.g. make a noise, have a party, take a tablet (b) Adjective + noun: e.g., strong accent, bright colour, heavy rain (©) Verb + adverb: e.g. work hard, smiled softly (@) Verb + preposition: (including phrasal verbs) e.g. talk about, burst into tears, filled with horror (©) Fixed or semi-fixed expression: e.g. It seems to me that, It's worth seeing/going to, sick and tired. WHY are collocations so important? HOW will they improve my English? 1. Well, firstly, your speaking will improve e.g. “| forgot my passport and lost the plane” (miss the plane) missed ¥ “""m sorry I’m late teacher. | hope | didn’t lose anything” (miss class) miss ¥ (You can lose your pen or book but we say miss a class/lesson/lecture.) 2. Secondly, learning collocations will also improve your writing e.g. “Many people make crimes every day. We need to eonetide our crime problem soon” We should say: commit crimes/ solve our crime problem. Learning collocations will really help you to improve. Try it! How should | record and learn words? Most importantly, NEVER record a single word (e.g. “res! Write the other words that go with that Word, i.e., its collocations: take a rest. Remember, words keep company. Is that Ok? Good! ‘Some ideas for recording and using vocabulary: Here are a couple of sample vocabulary notebooks. Chapter 1 - Building Vocabulary And Word Formation‘Make nave: Verb-noun conacation agood time/fun pakfast _amistoke ichvamed/Dre money nave Customer requests ad -Could you tell Me... a «What this means? Light =f YOu have any/some..? od substantial} meal “I'l have the....for starters and the... slap-up for the main course, please =Can! have my steak... ~~ ~fare/medium/well done = fish was delicious, thank you TN 7 @ eating andarinking AW 3 havea quick snack. qa ‘© / could really do witha Tefreshing drink. -’maying of hunger! Ihave a healthy appetite, 'had a hearty breakfast only three hours ago}, Crisps will only spoll your appetite. The set menu is reasonably priced, Let’s goin: Hove home-cooked food, @m international food/culsine, ao 1 had a Chinese/Mexican/French meal ina restaurant Hove Chinese/Mexican/French f00d/cookings Fig, 1.12, There are strong links between memory and e remember it more. For example, how does the word oy om! Something makes Word or expression make a. happy or sad, y 8 BHARAT™ Engl a English Language and Communication Skills-ly (Gemoctes.EMOTIONS ae Speakout: intermediate “£0 Making the some mistakes can be a (eid tory ely berg OM) et anny ten Zep tng The terrorist ettock ln Part os fattening, Semi att ced home fied waiting in queues frustrating td 2 MY ters felahtened. fied that studying Engish ean Be esousting en end Eg Sering Beyonce was eal eating 6 ected ne, eft att seals exhovsted. . oS {Bt eetnhe ono hot in °° ___couecanions api-noun anon ee hrm Se ten situation 2 sting ee fect tennemipace mes con ——= PHRASAL VERBS/IDIOMS-feelings (From Collins Phrsal verbs unit 10) NEGATIVE Posmve ‘Pm fed up with this film i feel so bod about letting down my friends" really Looking forward to my holidays rm feeling a bit down about my exams __| bought a book to cheer-myselfup The loud music wos starting te get to Maria" hopina for a nice present at Christmas Raji feeling a bit out of sorts today. Lee is over the moon about his new job Fig, 1.13, 4, Decision-making: The more decisions you make about an expression, the better you will remember it. Below are a few tips on how to Do Things with your vocabulary. Match a collocation with something that rhymes with it. For example, to English speakers, “dying of hunger” sounds like “die younger”. What does it sound like in your language? It doesn’t have to make sense; it can be silly! You could decide what part of the speech or what type of collocation they are (verb-noun/adverb- verb collocation etc.) tm aying of hungert Ha hown sy _ jhave a healthy appetite, adi+noun Ss Inada hearty breakfast only three hours ago! adj+ noun crisps wil only spol your appetite. verb + noun oF tne set menu is reasonably priced. Let's go In.wouetnown LJ tiove nome-cooked food, adj* now — international food/culsine, adj+ noun : 'O had a Chinese/Mexican/French meal ina adc noun Fig, 1.14 hapter 1 Building Vocabulary And Word Formation— —= nce (m dying of hunger atthe moment), they thi ink entel Ty tous the expression in a complete sentence of where you would say it or who you would yw It wnes (i'm dying of hunger.) Fig, 1.15. ‘+ Number or rate the expressions from 1 (favourite / most useful) to 5 (least favourite/usefy Then compare your list with a friend or classmate. favourite =1 | Eating and drinking favoute 1 havea quick snack. 1. could really do with a refreshing arink. 3-/m dying of hunger! 1 Ihave healthy appetite, 1 Ihad a hearty breakfast only three hours ago! 3 Crisps will only spoil your appetite. 2- The set menu is reasonably priced, Let’s go in. ove home-cooked food, 5 international food/culsine, aan i { 1 / Rada chinese/Mexican/French meal ina restaurant i /love Chinese/Mexican/French food/cooking/ | Fig. 1.16, * Nou could also categorize the expression on your page according to where you would say it- at the bank, out with friends, ete. or who you would say it to or who you might say it about - your brother, a great artist, etc. Have selfish streak (my brother) — Razor-Sharp'mind (my friend Totioy — | Vivid Imagination(4dete singer) — [Brutally honest about the sex acon 5) fake snap-decision(when im ina mip. — | Keep -your temper (itretass}) tose Your temper (playing foowa- Triage z Good company (my best friend Roisin) a. Highly intelligent (Zinstein Of course) Test you memory. Close the page. Can you write the expressioy 10 ns from memory? BHARAT=— : nash Language and Communication Skill-IV (Semester")tna Restuarant E> Fig. 1.18, Make yourself a gap-fill with the expressions. After a few di the missing word? lays, return to them. Can you remember TEST to. do I think I'll have a q____snack I could really-do with a ropa drink —— Tm of hunger Cira has.ah, appetite love ah. breakfast sometimes ‘Too much chocolate can s. your appetite > Fig. 1.19. Write questions with the expressions. You could then ask a friend these questions. Do they know the collocation? Can they answer the question? What do you have for a-quick snack? ——What drink do you fin ing“ re-you dying of hung 2— ‘ ‘you have a healthy or bad appetite? fs ‘kinds of food spoil your appetite? { Fig. 1.20. Put your finger or hand over one side of the page, or sentence. Can you complete the sentence? Chapter 1 ~ Building Vocabulary And Word Formation 7ning arink. > Translate sentences or expressions into your own first- language. Then, after three day Your translation. Can you retranslate the sentence back into English again? YS, retum ~_Haeaquicksack jpinalenestamistingmaae | Sree [really need a | I'm dving of hunger, = ii {I | Lhavea healthy appetite, ere ne I Ss sara sheet — C | Love hos : : I temeseictma y + Personal Practice: read a sentence aloud and repeat it to who You would say itt, or wherehwhy/when you would say it: Whe: emotions and images do you associate with it? Finally sit in a quit place and ask another student or fiend to test r collocations in your notebook. You on the expressions o And, after all tha, just get out there and use your English - ag mu ible, i ifferent situations as possible. And enjoy yourself - makin ch a8 possible, in as many difeen 18 New friends, gettir Course, Keep learning, keep revising, and keep it personal,” EE on at college or work, and, o 1.5. THE FORMATION Words are the fundamental units of a composition in or i oe should necessarily possess a rch vocabulary. "Ser tO acquire ease and felicity in writing, om 1.5.1. Root Words, Prefixes, Suffixes And Derivatives 1. Root words: A root is the part of a wor on it, and other words are formed fro ‘walker. rd that has the mai hae Mit; e.g. walk ig then Meaning, its other forms are based iS the root of ‘walks’, ‘walked’, ‘walking’ and BHARAT™~ 12 ‘ralsh Language and Communication Skills-Iv (Semester)are the original words, 1 oot words are 7 Is. They are also called ba: - 7 ca ase words Or primar prefixes: Some words are formed with the help of a protic. A Gren oe 2 Dopinning of @ word to modify or alter its meanings, Most of Ae loment placed at the porrowed from Latin and Greek. A few are from old Englishyep a sleep lee eet < : : slish sleep = asleep. sates: Some words ae fone with the help of a suffix. A suffix is an element placed at the end or ne aMeaning. One part of speech can be tured into ancther withthe help ofa sui e formed out of verbs, adjectives and adverbs; verbs out of nouns and pajectves, and SO On; e.g. punish + ment = punishment eee Derivative: A word that has been developed i a Oe tr ce ped or produced from another word is called Derivative: 5 Primary Derivative: They are formed by making some change in the body of the primary words: bind (verb) bond (noun) Prove (verb): proof (noun) hot (adjective). : heat (noun) high (adjective) : height (noun) ¢ Secondary derivatives: They are formed by adding affixes. If an affix is added in the beginning of the primary word, it is called prefix:un + happy = unhappy. If an affix is added at the end of the primary word, it is called suffix: good + ness = goodness. 7 Compound words: They are formed by joining two or more primary words: sunlight, post office, blackboard, railway. 8, Uses of root words: Some root words can be used independently or as part of other common words in the English language. The following root words are provided with their meaning and, in parentheses, a few examples of the root as part of other words. 4 act - to move or do (actor, acting, reenact) 4. atbor - tree (arboreal, arboretum, arborist) crypt - to hide (apocryphal, cryptic, cryptography) ego - | (egotist, egocentric, egomaniac) form - shape (conform, formulate, reform) legal - related to the law (illegal, legalities, paralegal) meter - measure (kilometer, millimeter, pedometer) norm - typical (abnormal, normality, paranormal) phobia - fear (arachnophobia, claustrophobia, hydrophobia) ROOT WORDS AS WORD STEMS Since much of the English language is derived from Latin and Greek, there may be times when the toot of a word is not immediately recognizable because of its origin. You will find that the roots listed are from Greek or Latin and can't stand alone in English; they need something joined to them to make a whole word in English. Review the list, as well as a few examples of English words that are based on these roots. + acti - bitter (acrid, acrimony, acridity) astro - star (astronaut, astronomy, astrophysics) aud - hear (audience, audible, audio) auto - self (autonomy, autocrat, automatic) bene - good (benefactor, benevolent, beneficial) can - flesh (carnal, carnivorous, reincarnate) corp - body (corporal, corporate, corpse) Cred - believe (credible, credence, incredible) dict - say (diction, dictate, edict) yr eer yo pre Chapter 1 ~ Pte" 1 ~ Building Vocabulary And Word Formation——_ - to do (factory, faculty, faction) genetics, generate) luminary, luminous) ocosm, microscope) n = birth (genes A tam = tight (lum 4 micro - small (microbiology, multi - many (mutttingual, multiple, multifaceted) 4 port - carry (portal, portable, transport) sect - cut apart (dissect, sectional, transect) 4 sen - old (senator, senile, senior) + sent - to feel (consent, sensation, sensing) 4 tele - far (telephone, telegraph, television) + vor - to eat (herbivore, omnivore, voracious) You could argue that roots like “sent” and “sect” can also stand alone as English words, but they have different meanings in that case. For more examples, explore these Greek and Latin wor ’ 1.7. ADDITIONAL ROOT WORD EXAMPLES Whether talking with friends or reading a book, you are constantly bombarded with root words. Here are more examples of roots, their meanings and other words that are formed by adding prefixes and/or suffixes to these language building blocks. 4. ambul: to move or walk (ambulance, ambulate) + cardio: heart (cardiovascular, electrocardiogram, cardiology) A cede: to go or yield (intercede, recede, concede) + counter: against or opposite (counteract, counterpoint, counterargument) + dem: people (democracy, democrat, demographic) + derm: skin (dermatitis, dermatology, epidermis) 4 equi: equal (equity, equilateral, equidistant) + hypno: sleep (hypnosis, hypnotic, hypnotism) + intra: within or into (intrapersonal, intramural, intravenous) 4 ject: to throw (reject, eject, inject) magni: big or great (magnificent, magnify, magnitude) mal: bad (malignant, malfunction, malice) omni: all (omnipotent, omnipresent, omnivore) Pater: father (paternal, paternity, patriarch) script: to write (manuscript, postscript, scripture) vis, vid: to see (envision, evident, vision) You probably noted that a couple of these words can either stand alone, such as “script” and “cede,” Or serve as the building block to longer, fuller words, 1.8. (a) Some prefixes reverse or negate the meaning of the Mek de(down) : value devalue 4 USES OF PREFIXES bila ne compose decompose fame Promote demote defrost a fridge, the depopulation of the countryside, the decentralization of government ; BHARAT™— Enalsh Language and Communication kils-iV (Semester-4)- : agree lsagrea : istapar Was q agree agreement disagreement fH li ability disability : polite impolit not polite jure im possible impossible are ia in e patient impatient visi n(n: iar invisible discipline indiscipline urate inaccurate efficiency inefficiency Note: We do not use in before /, m, p or n. We use il, im and ir instead. illegal, illogical, immobile, immoral, impossible, impatient, irrelevant, irresponsible. i{not): legible illegible legal illegal legitimate illegitimate literate illiterate innot): regular irregular irreligious rational irrational resistable irresistable rnon(not): cooperate non-cooperate payment non-payment sense nonsense violence non-violence un(not, back, against): happy unhappy do undo necessary unnecessary fold unfold This is the most common way of expressing an opposite. (b) Some prefixes express size or degree: extra(beyond): extraordinary, extravagant, extramural, extraterritorial out(more/ better): outlive, outgrow, outcome, outlaw semi(halt): semicircle, semicolon, semi-official, semi-final sub(under/ less): sub-inspector, subnormal, sub-conscious, sub-human, sub-committee, sub-caste, sub-plot, subordinate, subjugate, sub-standard under(too little): under-estimate, underage, underpaid, under-review, under-cooked food, and under staffed office Over (too much): overcrowded, ill from overwork, an over-grown garden, overdo, overestimate, overage, overfed, overjoyed, overbear Mini (small): a mini bus, a mini skirt, a mini computer (c) Some prefixes express time or position: fore(before): foretell, forecast pre(before): prefix, prepay, prewar, prehistoric times post(after): postpone, post-graduate, a post-dated cheque, the post-war period, postscript, post-mortem ex(previously): his ex-wife, our ex-director, ex-Mayor, ex-President, ex-factory re(again): rewrite a letter, re-enter a room, remarry, rebirth, recall, rebuild, reorganise, return, refund, revive, recount, research, review (4) Some prefixes express attitudes: anti(against): anti-nuclear protester, anti-aircraft guns, anti-social element, anti-government, antidote, anti-virus, anti-Indian, anti-national. pronoun, pro-government forces, pro-European policies, pro-communist, pro- American, pro-Chancellor Pro(in favour of): Chapter 1 ~ 'er 1 ~ Building Vocabulary And Word Formation os(e) Some prefixes express number: 7 nove Mono(alone, one): mono-acting, monosyllabic, monorail, monolingual, a monotone, monogamy, monopoly, monotheism, monotony, monologue. bi(two, twice): bi-weekly, bi-annual, bicycle, bilateral, bigamy, biennial, bisect tri(three, thrice): multi(many): tricolour, triangle, triwheeler, tri-cycle, trinity multipurpose, multi-millionaire, a multi-storeyed building, a multinational company, a multi-storey car park polygamy, polytheism, polyandry, polysyllabic Poly(many): () Some prefixes express wrong states: mis(badly/ wrongly): misuse, misbehave, miscount, a misunderstanding, mislead, mishap, misconduct, mistrust mis(ill): mischief, misrule, mismanage, misappropriate i Malefactor, malevolent, malignant, malicious, maltreat, male, mali, mal (ill, evil): ‘malpractice, malnutrition. (g) Some prefixes are used to change the part of the speech. Noun Verbs Adjectives Verbs en(in, on) courage encourage able enable danger endanger close enclose em(in, on) power empower bitter embitter body embody bold embolden be(by, off, friend befriend little belittle completely around) foo! befool calm becalm (h) The new prefixes ‘cyber-’ and ‘e-’ (both meaning relating to electronic communication network) cyber : cyber café, cyber space e e-mail, e-business, e-government, e-recharge, e-ticketing (i) some miscellaneous prefixes: asleep, aloft, ashore, adrift, aside, aright, away ACoi Ambi(on both sides): ambidextrous, ambivalent, ambiguous Ante (before): antechamber, antedate, antenatal, antecedent Arch (chief): arch-bishop, arch-enemy, arch-villain, arch-hypocrte Auto (self): autobiography, autocrat, automobile, autosuggestion, automatic, autograph Bene(well) benefits, benefactor, benevolent, benediction Cireum(around): circumstances, clrcumscribe, circumference, circumvent, citcurmnavigation Co together, with: co-chaitman, co-operate, co-ordinate, coalition, co-enstence, a co-production, my co-driver, Contra, counter contradict, contraband, contraceptive, contravene, controversy, counteract (against): counter-balance, counter-attack : f Demi (halt): demigod, demi-offcial, demi-paradise Equifequally): equilateral, equidistant, equilibrium, equivalent Ex (out of): expel, extract, extend, express, exhale, extinguish BHARAT™- lis 'T"- English Language and Communication Sklls-IV (Semester-4")H ero caireren) \ a 8 er (over): te woe qrans jntra (within: omni (all) pan (alll: phil, phil(love): super, sur(over): ultra (beyond): Vice (in place of): Micro (extreme small): Mega (huge) heterodox, heterogeneous hexagon, hexameter hypersensitive, hype international, inter phone call, ical, hypertension, hypermarket, hypersonic caste, intercollegiate, inter-city trains, an international trans-Atlantic, transfer, transit, translate, transcribe, transcend, traverse, a transplant operation intramural, intravenous, intramuscular omnipresent, omnipotent, omnivorous, omniscient panacea, pandemonium, pan-American, pan-Islamic, pan-cake philosophy, philanthrophy, philander Superman, supernature, superhuman, superfine, supervise, surpass, surcharge, surplus, survive, survey, a superstore, a supersonic aircraft ultramodern, ultraviolet, ultra-marine Vice-president, viceroy, vice-admiral Micro-teaching, micro-surgery, a micro-computer, a micro-processor Megastar, megachip, megacycle, megapolis, mega death, mega lithic. Meta (change , positive) Metabolism, metamorphosis, metaphor, metacarpus, metalanguage Exercise No. 1 4 Formwords with the following prefixes: non. alike 2. Formwords with the following prefixes: (a) To form nouns ~arlerfor hood ~ship dom ~cracy ~rylery ful ~ist ~ism -ant MOUS er behAlie aut equi over ultra., SES OF SUFFIXES beggar, painter, speaker, writer, operator, sailor boyhood, childhood, manhood, neighbourhood friendship, membership, lordship, hardship, lecturership wisdom, freedom, kingdom, boredom, martyrdom democracy, aristocracy, autocracy, bureacracy slavery, machinery, jewellery, mastery, outcry, treasury handful, mouthful, spoonful Buddhist, communist, dentist, novelist, scientist, populist socialism, Hinduism, optimism, pessimism inhabitant, consultant, servant, protestant Chapter 1 — Pte 1 ~ Building Vocabulary And Word Formation 7cc ion sation : sion ‘ ~ment ~ -ness : iy ~y ~acy “age ~ance/ence ~ty/ lity 7 ~itude ~ure )-ar Verb approve bury (ii) -age break Pass (iii) -ure depart please (iv) ry deliver discover (v) -ment agree announce (vi) -ation, -tion, ~ion admire combine (vii) -ssion; ~sion admit possess (viii) -ance appear assure (ix) -ence depend 18 > 00, addressee payee, employee, devotee, add ae tion, selection, relation, correction, dis ss tion, exploration, invitation, preservation, adoration starvation, admission, confusion, conversion, decision, permission, udgement, agreement, movement, arrangement, a 01 motional evelap, i aalpioal refusal, normal, emotional, cultural Pty arrival happiness, kindness, goodness, sadness, gladness majority, activity, stupidity, nationality, security missionary; secretary, dignitary lunacy, accuracy ; : ; marriage, postage, baggage, mileage, foliage, bondage, sn assistance, endurance, performance, acceptance, existence, depend cruelty, superiority, adversity, vitality, reality aptitude, fortitude, magnitude, latitude, longitude failure, pleasure, culture, stature, tenure Nouns Verbs Nouns Sa are arrival burial dispose disposal breakage carry carriage aa marry marriage departure mix mixture pleasure close closure delivery enter entry discovery recover recovery agreement amaze amazement announcement appoint appointment admiratio i iba a connect connection ination construct construction admission permit ; Ft Permission Possession Confuse confusion appearance assist 5 accurate attend assistance attendance dependence differ ; difference BHARAT™. ~ Enati 7 English Language and Communication skills-IV (Semest®"- insist a — interfere Interference agmation of nouns rom adjectives “0 nes Adjective Noun Adjective No bold boldness bright eu Ay lth ce brightness cleverness wa-y i able ability active activity equal equality familiar familiarity (p) TO form verbs ify + modify, beautify, qualify, simplify _ize + sympathize, memorize, civilize, realize en : darken, quicken, strengthen (-en Noun Verb Adjective Verb fright frighten black blacken haste hasten red tedden a -y Noun Verb Noun Verb beauty beautify terror terrify class classify test testify ii) ze Noun Verb Adjective Verb economy economize equal equalize patron patronize civil civilize (0) To form adverbs -y happily, beautifully, wisely -ward (s) homeward (s), upward (s), downward (s), backward (s) wise likewise, otherwise (@) To form adjectives -al legal, cultural, natural -an Indian, Russian, republican -ar singular, familiar -ent dependent, confident nary stationary, temporary, customary -ate fortunate, accurate -ble/able terrible, honourable, lovable wine feminine, masculine ave active, relative, attentive ~ious/ous ambitious, famous ~ful useful, helpful, beautiful less Chapter Pte" 1 ~ Building Vocabulary And Word Formation harmless, senseless, childless 19-ly like -+y -ish -some ie Formation of Adjectives wy Noun Adjective air airy ease easy (ii) -al accident accidental condition conditional (iii) -able favour favourable honour honourable Kindly, manly, womanly childlike, friendlike, motherlike sandy, creamy selfish, foolish, childish quarrelsome, troublesome, awesome heroic, specific Noun Adjective blood bloody flower flowery magic magical navy naval desire desirable memory memorable Exercise No. 2 ~ _ Make nouns from: act, wise, employ, appear, obey, please, able, propose, enter, fertile. 2. Make nouns from: deliver, waste, deny, close’, confirm, govern, educate, avoid, gentle, heavy, aster audio liber photo bio aero logos Nounune Make adjectives from: Nation, origin, favour, value, thirst, hunger, storm, worth, blood, magic BASES asteroid, asterisk, astern audiovisual, audiobook, audiotape liberty, libertine, liberate Photography, photogenic, photosynthesis biomass, biosphere, biodegradable aerobics, aeroplane, aerosol logogram, logotype Note: logos i a plural of logo which means an emblematic design, logos is noun itself. 8 portare (Latin word) Verb (means) to carry Portray, portrayable, portrayal, Portrayer Exercise No. 3 demos, video co, serene, Pathos, primus extra., BHARAT™— ‘T"- English Language and Communication Skills-Iv (Semester-4)CY, ssnedOM, phone, magnus MOM. eseesseey noney, thesis, homo PAStoassereseey ure, sopia, credo. our, 2. Adda suitable prefix to each of the following so as to form words having opposite meaning: harmony, inclined, intelligent, rational, justified. 3. Add suffix to the following words and make changes in the spellings if needed: teach, ecology, rule, report, supervise, translate, science, auction, imnent, conduct 4, Add prefix to the following words to many antonyms: (Any ten) usual, happy, own, regard, obedience, like, heard, holy, hurt, voluntry, regular, relevant 5. Make nouns from the following verbs and use any five in sentences of your own: rise, think, sing, abide, see, line, loose, prove Exercise No. 4 Give the correct form of the words in brackets: Prefixes 1. Parents should teach their children to be (dependent) after they get their BAC. 2, The boss didn’t accept him because he was an (experienced) journalist. 3, The teacher said, “(Write) this essay because you made a lot of mistakes.” Marek is an (literate) person; he doesn't know how to read or write. 4. 5. | (agree) with you. English is the most spoken language in the world. 6. Facebook is an (national) social network; most people are using it worldwide. 7. Barak Oubama is now the (president) of the United States. 8. Morocco is making great efforts to fight (Legal) immigration. 9. Jad is an (mature) student; sometimes, he acts childish in front of his mates. 10. “Your answer to the question is (correct) 3 try again,” the teacher said. Exercise No. 5 Give the correct form to the words in brackets: Suffixes (5P) 1. “Sarah is more (beauty) than her sister,” Mr. White said. 2. Brain drain is the (emigrate) of genius people to other countries, 3. The secretary told her colleagues, “Our relationship is based on (friend) 4. This car is (economy) - Besides, it's very cheap. 5. Some environmentalists argue that (industry) 6. Memories of (child) 7. Martha is always a (lie) 8. This is not a (gold) 9. not love.” factories shouldn't be built here. are unforgettable; they are tattooed in our minds. __ she never tells the truth to her parents. _____ ring; it was just made of a mixture of silver and iron. Angela Merkel is a good example of a (success) al domain. 10. This book gives a full (describe) woman in the poli of the Moroccan culture. Chapter 1 - Building Vocabulary And Word Formation