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3. First order ODEs-Homogeneous

The document discusses homogeneous first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and provides a definition of homogeneous functions along with examples. It outlines a step-by-step method for solving homogeneous ODEs, including the substitution of variables and separation of variables. Additionally, it includes example problems and references a textbook for further practice questions.

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2 views

3. First order ODEs-Homogeneous

The document discusses homogeneous first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and provides a definition of homogeneous functions along with examples. It outlines a step-by-step method for solving homogeneous ODEs, including the substitution of variables and separation of variables. Additionally, it includes example problems and references a textbook for further practice questions.

Uploaded by

Naveed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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First Order ODEs-

Homogeneous
Differential Equations with Boundary Value Problems,
7th Edition, Section 2.5

Dr. Hina Dutt


[email protected]
Homogeneous Function
Definition A function f(x, y) is said to be
homogeneous of degree n in x, y if
f (tx, ty ) = t f ( x, y ) for all t, x, y
n

In other words, if combined powers of


variables in each term of a function is same then
that function is homogeneous and power of each
term is degree of homogeneous function.
Examples
Homogeneous ODEs

A first order ODE M ( x, y) dx + N ( x, y) dy = 0


is called homogeneous if M ( x, y) , N ( x, y)
are homogeneous functions of x and y of the
same degree.
Examples
Working Rule to solve a HODE

1. Put the given equation in the form

M ( x, y)dx + N ( x, y)dy = 0 (1)


2. Check M and N are homogeneous
function of the same degree.

3. Let y = ux.
4. Differentiate y = ux to get

dy = udx + xdu

5. Put this value of dy into (1) and solve


the equation for u by separating the
variables.
6. Replace u by y/x and simplify.
Note
Example 1. Solve the DE

(3x − y ) dy − 2 xy dx = 0
2 2

dy 2 xy
That is =
dx (3x − y )
2 2

Let y = u x. Hence we
get 2
du 2u x 2u
u+x = =
dx (3x − u x ) (3 − u )
2 2 2 2
du 2u −u+u 3
or x = −u =
dx (3 − u )
2
(3 − u )
2

Separating the variables, we get


(3 − u )
2
dx
du =
u −u
3
x
Integrating we get
(3 − u )
2
dx
 u 3 − u du =  x
We express the LHS integral by partial
fractions. We get
 3 1 1  dx
  u u + 1 u − 1   x
 − + +  du = + ln c

−3
or u (u + 1)(u − 1) = cx, c an arbitrary constant.
Noting z = y/x, the solution is:
( y + x)( y − x) = c y , c an arbitrary constant
3

or x − y = c y , c an arbitrary constant
2 2 3
Example 2. Solve the DE
y y−x
y = + sin( )
x x
Let y = u x. Hence we
get du du
u+x = u + sin u or x = sin u
dx dx
Separating the variables, we get 1 du = dx
sin u x
Integrating we get cosec u – cot u = c x
y
where u = and c an arbitrary constant.
x
Reference Book:
Differential Equations with Boundary Value Problem, 7th
edition, section 2.5

Practice Questions:
Ex. 2.5
Q.1-Q.14

14

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