Chemistry, Environment and Climate Change

CH-101

Engr. Abdul Wahab

Engr. Fazal Wahab
 Engr. Fazal Wahab
Engr. Abdul Wahab
Office: NAB CS 03, Off. Ext: 62177
Office: NAB CS 10 Off. Ext: 62427
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
Sections: I and GA: 08:00 am / Sec
Sections: F and H08:00 am / Sec B: 1
B: 1
Office Hours: 9 am - 5 pm
Office Hours: 9 am - 5 pm
(working days)
(working days)
 Skills for learning:

1. Language and communication ( English: Reading, Writing, Thinking )

2. Math (quantitative) and Computer
3. Syllabus
4. Autonomous learning ( Independent learning )
 Grading Policy

1. Assignments (2x4) 08%

2. Quizzes (5.5x4) 22%

3. Mid Term Exam 30%

4. Final Term Exam 40%

Note: 80% attendance is mandatory to sit in the final exam.

 Course Contents ( Lecture-wise Breakup)
S. No. Topic No. of Lectures
Importance of Chemistry for Engineers and Its Application in Industries
1 1
, Grading policy, PEOs and OBE System
2 Mass Spectrometry and measurements of atomic masses 1
3 Chemical calculations: Stoichiometry 4
4 Standardization of Solution for quantitative titration 1
5 Algebraic method of balancing chemical equation 1
6 Electrochemistry; Galvanic Cells, Batteries, Nernst equation 6
7 Purification of silicon for electronic chip manufacturing 1
8 Thin Films and nanomaterials 2
9 Petrochemical industry and production of basic chemicals from fossil fuel 3
Environment: Chemistry for Environmental sustainability and green chemistry
10 5
including its twelve principles, Free radicals, Acid rain, Ozone, Urban Smog,
Engineering Solutions for Climate Change like (Renewable energy technologies, Energy
11 efficiency measures, reduction of greenhouse gas emission, Carbon capture and 5
storage (CCS) technologies).
 Text & Reference Books:

1. General Chemistry, 10th Edition, Whitten, Davis, Peck, and Stanley, 2013.

2. Chemistry, The Central Science, Theodore L. Brown et al. 14th Edition (2017).

3. Chemistry for Engineering Students Lawrence S. Brown 4th Edition 2018.

4. Environmental Chemistry, Stanley E Manahan, 11th Edition, 2022.

5. Climate Change and a Sustainable Earth John J. Qu and Raymond P. Motha 2022.

6. The Climate Book: The Facts and the Solutions, Greta Thunberg 2023.
 Learning Outcomes of
CH101 (Applied Chemistry and Environment)
On successful completion of this course, students will be able to

CLO-1 Students will be able to:

Demonstrate understanding of the principles and laws of chemistry

required for chemical calculations, electrochemical cells, batteries as clean
energy devices, fossil fuel combustion etc.
CLO -2 Students will be able to:

Explain air pollution such as acid rain, urban smog, Ozone depletion, global
warming and Engineering Solutions for Climate Change like (Renewable
energy technologies, Energy efficiency measures, reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions, Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies).
 Chemistry is a quantitative science dealing with:

►Chemical Species such as:

Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Free radicals

►Balanced Chemical Equation

►Amount of Substances as: Molecules, Moles, Grams

Free Radicals are very important
Chemical species

Don’t ignore them

H O OH OOH NO NO2 NO3

Important reaction in the atmosphere

OH + CO → CO2 + H
 You already know the following
• Atomic and molecular masses in amu

• Molecular mass, Molar mass, g-molar mass

• Mass numbers, Atomic numbers

• Amount is expressed as moles, number of molecules, grams

• Concentration: molarity, Molality, mass%, vol.%, ppm, ppb, ppt

 The Atomic Mass Scale ( chemistry )
Electrolysis in electrochemical cell:
Oxygen Hydrogen

100 g H2O → 11.1 g H + 88.9 g O

Let there be

n atoms of O and 2n atoms of H in 100 g water

Mass of one atom of oxygen = 88.9 g / n

Mass of one atom of Hydrogen = 11.1 g / 2n

Mass ratio = ( 88.9 / n ) / ( 11.1 / 2n ) = 16.018

We find O atom 16.018 times heavier than H atom

Atomic Mass Unit (amu) from Mass Spectrometer

12C
 Mass spectrum of chlorine

12C

Magnetic field Or atomic mass

Average, Relative to12C , mass of Cl atom, in amu, to four significant figures

(0.7533)(34.96amu) + (0.2447)(36.96 amu) = 35.46

 Calculate the number of amu in one gram of 12C
Example: convert 2Km into cm.
We know: 1Km = 1000m →1000m/1Km = 1 or 1Km/1000m = 1
Similarly, 1m = 100cm →100cm/1m =1 or 1m/100cm = 1

Hence (2Km) (1000m/1Km) (100cm/1m) = 2 x 1000 x 100 cm = 200,000 cm

 Conversion of g to atoms

Required Given Conversion Result

factor
Conversion of moles to atoms
Suppose 0.05 g of water evaporates in one hour.
How many molecules evaporate in one second

/S
Question: Assuming this classroom to be 20 m X 20 m X 6 m in dimension
Calculate number of molecules of CO2 in this room if the concentration of CO2
is 0.04 v%
Conditions: Temperature 25 0 C, Pressure is one atmosphere,
Humidity is zero, Ar present
 moles are given → convert to grams

Calculate the mass in grams in 0.433 mole of calcium nitrate Ca( NO3)2.

Solution: calculate the molar mass first:

Ca N O
40.08 + 2 x 14 + 2x3x16 → Molar mass Ca( NO3)2 = 164.1 g

gram = (0.433 mol ) x ( 164.1 g / mol ) = 71.1 g

 g are given → convert to molecules

How many molecules are present in 5.23g of C6H12O6?

Grams Moles Molecules

Molecules

= (5.23g) (1 mole/180.0g) (6.02x1023 molec /mole ) = 1.75x1022 molecules

 Combustion analysis of Organic compounds and
determination of empirical formula

0.1014 g of hydrocarbon 0.0609 g H2O 0.1486 g CO2

A 0.1014-g sample of purified glucose was burned in a C-H combustion train to produce
0.1486 g of CO2 and 0.0609 g of H2O.
Solution:
Given Empirical Formula and Molecular mass
determine Molecular Formula
Empirical formula of Glucose CH2O (given)

Molecular formula to be found n(CH2O)

Molecular mass of Glucose = 180 amu ( given )

n[(12.0 amu) + 2(1.0 amu) + (16.0 amu) ] = 180 amu

n = Molecular mass / empirical Formula mass = 180/30 = 6

Hence 6(CH2O) = C6H12O6

A 20.882-g sample of an ionic compound is found to contain 6.072 g of Na, 8.474 g of
S, and 6.336 g of O. What is its simplest formula?
Determine atomic mass of an unknown element from empirical formula
1. Empirical formula of metal oxide given as MO
2. Mass of metal taken 0.490 g
3. Burn the unknown metal in oxygen
4. Mass of metal oxide formed = 0.813 g

5. Mass of oxygen in MO = 0.813 g – 0.490 g = 0.323 g of O

6. Moles of O = (0.323 g) (1 mol O / 16.00 g O) = 0.0202 mol

7. From Empirical formula,

0.0202 mol O = 0.0202 mol M = 0.490 g M

8. One mole of metal = 0.490 g M / 0.0202 mol M = 24.3 g

 Calculations: Grams, Moles, Molecules

Quantitative information from balanced equation

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
4g 32g 36g

2 moles 1mole 2 moles

1.20 X1024 6.02X1023 1.20 X1024

molecules molecules molecules
 Calculations Based on Chemical Equations
Phosphorus reacts directly with sodium metal to produce sodium phosphide, as described
by the chemical equation:

How many grams of sodium phosphide, Na3P(s), can be produced from 10.0 grams of sodium
metal?
Solution:

The whole problem

can be solved in a
single line
Balanced equation: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Mix 7 moles of O2 and 10 moles of H2

Which one O2 or H2 will run out first
Find
Limiting reagent
Excess reagent
 How much H2O will be produced when 10 mole of H2 and 7 mole of O2 react
The balanced equation is given : 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Amount of water produced when Amount of water produced when all of

all of the O2 is consumed the H2 is consumed
Mole H2O = Mole H2O =
(7mole O2)[2 mole H2O/1 mole O2] (10 mole H2)[2 mole H2O/2 mole H2]
= 14 mole = 10 mole

Limiting reagent is the one producing less amount of the product

 Phosphorus: the Limiting Element
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are responsible for

growth of plants in ponds, rivers and creeks. Phosphorus is the limiting reagent

and growth stops. What if phosphorus is added in large quantities from

detergents and fertilizers.

 Reaction of gasoline ( C8H18 ) with air in the internal combustion engine
A vehicle consumes 14 kg of gasoline (C8H18 ) during a
round trip to Islamabad. Calculate the amount in
• Kg of O2 required
• Kg of CO2 and H2O produced
• Kg of N2 involved in this round trip
Assumption: Dry air by volume: 79% N2, 21% O2, zero % Ar

Solution:
Reaction of gasoline ( C8H18 ) with air in the internal combustion engine (Cont’d)

Air-Fuel Ratio
 Preparing solution: How much and what molarity?
Molarity

Calculate the grams of KMnO 4 required to prepare 250 mL of 0.0100 M solution.

 Preparing solution: How much and what molarity?
A bottle contains 37 mass% HCl solution in water and has a density of 1.20 g/ml. Calculate
volume in mL to be taken from this bottle for preparing 500ml solution of 0.2M

O2 dissolves in sea water to the extent of 8.3 mg/L at 25 ºC.

Calculate concentration as Molarity & ppm of O2 in this solution ?
 Standardization of solutions
Why standardize solutions ?

Standard compounds are used:

1. Must not react with or absorb the components of atmosphere
(O2, CO2 or water vapor)
2. Must react according to one well defined reaction
3. Must be soluble in desired solvent
4. Preferably available in the solid state
5. Should be readily available (inexpensive)
6. Should be environmentally friendly
Standardization of alkaline solution
Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate ( KHP ) is used for standardization of base
solutions

Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution if 20.00 ml of the solution reacts

with 0.3644 g of dry accurately weighed KHP

NaOH + KC6H4(COO)COOH → KC6H4(COO)COONa + H2O

moles NaOH = [0.3644g X (1 mol / 204.2 g)][1mol NaOH/1mol KHP]

= 0.001783 moles NaOH

Thus molarity NaOH ( test solution )

= 0.001783 mol / 0.02000 L = 0.08915 M NaOH
Standardization of acid solution

→Na2CO3 is used for standardization of acids

Calculate the molarity of H2SO4 solution if 40.0 ml of this solution

neutralizes 0.364 g of dry & accurately weighed Na2CO3.

H2SO4 [40mL of solution]+ Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

mol of Na2CO3 = [0.364g X (1 mol / 106 g)] = 0.0034 mol

mol of H2SO4 = 0.0034 mol Na2CO3 X [1 mol H2SO4/ 1 mol Na2CO3]

= 0.0034 mol of H2SO4 present in 40 mL of the test solution

Exact Molarity of H2SO4 = 0.0034 mol / 0.0400L = 0.085 M

Mathematical Approach to Balancing chemical equations

CaSO4 + CH4 + CO2 → CaCO3 + S + H2O

a CaSO4 + b CH4 + c CO2 → d CaCO3 + e S + f H2O

To determine a, b, c, d, e, and f simultaneous equations
are solved

4CaSO4 + 3CH4 + 1CO2  4CaCO3 + 4S + 6H2O

 CaSO4 + CH4 + CO2 CaCO3 + S + H2O

a CaSO4 + b CH4 + c CO2 d CaCO3 + e S + f H2O

Material balance shows: Assume a = 1, then e = d = 1

Ca: a = d 4 + 2c = 3 + f
S: a = e
Since b + c = 1 → c = 1 – b
O: 4a + 2c = 3d + f
C : b +c = d 4 + 2(1-b) = 3 + f
H : 4b = 2f And f = 2b
4 + 2(1-b) = 3 + 2b
b = 3/4
C=1– ¾ = 1/4 & f = 6/4

CaSO4 + 3/4 CH4 + 1/4 CO2 CaCO3 + S + 6/4 H2O

4CaSO4 + 3CH4 + CO2 4CaCO3 + 4S + 6H2O

How do we balance charge in the algebraic method

a MnO4- + b H+ + c Fe2+ → d Mn2+ + e Fe3+ + f H2O

Mass balance:
For: Mn → a = d
For: Fe→ c = e
For: O → 4a = f
For: H → b = 2f
Charge balance : - a + b + 2c = 2d + 3e

Assuming a =1, then → – 1 + b + 2c = 2 + 3e

- 1 + 2f + 2e = 2 + 3e
-1 + 8-2 =e
e = 5, c = 5, a=1, d=1, f = 4, b=8

MnO4
- + 8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H O
2