0

Ic••••--•••UTY • ... .1
' ..

•- ' ' \: ~Basile-Settlement:

thereb ca .
.When a load is acting o_n a soil, the_ soil is comp resse d, Immediately upon application of load on the footin
g, elastic
e r~sul ts from recfucti~st ng ment of
its volu1!1e to decre~se. This de~rease m vo_lum compre~sion of the under_lying soil takes place causin g a settle
from the soil. 1£° of
void ratio of the soil by extru ding of ~ater and air the footing. However, this amou nt of settle ment is usual ly very small
ht of a struc ture· and Wat ~e a satura ted
saturated soil is subjected to the weig and can be neglected for all practical purposes. When settlement
ting soil comp ressio n can cause ue~ 18 se, elasti~
subsequently squee zed out, the resul compressible day layer is subjected to a stress increa
resse s rela:Ve~e
building settlement. <=:ohesionless so_ils usual ly ·co~p n· phase wher Y occurs immediately.
quickly and settlement will unde rgo dunn g the const ructio
expulsion of wa~as
cohesive soil compress much more s~owly becau se the
of~ structure bu~~
from the ~mall soil pores is so _slow. H~nce, the settle ment
ture 1s loaded. Total
on this s01l may not occur until some time after the struc Formulas used for elast ic settlement:
and consolidation
settlement involves two •phase process, the imme diate p
n hours after the
settlement. Immediate settle ment occur s very rapid ly withi 1
2
occurs over an
structure is loaded, wher e as conso lidati on settle mentsettlement is also <D .S1 =Cs q B ( "/ )
extended period of time (mon ths or years). Cons olida tion s
lidati on (sometimes
divided into primary consolidation and secon dary conso
called creep).
1
2 ~
® S1 = q B ( "/ ) IP
s

..JAilJJUJJJJait!iJ Ot·.tolm
volu·me. Total
Settlement is the direct result of the decrease in the soil where:
of three parts:
setUement of a footing on clay maybe considered to consi sts 51 = elastic settlement
C = shape and foundation rigidity factor
S1 = immediate elastic settlement 1

Sc= settlement due to primary consolidation of clay q = ;r (net vertical pressure applied)
Ss = settlement due to secondary consolidation .of clay
S = total settlement p =load carried by the footing
ff= width of foundation or diameter of circular foundation
S= Si+ SC + S• µ :d Poiss on's ratio of soil -
Es= Modulus of Elasticity of soil
IP= influence factor
 94 95

CG _M P_ RE ss 1a 1l1 Tj n .. _ Ic•••■Es■1■11.D'Y •• . . . .,
=o
- - =~ ~
=~
•
ment
P8 lr iif ifn so Ji da tio n Settle
• 1 5 =- J!o - e)H
- 1, -- -- -- -, - C 1 + eo
1 )e
/ /
w ,eJ .. ween void _rati~
HJ ~~ i'~ -L ys, the compression index bet
/ ,,:~ ~; :.-i. le for normally consplidated cla _
- ~oidi • -
II
I -~--:'a.--"tr: and press1:1re _is expressed as:
I-, ~- ~ I+e
I "'..,, "' o_ ",
• ,.. ·&1, 9 t,( ol,

H V=I/ ,~ •i .
~.,; ._-• ..-,,...
,ii,ii .\~~ f_._1. /1
.:-- ,~~~- .-o C
e -e
p)
= loo(gp
,.:!: • • -~ .. I ♦· • ,1:
\•i. . > ;-,
~ c
"'~, ' .._.

. .. ' -
I

.J... - '• ' '"'"

..f-.
• .... .~.:
j .L
..i
~-" -. ~;:,
0

~~
1~ ti:... • Where: Cc = compression ir!dex
~~ ¥'. e0 = initial void ratio in situ ing
~..: -;_. r,~ ding to the total pressure P2 act
e = void ratio of soil corresponidating clay layer.
at mid hei ght of the consol the
pressure at mid height of
Vo ids rat io= · Vol. of Voids .1t t ~ P = present overburden
co ~li da tin g clay layer. •
O

._ _ =- -- clay
Vol.~of Solid AH AH 1+ e0 _ mid height of the consolidating
·A H? 1_H P = total pressure acting at
eo =- --- H == H +-HY
.1r == ~ layer.
5
AHs Let HS== 1 H s P= P0 ·+ AP
_H AH L1H
eo- --! .. M1
== - C = eo -e
H _Jog { po + AP➔
HS =_1 +H y .1r 1 c
. Hy L\r == .
L\H . .Po
Ar=~
A-Hs H-
eo ==
A~
s L\H e0 -·e = Cc·l(?g {P o.; AP )
Ar- -M-I Hv
eo ==1-
H == 1+.e0 •
0

ff. Af-J== Ac H S == (e0 -e) H

e0 == Hy 1+ e 0
c l+ e0
+ AP )
S = C5 H log (P -p 0

Wh ere : ds
Vv = ori gin al vo lum e.o f voi s l+ e0 0

Vs = ori gin al vo lum e of sol ids

lement.
~= ch an ge in vo id rat io as a res ult of consolidation sett
ass um e to be 1.0 • r
of the field consolidation line)
H 1 = ori gin al hei gh t of sol id Cc= compression index (slope e stress on clay layer. - .
/'

H = thickness of clay Ml = av~rage increase of effectivmid-height of clay layer sQmetime

AH = set tle me nt of clay· Po = average effective stress at
~= :=e o-e -
called as geosta tic pressure.
e 0 = ini tialvo id rat io of soil in si~ re
e = vo id rat io of soil cor
respond1~g to the total pressu
~H = ~.. H
l+ e..
..4\8 = Sc (settlement)
96
ICOMPRESSl■ll~ r c••••u••-UTY •.-......,
~
<D' Normal_ly Consolidated Clays: b) ~\'iPH]

Where: • _volume compressibility of the clay

m,, == coeffi~ent of
When P0 = Pc the clay is normally CQnsolidated
p = average effective stress at the mid-height of clay layer or someti
0
K
it is c~lled as geostatic pressure. rnes m,, == C V 'Y W
pc= pre-consolidation pressur_e, that is the maximum effectiv~ rressu I< == coefficient of permeability
that the soil is subje£_ted to.in the past. re C,, == coefficient of consolidation
r.'ILi == unit weight of water•
(e1 - ei)
The pri~ary settlement ·caused by. consolidation is due to the slow m,,== (P2-Pi)(l+eave)
extrusion of water from the pores of the fine particles of clay. The e ~ void ~atio of clay at pressure P 1
following formulas are used for primary consolidation settlement 1
computations: - e = void•ratio of day at pressure P2
2
(e1 +e2)
e.,,e= 2-

a) S = Cc H lo (Po +&P)
c l+e
0
g P0 ® Over Consolidated ~lqys:

When Pc> P O the day is over consol~d,ated

Where:
Sc= primary consotidation settlement Over Consolidated Ratio (OCR)= pc
po
Cc= compression _index
Cc= 0.009(LL - 10) a) \ When P0 +AP< Pc
(applied only to normally consolidated clays)
S = Cs H lo (Po +Af>)
H = thickness of cl~y layer c l+e0 g P0 . •
e0 = in situ void ratio
P0 = ~verage effective stress at mid-height of clay layer Cs = swell index ( ranges from!.5 to.!...
10
of Cc)
. sometimes called _as geostatic ·press1,1re._
61' = average increase of effective stress on clay layer.
b) ( When PO +AP_> Pc
r
\

S =Cf H lo (·Po +Af>) + ts H lo (Pc)

c 1 +e0 g PC 1 +eO g P0

/
98
ICOM PIIES SIBll lTY ~ l COMP IIESS IJIII.R Y ~F SOILS )
~
, 111 tc tlzc effecti ve st1:ess at 111id-l1eiglzt of clay layer (P,.>
(OIIIJ' 11

,
-~
•:::J
• , •~-~ C
1Consolidation Settlement //
1
'i1 • ., ,,·,we i11creasc of
' ••
cffcct, vc stress 011 cln11 ln11er ~P.
[//t'IIIL
,1111 l
••
Surchar gt = JOO ICPa

Secondary Settlem ent is the additio nal settlem ent that occurs
t a a) Case (1) w~th u11;ifqrm ' \llrl llH! l
constant value of effective stress after excess pore water pressure
- -

ly contin ues slowly for a long pe . as surcharge of 100 kPa Sand

been dissipated. The process typical t 6m . Y4,.,=l8kljlia3
of time. Secondary settlem ent is usually small compa red to. prirnnoc ary
consolidation se ttiement. GrrnPIII wmer tnble
-~
' _.._~~ ~•--~ -
I
- -- !Orn

I
4ml Y,.,=20kNttnl

- ·t-
Fonnuui for the second ary conso lidatio n settlem ent: l . - - - - - - - --"'-?I,
I
3m I Clay . • I

S = Ca HI
s 1 +e
(T2)
og T
-)

) •
I

3m
C
Ysa,=n b"Uml
-P. 16m

I
- p 1 Average increase of effective s t r e s s _ _
on clay laye~ 6P = 100 kPa (surcharge) ~-~"'11..:-.~~

where; Effective stress at mid-height. of clay layer (P0 )

P =18(6) ~ (20-9.8 .i)(4) + (22- 9.81)(3)
Ss =secondary settlem ent 0

P0 = 185.33 kPa
Ca= secondary compr ession index
Ca= 0.03 Cc to 0.06 Cc .r",,..
e, =void ratio at the end of primar y consol idation b) Case~ with a.foun dation ·
(footing) carryi ng. a load. 'P'
e,=eo ·-~
, ..... · _,...
1~,, .......
" L . l · - • . .• -
w~I . ~ 1)111

~ =Cc log (Po; 61') \ 11.JII

0
'Sb:/;. I
'"",.;:_7--~...--:--,,•,-,-.;--:t:r.~¥,: ~ l
.- / '. f Y/oit•\9-~~1'? ; "\. , , 'm
e0 = in situ void ratio T'"•'j I • ' / < , ~ - . • f - ~ - l
'
I
T2 = time after completion of primar y settlem ent ~1111 .: 'Clay ·:.
/ • p0 \• •8111
T! = time for completion of primar y settlem ent
I ' •
.. , .

4ml / • y,111 2.?(Hlli/bi' \

; ;► .1~•, c;.r.,: . ~ .- ~
•. I ~o)'.~.\ -;;,,.
0 ~- : ~ )t •• > • ... ••

Effective stress at mid.'.h~ight of clny layer (P..) ....

P0 = 18(9) + (19 - 9.81)(3) + (20 - 9.81 )(-l)
r.. = 192.33 kPa
100

I COMPRESSIB lll~ 101

~ ~
[ c••••EA•1UTY ~• •••usl
A Pcra~c
«.
ill crease of
•
<'(fcctiPe
• .
stress 011 c/,111
.
I tll/('I'
•

p
Af'b= - B1 = 4 + 4.5 + 4 + 4.5 + 4 = 21 m.
11soo kN (B2)2

,a,r /OCJtm( /lPb = 1800

(21) 2•
Af'b = 4.08 kPa
I
9m

II I 12111 Af' = _ll__,Pt__+_4_Af'-=~'--+_l\P~b

. • 6
.,,..}'4-,~---.-.•. - .......... ~,-l\._,,. l I
•

TltpofC:t11 l \ - 3m
. ,j .

Af' = 10.65 + 4(6.23) + 4.08

......1:4.,~.,_ Ai ·"",;'l,f.~ -4-SK • ,
•ml , / !•
I • '\. ,. I

': •
jo.

6
Weight average method to ltfiil .urr.dl o/Oa,• "'

calculate the average increase • 2' Sm Af' =.6.61 kPa

of effective pressure in the clay 4ml / !
layer (Af'). Note:
Most Geotechnical engineers in practice used only
(Using Simpso,z's Rule) Af' = ~m (for simplification purposes).
6 m + Af'b
Af>= Af't + 4 /lP

~=6.61 kPa /lPm = 6.23 kPa

Af>1 = the incr_ease in the effective pressure at the top of clay layer.
Af>m = the increase in the effective pressure at the middle of clay layer.
/lPb = the increase in the effective pressure at the bottom of day layer.
,·' ,1"'1 • ~~'c
• , .. ; ·e/J • I

For stability analysis of footings, the pressure under a footing maybe

assumed to be spread out on slope at 2 vertical to 1 horizontal. A normally consolidated clay layer is 8 m. thick and has an in situ void ratio
p o( 0.862. Consolidation tests and subsequent computations indicate that the
/lP1 = - - B1 = 4 + 4.5 + 4.5 = 13 m. •void' ratj.o of the clay layer corresponding to the total pressure acting at th
<B1>2 mid height of the consolidating clay layer after construction of a commercia
building is 0.836. Compute the expected primary consolidation settlement
Af'. = 1800
(13)2
6.P1 = 10.65 kPa Solution:
S = ,e0 -e) H
p c l+e0
6Pm= B B"' = 2 + 4.5 + 4 + 4.5 + 2 = 17 m.
m S = (0.862 - 0.836) (8)
C ·1 + 0,862
~p = 1800 Sc=0.1117 m.
m (17)2 Sc=lll.7mm.
6P111 = 6.23 kPa
•
 103
COM PRES SIBIL ITY eF ao9
~- ICOM PIIES SIBlll TY OF SOILS )
Primary compression of clay if the groundwater table is at the ground
~ ~ surface:
p. = (20.46 - 9.81)(3) + (16.52 - 9.81)(1.05)
0
A. 2.1 m. la_Yer of clay is buried beneat h a 3 m. stratum of very p0 == 39 kPa
granul ar soil. Comra ct sa1:ld underl ies the clay. The layer of granulcompact
co~p ~d of materi al }'avmg a unit weigh t of 20.46 kN / m3 • The ar soil is
clay
weigh t 1s 16.52 kN / m . A labora tory compr ession test on a sample un;t AP = 26.38 kPa
clay indica tes a compr ession index of 0.40 and a natura l void ratio of the
of 1.30. A
planne d buildi ng loadin g will cause a. 26.38 k.Pa stress increase at = Cc H log (Po+ M>)
the middle
of the day layer. Sc 1 +e0 - Po ·
(i) What amoun t of primar y compr ession occurs in the clay
for the _ 0.4 (2.1) lo ( 39 + 26.38) l.OSm
indica ted condit ions? .
® How much primar y compr ession of the day layer would result Sc - 1 + 1.30 g . 39 2
•1
if the
gro~n dwate r table was at the ground surface (all other conditio I.OSm
ns
remain the same)? Sc=0.082 m.
@ How much day layer compr ession ~ould occur if the clay was
an over Sc=82 mm
consol idated materi al, the past maxim um pressu re was 95.94 kPa
and
the-Cs value was 0.10? Assum e a deep water table.
@ Clay layer compre ssion when Pc= 95.94 kPa
Solut ion:
<D Prima ry compr ession of day when the loadin g causes an increase P0 = 20.46(3) + (16.52)(1.05) ,,
of
stress of 26.38 kPa. PO = 78.73 kPa
• 3m, ,.

Presen t overbu rden pressu re at mid-tte ight of day layer. M'=26 .38kPa
p = 20.46(3) + 16.52(1.05)
O
AP+ P0 = 105.11 kPa-
PO =78.73 kPa .1.P + P0 > Pc =95.94 RPa
I !7 ~:-J.raa-sdrtd~/';~;..r-- • ,? •
;':t1f"'~~~~~Zx=-:.~~~---Si I l.OSm
L ,'. ~-.'Y4:··s:; ...~1>~1.'i~ ~r:;~..~ .'.R'~ ~-·-•
, ~-✓- ;~· £;
2.lm r -\:~-~-~·it;;1j;~. >-·::·-~,! ~..r~ ~>:-:·~~- ~~~-- -~
6P = 26.38 kPa .' ,-:~-:'r;:.:,...--..,'.~'¥Y:~6S2$m-\~" I l OSm
~

'
'( =20,46,kN
~-~ ~-~~';.....:.-~~t\r~·:- . . ~
. .......'tr.'-;,~~--
_. .::·,. -·~7 ,.,"'".:__~>
;.. .:-.. •
3m fsjtl
, . .,'·.. -.;·~·="'~. .;\,,,0-.:·ry
-~----·.;~"': _.;. ~ .... ~~- •• : ..., . "t • • ....:.!,-

S = Cc
H lo ( po + ~p )·
(P~- + AP) +
C 1+e g p0 S -_ Cc H l
- - og · Cs-H- log ( -Pc )
,... _ -::. ~
C,
I. '"" '$'·,?-•y·· • I1.osm C 1 + eO • . PC 1 + eo PO

Clay I.
S == 0.40 (2.1) l ( 78.73 + 26.38)
,· 1 + 1.30 og 78.73
2.lm
· 'f ::::J 652 1;N1rnl 1.05m s = 0.4 (2.1) I ( 105.11 ) + 0.10(2.1) l ( 95:94)
C 1 + 1.3 • og 95,94 1 + 1.3 og 78.73
,,..-..t't~-
•
Sc= 0.046 m. ' S=0.022 in.
s, =46 mm 5=22m m
104 ~. .

10S
[ COMP RESSI BILITY OF SOI~ ( COMPIIESSl■ II._ITY OF SOI~

: .. ..,... ·" ~

--Ii i~
A buried day layer ~as the followin g condition: the given soil profile shown,_
• The ground 1s very deep. frorn _ 1 distribut ed load of 80 kPa. the ground surface is subjected to a
uruforuuY
• The thickne ~ of buried clay lay_er is 1.8 m.
• A 2.4 m. thick layer of compac t sand overlies the clay layer and ute the compres sion index.
extends to the ground surface.
• A deep _zone _of comp~c t sand underlie s the clay layer. ® Comp te the present overbur den Po at mid-height of the compressible
© compu
.
• The umt weight of the com~ac t sand is 21.24 kN/m3, and the unit day layer. .
weight of clay is 15.74 kN / m . @ Compute the total settleme nt due to pnmary consolidation.
• The foundat ion size and loading causes a stress increase of 33.58 kPa
at the center of the clay layer.
• Laborato ry testing of the clay indicate s the_ clay is normally Solution:
consolid ated, the soil void ratio is 1.28. (i) Compression index: ti.P=80 kPa

.(D Comput e the compres sion index if the day has a liquid limit of 46.66.
Cc= 0.009 (LL - 10)
Cc= 0.009 (42 -10) •
-,4 ! LJ ! l l l. l_)
®
1)
Comput e the average effective stress at the mid-hei ght of clay layer.
Comput e the foundat ion settleme nt due to primary compression. Cc= 0.288 t' ..,
SW
I.S;n
.

'
~

~d~ ~
~ :j_VO
, ~
Yifif"'l3.~-~,n1

'~=0.s2 ' .
® Overburden pre.ssure P 0 : 3.2m '. ·,•_. ~,-, Gr=2.10
Solution:
<D Compre ssion index: .:,:..--:::,, . . . ..
. -• .. , : ; , ~ - ..
•✓ -> - ,-!'.,_ .-
~··.r;-.~~•···,\..U'~t ✓.-· .•,.. ·,;,;~2:.-z..,,.
·~·-.-,,:,,_.,..

For sand:
•. . . . . ., , . . _ .,_.,. . ._ ... .- "<

....-1
.. <:·,""""~
Cc= 0.009(LL - 10) .,~~-2m~:"~#
l~ ~;---·,..,~~.;.:-'>~~:J•::4~~ ~in~~,,...1
i~ :.._.,;rr.r:.:..6")~ · · -.,...
Cc= 0.009(46.66 - 10) (Gs+ e) Yw 4.0rn?;[~ );;r ~i\:\~,=- ~;;;:~}.t =_;:
2.4m 1sat= '•~~).r~~f,"01'.:-: <,l,,~•.)·~~£td,'f.":._y.,._,:,,,-,:'.''
Cc= 0.33 1 +·e ~!~t:~,-::-·--:-•<."
J"~. ,•;.
•-r:i·f:~~i." :..~~.l:f~ ~~~-:..:
•-i(~,••(-;,:.:.-r.<•,•.,.;':..,, -:~""-•-.:::•;y.,>,::, ~-'\,. ~
~~~,.., .., ,,..~,=:,.• ¥ ·1' ~. ~.,.-; ~- .. --~''!:\.:.
; . _ _ , _ . . -:..

(2.70 + 0.52)(9.81)" (.
(2) Avera~e effective str~ss at the rsat = 1 + 0.52
mid-h~i ght of day layer.
rsat = 20.78 kN / m3
P0 = 21.24(2.4) + 15.74(0.9)
P0 =65.14 kPa • 1 :,~?H~t?Jr~~~~-~1;.f!7.~J;~: ~:Ji.,
.8m .,.:.-.. \ )•.l
1r'. ··•• .'C> . ~ ,•
0.9m
•/N-•.....,. :,._ • -
!:,•~ ~..J..s::;,."S,t:''-'·:·-;j•l .-::~, :-.,.-,ft.·.'",~•· :;_~{/••I·~:;_.""~:
'

~-c:~ :,i,_;-'-,,_.·"'··l~;,,: _;y,=-1,~14- ~~mt-,. 0.9m P0 = 13.6 (1.5) + (20.78 - 9.81)(3.2)

(3) Foundat ion settleme nt due to f~:-:~~~~~t;~J.j~~-~:~<~;~:;:►.~f.~),::~~-:.:;~~-· i
+ (19 - 9.81)(2)
primary compres sion.
P0 = 73.884 k'Pa _ _ '
AP = 33.58 kPa
eo = 1.28
@ Total uttleme nf due to primary
S = Cc H lo ( AP + po ) • consolidation:
C 1 +e
f O
g P0
S _ 0.33 (1.8) lo ( 33.58 + 65.14)
CcH
S = 1 + e log
(APpo.+·P0 )
C - 1 .f- 1.28 g 65.14
S- 0.288 &4000} l (80 + 73.884 )
S = 0.047 m.· - 1 + .60 og 73.884 ~ . _.
S=47m m S = 229 mm. ..•~
 104 105
[COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOil!) I COMPRESSl■ILITY OF SOIi.Si
; .....~4
___t
--
~

A buried clay layer has the following condition: F in the given soil profile shown, the. ground surface is subjected to a
• The ground is very deep. r~fonnlY distributed
uni . load of 80 k.Pa. • •
• The thickness of buried clay lay_er is 1.8 m.
• A 2.4 m. thick layer of compact sand overlies the clay layer and © compute the compression index. .
extends to the ground surface.
• A deep zone of comp~ct sand underlies the clay layer. ®. Compute the present overburden P0 at mid-height of the compressible
• The unit weight of the com~act sand is 21.24 kN / m 3,- and the unit clay layer.
weight of clay is 15.74 kN / m . @ Compute the total settlement due to primary consolidation.
• The foundation size and loading causes a stress increase of 33.58 kPa
at the center of the clay layer.
• Laboratory testing of the clay indicates the_ clay is normally Solution:
M:80 lcPa
consolidated, the soil void ratio is 1.28. <D Compression index:

-0)
®
Compute the compression index if the clay.has a liquid limit of 46.66.
Compute the average effective stress at the mid-height of clay layer.
Cc = 0.009 (LL - 10)
Cc= 0.009 (42 -10) • •I L!}.l~; '-. ~,-~.:.6L~l
Lt'~ •;r ~· ¥,.gmUN! ..:a"uzhft
® Compute the foundation settlement due to primary compression. Cc= 0.288 I. .. Sand
~ -~.
<._

•
."-'./•,. Jt:

' "· - e::::().52

'C;)f

., 2 , ~-. " ., • ~ •,,. ' "' 10

® Overb_'urden_pre,ssure-P0 : -'· m ,. • · G.r=.t.. ·

Solution:
© Compression index: Fot sand:
Cc= O.009(LL - 10) (Gs+ e) Yw
Cc= 0.009(46.66 -10) 2.4m
'Ysat = 1 +·e
•onv~tif~fJ.-~~
'•~_,,.-,:~~•.r;.·~t,;;-\-,,::,-t.&'.~_-!l:'~-•.!'.;!::_';,•
<=c = 0.33 t-~~~;~~;~:-~~:,?,·;::·;~,;~<-,:~:-~~.... -,.,~
i' -.,.,Jf;.
(2.70 + 0.52)(9.81)'
<2> A veraJe effective strfSS at the ~-J ,,-,>,,,~,:/ .. •,;.~~/! ~-~·;: rsat = 1 + 0.52
mid-h~ight of clay layer.
• P0 =21.24(2.4) + 15.74(0.9) Ysat = 20.78 kN / m3 ----
P0 = 65.14 kPa
® Foundation settlement due to
I.Sm! ~.-~:&1?J!ii~fI'
1Wl~~~...g:;;:~:~11~,1
'<:.'',::.,>.__,,:.,-- •;../: ;,•.,,::i-q=-1 ·:74.
1~J.:l~:~1&i)~
l}l:'.:.•.-'.\
0.9m Po= 13.6 (1.5) + (20.78 - 9.81)(3.2)

primary compression.
+(19 - 9.81)(2)
Po= 73.884 kPa
AP= 33.58 kPa
eo = 1.28
@ Total settlement due to primary
S = Cc H l ( AP + P0 ) consolidation:
c , 1 +e og p
S
f O

= 0.33 (l.8) l
0

( 33.58 + 65.14)
CcH'
S = 1 + e log
(M'po.+·Po )
C 1 + 1.28 og 65.14
S _ 0.288 (4000) l (80 + 73.884 )
S=O.047 m.· - 1 + 0.60 og 73.884 - . .
S=47mm
'S=n9mm ~-
/06 107
Callar'IIESSl■II.ITY OF SOI"!) [COMPRESSI.IUTY OF SOIi.Si

~-
Assume a buried stratum of clay 1.83 m. thick will be subjected to a stress .
increase of 33.6 kPa at the center of clay. The magnitude of the pre
• ~ ~-~t"":

;ioos, May,. 2006,

:2Q_08> Ma,t~2,oa
Two footings rest in a layer of sand 450lcN
construction soil overburden pressure P 0 = 48 k.Pa at the center of the clay 2.7 m. thick. The bottom of the
layer. A laboratory compression test indicates that the clay has a pre footings are 0.90 m. below the
consolidation pressure of 72 k.Pa. Compression index is 0.30 and the value of ground surface. Beneath the sand
swell index is 0.05. Void ratio of clay is 1.50. layer is a 1.8 m. clay layer. Beneath
the clay layer is hard pan. The water 0.
<D Compute the settlement due to primary compression of clay. • table is at a_ depth of 1.8 m. below
~ If full consolidation settlement (primary compression settlement) will the grpund surface. O
require approximately 8 years, compute the settlement due to secondary ""-
•7VJll
---~ - -,$7-
compression of clay over a period of 20 year time _span. Assume •• -~,,;:..,;.> .:.,,....,,-::sm---- ~ < =~------,,.-
© Compute the stress increase at o.90m Y.ra,=20.8 JcN/ml
secondary compression index = 0.008. the center of clay layer assume
@ Estimate the total settlement to be expected over a 20 year time span that the pressure beneath the I '. -.:..$b ..Tr -cr.,f.i~~ .-,t-.:~
-..,,~
considering the effects of secondary compression. fOQ.ting is spread at· an angle of / ~ • ... .. ~5-Ce-:Q___ ..
2 vertical to 1 horizontal. I.Sm'. ~}.•~~~:-;.'<.•..
Solution: ~ . - - .. ~ ,s.,.,..~
~ .,,. . .
~.:J~ '-• ':' ·-~-
<D Primary compression of clay: @ • Determine the size of footing B I ~.;t...:...__ • ------- ..... , -

Pc= 72 k.Pa
,
so that the settlement in the clay ta£:
. as=
¥=+iii &Hartl..Pan
Af' = 33.6 k.Pa layer is the same beneath footings A and B. Footing A is 1.5 m. square.
P0 =48 kPa @ Determin~ the settlement beneath footing A.
Af' + P0 = 33.6 + 48 = 81.6 >Pc= 72 k.Pa.
450kN
Primary settlement:
C5 H Pc Cc H (Po + Af')
Spc= 1 +e log P0 + 1 +e log Pc
0.05 (1.83) 72 0.30 (1.83) l (81.6 ) Solution:
Spc = 1 + 1.50 log 48 + 1 + 1.50 . og 72 © Stress increase at the center
0.90IT\,

Spc = 0.0184 m.
of clay l~yer:
i
0.90nl
Spc = 18.4 mm.
450
® Se_ttlement due to secondary compression: lll'=- (4.2)(4.2)
C H T2 S _ 0.008 (1.8) l (20 ) llP =25.51 kPa
S = 0 log- cc - 1 + 1.43 og 8
SC 1 + eP T1
Sec = 0.00236 m.
ep = e0 - 6e
Sec = 2.36 mm.
Po+tlP)
e11 = t 0 - C, log ( p
0
@ Total settlement:
81.6 ) S = Spc + Sec
ep = 1.50 - 0.3 log (
48 S = 18.4 + 2.36
r,, = 1.43
S = 20.76 mm.
 108
,,,
I COMPIIESSl■II.ITY~ I COMPIIE&Sl■IUTY- SOIi.S i
~
® Size of footing B so that the settlem ent in the clay layer is the .... ,,,.,..
'.~1·_•...~r/'
beneath footing s A and B. 5Q,nt
800kN '400kN
• 900kN F0 otings A anl B are suppor ting two
To determine the same settlement under 1umns of the bldg. as shown in the
footing B, the stress· increase should be fico re. Footing
. .A cames • a co1umn
equal to 25.51 kPa at tl,e center of clay 1~ of 800 kN and has a dimension of
layer. 15 m. x 1.5 m. while footing B carries
090m'
a· column load of 400 kN and has a
900 dimension of 1.2 m. x 1.2 m. An J.
25.51 = (B + 2 _7)2 o.cx,;,;
.extensive soil investigation was ~ot
L -..-:,• carried out and it was assumed dunng
B + 2.7 = 5.94 the design of the footings that the clay
0 90m 2
B =3.24 m. 1
underneath has a uniform thickness of
~ j t l A ~ a - .~1 _j~ 1.2 m. Two years after construction,
0
the bldg. settled unequally for each
footing. Walls of the bldg. began to crack. The doors have not jamme
d
by measuring the out of vertical distance of the doors, it is estimated but
they would become jamme d if the differential settlement will continue that
P 25.51 k.Pa
for so
many .months. A subseq uent soil investigation showe d that the
thickness of the clay layer was not uniform but it varies from 1.2 m. to actual
2.8 m.
as shown in the figure. The clay· layer has a modul us volume
of
@ Settlem ent beneat h footing A: compressibility mv = 0.0008 m2 /kN.

Cc H (Po+ 11P ) © Compute the primar y consolidation settlement of footing B.

Sc = 1 + e log p0 ~ Compute th~ differential settlement between footing A and B.
@ Compute the possible dimens ion of footing
B so that it will have the
P0 = 18.5 (1.8) + (20.8 - 9.81)(0.90) + (18.8 - 9.81)(0.90) same settlement as footing A to avoid any differential settlem ent
PO = 51.282 kPa
Solution:
-l(JOILJII
© Primar y consol idation settlem ent
Cc H (po + 11P ) offooting B:
Sc= 1 + e log p0 400 •
M>=r oro
S _ 0.30 (1800) I (51.i8 2 + 25.51 )
1 + 1.03 og llP=25 kPa.
C- 51.282
Sc=46 .65 mm
Ss=H mvM'
Ss = 2.8 (0.0008)(25)
Ss=0.0 56 m.
IV
Ss=56 mm.
1-
1-4-r -- I--
~----,~
~m -
 111
110
i.i 1CGMPRESSl■ll.ffY . . . ., ... 1
I COMPIIESSl■lllTY •i""iii
;-........:..:-1
~
...
t
® .Differential settleme nt between footings A and B: . ~·
• "ii,. '
t .l ;,.
.' I l
'
I

800
~ = 5.1 (5.1) i id 3 m. square footing is constructed over a loose sand layer as shown

M' =30.76 kPa.

IOOkN
le
:nr figure. It carries a total load of 710 kN.
© Co~pute the elastic settlement of ~~ 3 m. footing if the Poisson's-ratio
(µJ of soil is 0.32, modulus of elastiaty of soil Es= 16000 kPa, influence
SA= H mv M' factor Ip = 0.88. . . .
SA= 1.2 (0.0008)(30.76) ® Compute the primary consolidation settlement of the day layer if it is
3 normally consolidated.
SA= 0.02953 m. ® Compute the total consolidation settlement of the c~ay 5 yrs. after the
completion of primary consolidation settlement. Time for completion of
SA= 29.53 mm.
primary settlement-is 2.~ yrs. Secondary compression index Ca= 0.02

Differential settlement= 56 - 29.53 Solution: 710kN

(D • Elastic settleme nt offooting:
1m
Differential settlement= 26.47 mm.
q B (1- m 2) Ip
Se= Es
P 710.
_q=A= 3(3) I.
q = 78.89 kPa.
@ Dimension of B so that it will have the s~me settlement as footing A: 78.89 (3) [ 1 - (0.32)2] 0.88
S=Hmv M' Se= 16000
400kN
Se=0.012 m.
o.p2953 = 2.8 co.0008) M' Se~ 12 mm. __ .sz.
~-ta&
M' = 13.18 kPa. ~T-~-- ·--· ~---- -,,.-·---- ---
® 'Primary consolidation: 2m Y...,=dS kNm,.l
71(1
400 M't = (g)2 = 8.77 kPa.
M'= x+ . 710 •
,., . M'm = (l1)2 = 5.87 kPa.
400 710 eo =-0.60
13.18 = (x + 2.8) 2 I4
M'b = (1J)2 = 4.20 kPa. Gs=45

=2J Jn. AP,,+ 4 M'm + APb

X
~ ~oc~
~~j....,!-,
AP= 6

·~ ]( "'
A n _ 8.77 +
ur-
4 (5.87)

AP = 6.08 kPa. •
+ 4.20
6

Po= 16 (5.2) + (18 - 9.81)(2) + (20 - 9.81)(2)

P0 = 119.96 kPa.
 JJ2
113
I COMPIIESSl■lll~ ICOMPRIESSIBI UTY . . . . . . . .,
Cc = 0.009 (LL - 10)
Cc= 0.009 (45 - 10)
Cc= 0.315
~
.,.,,,~
!!!!!

f~oting 3 m x 3 m carries a column load of. 3500 kN resting on the

A square as shown on the figure. Unit weight of sand above the water table
d layer . . 3
san 31 kN/m3-and has a saturated umt weight of 18.10 kN/m below the
Cc H
+e- log
S c1=
(p O + l1P )
p
is 17, ble. The sand overlies a clay layer 1.2 m. thick having a saturat.ed
0 0 wa.:e::gnt of 16.50 kN / m3 and a void ratio of 1.70,
unt .
_ 0.315 (4) I (119.96 + 6.08 )
Sc- 3500kN
1 + 0.60 og 119.96 compression Index:
Sc= 0.017 m. Cs== 0.04 due to preconsolidation pressur~
~
Sc= 17mm. Cc== 0.35 primary compression index

;.ssume a vertical stress distribution of 2

@ Total settle,ment after 5 yrs. •vertical
. to 1, horiz,ontal.

S5 = Ca H log (T2)- © Compute the preconsolidation l:::'.C'."'.'._~~' .:_".""'

• 1 + ep T1
pressure Pc if the overconsolidation Sand
e,, = eo - !le
-
!le= Cc log
(Po+
p
M')
ratio. _ (OCRi = 2.0
(l) Compute the total effective stress at
.the center· of the clay layer. •
1
A 1,or-l<ID kNlm'

0
@ Calculate the settlement due to
119.96 + 6.08 ) consolidation of the clay layer which is l..!10
.~
Ae = 0.315 log ( 119_96
' ov~rconsolidated.
Ae= 0.0067
ep = 0.60 - 0.0067 Solution:
ep = 0.5933
~,
vverconso
-
© Preconsolidation pre~s_µre Pc:
.
li"dated rat.w _ _ _ _._ Preconsolidation
_ _ _ _ __._ pressure
__
S5 = C a H log (T2)
- 4 , Current soil overburden pressure w / o footing load
1 + ep T1
0.02 (4) (5 ) PO =soil overburden pr~sure without footing ICK!d
5s = 1 + 0.5933 log 2 P0 = 17.31 (1.2) + (18.10 - 9.81)(1.2) + (16.50 - 9.81)(0.6)
M'b
55 = 0.020 m. Po =34.734 kPa
S5 =20 min.
. Pc
Total settlement after 5 yrs. OCR= Po
Sr= 12 + 17 +20 Pc= (OCR) P0
Sr= 49mm. pC = (2)(34.734)
Pc = 69.468 kPa
IJ,1
115
j COMPRESSIBIL ITY~
IceMPREss1_111un ~• wa.sl
~

~ Total effective stress at the center of clay layer:

~., 6P=90kPa

. 3500
M' = (5.4)(5.4)
from the given soil profile:
I
2m
ititlttlti~
~ - - ----· -· -- -· --- - -

AP = 120.03 kPa
3500 kN
© compute the effective stress at the
mid-height of the day layer.
® Compute the void ratio at the end
I
2m • Sand
~ fpnl!llldwrnr,~
~-- - - . - - _ . ; _ ~ ; ; . . . . _ -

',' ~f.ra,=17.3 kN/m3

of primary consolidation. I
Total effective stress at the center of clay layer: . ® Compute the primary settlement
of the normally consolidated clay
I ·-•-15¥--~r--)
:, ,. O' ~ ·-,:,;_.__qa,.
......
{_(y~;io/.$~
?.,• -

P0 + M' = 34.734 + 120.03 I ,.-, ,,;, ,1 ai,., ·•.*,-...,~;.,•

I.Sm'-~ r f-:.~
r ,,,.,__,
layer. -:"<;-~,~~:~,, ;!'15~J..-:~- :~i-•i-~
PO + M' = 154.764 kPa
Sand
Solution:
<D Effective stress at mid-height of the clay layer:
p0 = 14.6 (2) + (17.3- 9.81)(2) + (19.3 -9.81)(0.75)
p0 = 51.30 KPa.

® Void ratio at_the end of primary

0.
consolidation:· . 6P=90 lcPa
O.Dlll.'_,\~\..~_•,'.U Cc H .
Sc = 1 + eo log
(Po + M')
po I,,_ l l 1 ! l t l +· l l
lSaJi,f
l
' '
~~.
h ~ ,
1 .,
...
. .

~ Settlement dsu to consolidation Sc= (1 ~e0 ) (Ae)

2m
;
, "
..I
,
f'

- -·---~·-.
i,~-•l wa,o:, Ulhk
' • i ,, ~, -

,
which is overconsolidated: 2m · ~and "f.rat=l7.3 k.:'l/m3
Po+ llP )
PO + AP = 154.764 kPa > Pc= 69.468 kPa ~e = <;:, log ( Po
c, =0.009(38 -·10) ·;:.:: &'5~~"_(_/~4~• v-_ ;._~~ ~1.,tA ~--·~·.-_'-'
Po+M'>Pc c!.r~ .!"'·•.-:• ,•~t~~;J"•.>IU'OI~
15
1
• ~~,---~-'.".h_:~-'"--~~ -:,:;. -~.;..~,~-r. -·r· .L;!-.;
,;o-'~;-;; ,;:,,-, ~.r.;. ,._ ~·:",,~....~-•--+-.;i;--. .,1;.::__'.t ·-~

- --
C,=0.252 ,!f.;i~.ffi~i;'e.•::~~-~~~:~~\~~~t~~~~
4 H pC Cc H
5 = 1 + e log P + 1 + e log
(PO + M') 1 90 _,..
O Pc M=0.252 log (~ :~;0 ) Sand
'M= 0.111
S 0.04(1200) l 69.468 0.35(1200) l (154.764)
= 1 + 1.70 og 34.734 + 1 + 1.70 og 69.468 ep = e0 - Ile
,5 =59.47 mm ep = 0.,75 "'( 0.11,1
ep = 0.639

@ Primary setlement:
Cc H (Po +.AP )
Sc= 1 + e log p
0 0 .

S _ 0.252(1500) l (51.30 + 90 )
.c:- 1 + 0.75 og 51.30 ,
Sc=95mm
 '
111
I COMPRE SSIBILIT Y·~
I COMPIIESS IB~UTY OF SOIi.Si
~
!!!!S

~ . stress increase when the water table is lowered by 1.5 m.

£!fectrve . ,1 la .

A soil profile shown is_ underlain by a 2.4 m. thick of soft day that would b
~ Saturated unit wt. 01 C y. I (Jr.; . r': • ·. ~ro!Uld sutfa<: :-- . ,~1"fc

subject to severe settlement when the water table is lowered to improve th: wGs 1.'fliftiSti'flll ..~ ... z . . . ~
site drainage. The silty sand has a unit weight of 15.60 kN / m3 above the S -- - e " 3m-~ '-lS 60 l(W"riY:
· _,."Jtlry-:s\~--!m-!. -.f•~•

water table and a saturated unit weight of 16.58 kN / m3 below the water
table. The day layer is ·normally consolidated having a v~id ratio of 1.20 and
JOO=~-~• • , .,.;;;t~j-~,_;r,'.f_~
a water content of 44% liquidity index of 0.80 and a plastic lirrtjt of 20%. Gs== 2.73 4m
Ysar=L658 k:N/~
CD Determine the compression index. {Gs+· e) Yw
@ Determine the effective stress increase with the ground water table rsat == 1+e
lowered by 1.5 m. to improve the site drainage to consolidate the clay
layer prior to site development. (2.73 + 1..2)(9.81) 2.4m
rsat .== 1 + 1.20
® Compute the settlement that would occur in the clay layer in response to
the lowering of the ground water table. rsat== 17.52 kN/m3 • 1 P1

_g_ro_und surfat''- Effective stress at m.id point of clay before water is lawered:
Solution: (".....,,, Smui~
Su}.-;
~or~ ,•....~.~- , . •j p1 ,;, 15.60 (3) + (16.58 - 9.81)(4) + (17.52 - 9.81)(12)
·"J ... ~· ."'M' _,,;-' '~
CD Compression index: 3m, ~ ..,, • Yby=15Ji0 kN~l~ P1 = 83.13 kPa
" growtd,wa1crtable • ·~
Cc= 0.009 (LL - 10)
~;.~~-,:: ~ ~---=~
. SiltySan~ .
:;..!!-; ~ --,:.~
, ·~ ;--~,-,
Effective stres.s at mid point of cl'!_Y after lowering ofwater table:
w-PL P2 = 15.60-(4.5) + (16.58 - 9.81)(2.5) + (17.52 - ~.81)(12)
L.J. = LL-PL 4m P2 = 96.38'kPa ' ,
Ysarl6.58 kN/m3
44-20
O.BO = LL-20
LL=SO
~~ .r-t'~~~
,.. -~ . ·,
,'
~~
.• C )'.•.:e;::l.2 "' :·· Ll.=:O.$q,, ·
Effective stress increase:
Af' =P2 -P1
llP =96.38 - 83.13
l~~
• 1..,,-15.60 iNln:i>
.
~nJ1_111d 1urftJre

~-
2.4m "~ -~ w'=44% •'P.L.=20'·. 4.5m. C">.· -1.l' .I, -U.

llP = 13.25 kPa

1
•· • .,...gll'lllltulVUfU,_
, , _'{-,.,,.:... _ ... ,,,_.!:.._.,.._,.._...,...sz.,~ .... ~---""'·~ ...------
f::=-;.;~'f'-.~ ; , - ~ ~ ~ ' i l 0 ! ~
Cc= 0.009 (50 - 10) ... '· . . . _'\?_ _..
---------- -~-----
~ ... - ~1. =~'-"'."~
...- - : " " - { - : . . . ~ - - 4 0 ,
...

Cc= 0.36 @ Settlement: 2.5mI ~

y541=16.58 kN/m!
CcH P2
S = 1 + e log P1 . !I!'
,... .. ,....- 7y.. ., , . . ~ . ' ~

S 0.36(2.4) l 96.38 2.4m \ P t " ~,~~

= 1 + 1.2
S=0.025m.
og 83.13 1 •, Ysat~ 17 .52 kN/m3

S=25mm
 X u,
,c••r•E••···''" •• •m
II8
[c•••11~••11.11 w~• ~
ea--
. -2.-1 iOY.2004
' I~ I 5 1
. . . . -'6...
\;;:,:=.,,
~j,~
A tank 12 m. high filled with oil having a unit weight of 9.4 kN/m3 is to be
built ·on a site. The existing soil profile consists of a 3.~ m. sand layer -~f!:::J
underlain by a i6 m. clay layer. The water table is on the ground surface
Neglecting the weight of the tank. • • Cc = compression index
<D Compute the compression index of.day. e1.- e2
® Compute the settlement under the center of the tank. Cc= P2)
@ Find the min,imum depth in the ground to which the tank must be placed log (p
1
in order to minimize settlement .
e1 = void ratio at a pressure Pz
Solution; 11~ I·n •. ez = void ratio at a pressure P2
<D Compression in_dex: '
, ~'n:~t
12m
w-PL
l -.,,. )t
(~;4_
L.l. =LL-PL
40-20
0.645 - LL - 20
LL=51%
i
3.6m Sand~ '-
V " i:.,

--~~-1/t:lr ..
It is the ra~o· betwe~n th_e change in void ratio ;md the change in
~- ette~tive stress for the given increment
C, =0.009 (LL - 10) :.,,~~:
:-
c, =0.009 (51 - 10) ~~-
•
-~
' ·~'

:r-.~.-
f-..r,; •. .
~-~ '!:( ,
--~-
·~~00~
'
,
..
:¾
. •,'"

t·,. J! . av~ coeff. of cqmpressibility in m2/kN

Cc= 0.369 14m,-~->'::>,:
.,:•~: ..~~-~~. -,.-...,.....,.
·~¥~'l-'~
(,_ ~);._t ·\~"'
~-~~-;{f.' " .•. ~· b"'..,_,,,,O: e1 ·- e2
•I ~}◊i;j;,jf. ,'t,'i:;.~,,i:~;•;,p
<%> Settlement under the center of the tank. x:-i\i:-~-,.i :sd' u•~- 6'.'.5't~}1 av= P2-_P1
--~" -~~,.- w...- . •
P0 = (18.88 - 9.81)(3.6) + (17.31 - 9.81)(8) • -,..; . ., ..... _I"('~:""',-.
,~
.
•.,;'-/_,;s:,;r<~.£,\;,6.
,. • .
'"""f:Y,.~ ...
~" ~:v,,y
Y»~·
----~--~~.~-
PO = 92.652 k.Pa.
6P =9.4 (12)
6P = lU.8 kPa
C,H (M' + P0)
S = 1 +e log Po
S 0.369 (16000) l (112.8 + 92.652) mv =c~eff. of volume compressibility
= 1 + 1.27 og 92.652
S =899.5 mm -I . (ei - ez)·
A , I e
m,, = (1 + e~XP2 - Pi)
@ Minimum depth in the ground to Qil
which tlu tank must be placed in ave= e1 +e2
(9,4 kt-/!m3) •. ~: f'f ., . 2
order to minimize settlement.
9.4 (12) = 18.88 (3.6) + 17.31h.
~

h =2.59
r,ml .\~~-.
~'l'"
;
.• ·,;,
,,/;./ '
••
m" = (1 + e.w)
D =2.59 + 3.6
0=6.19 m.