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This document covers the fundamentals of algebra and geometry, including algebraic expressions, equations, functions, and basic geometric figures. It explains key concepts such as linear and quadratic equations, types of functions, and properties of triangles and circles. Mastery of these topics is essential for problem-solving in mathematics and various real-world applications.

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Gabi Marek
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6 views

5

This document covers the fundamentals of algebra and geometry, including algebraic expressions, equations, functions, and basic geometric figures. It explains key concepts such as linear and quadratic equations, types of functions, and properties of triangles and circles. Mastery of these topics is essential for problem-solving in mathematics and various real-world applications.

Uploaded by

Gabi Marek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics: Fundamentals of Algebra and Geometry

Introduction
Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes, and patterns. It is divided into
various branches, including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and calculus. This
document explores fundamental concepts in algebra and geometry, which are
essential for problem-solving in various fields.

Algebra: Expressions, Equations, and Functions


Algebra is the branch of mathematics dealing with symbols and the rules for
manipulating them.
1. Algebraic Expressions
 Definition: A mathematical phrase that includes numbers, variables, and
operations.
 Examples:
o 3x+53x + 5 (Linear expression)

o x2−4x+7x^2 - 4x + 7 (Quadratic expression)

 Operations on Algebraic Expressions:


o Addition and subtraction of like terms.

o Multiplication and factoring.

2. Equations and Inequalities


 Linear Equations: Equations of the form ax+b=0ax + b = 0, where
a≠0a \neq 0.
o Example: Solve 2x+3=72x + 3 = 7

 2x=42x = 4
 x=2x = 2
 Quadratic Equations: Equations of the form ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c
= 0.
o Example: Solve x2−5x+6=0x^2 - 5x + 6 = 0 using factorization.

 (x−2)(x−3)=0(x - 2)(x - 3) = 0
 x=2x = 2 or x=3x = 3
 Inequalities: Expressions involving <, >, ≤, or ≥.
o Example: Solve 3x−4>53x - 4 > 5

 3x>93x > 9
 x>3x > 3
3. Functions and Graphs
 Definition: A function represents a relationship where each input has
exactly one output.
 Types of Functions:
o Linear Functions: y=mx+by = mx + b (Straight-line graph)

o Quadratic Functions: y=ax2+bx+cy = ax^2 + bx + c (Parabolic


graph)
o Exponential Functions: y=axy = a^x

Geometry: Shapes, Angles, and Theorems


Geometry is the study of shapes, sizes, and properties of figures.
1. Basic Geometric Figures
 Points, Lines, and Planes:
o A point is a location with no size.

o A line extends infinitely in both directions.

o A plane is a flat surface extending infinitely.

 Angles and Their Types:


o Acute (< 90°), Right (90°), Obtuse (> 90°), Straight (180°)

2. Triangles and Their Properties


 Types of Triangles:
o Equilateral (all sides equal)

o Isosceles (two sides equal)

o Scalene (no sides equal)

 Pythagorean Theorem:
o In a right-angled triangle: a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2

o Example: If a=3a = 3, b=4b = 4, then c=5c = 5.

3. Circles and Their Properties


 Radius (r): Distance from the center to a point on the circle.
 Diameter (d): Twice the radius, d=2rd = 2r.
 Circumference: C=2πrC = 2\pi r.
 Area: A=πr2A = \pi r^2.

Conclusion
Algebra and geometry form the foundation of mathematical problem-solving.
Understanding equations, functions, and geometric properties is essential for
advanced mathematical studies and real-world applications.

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