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Singapore 049483
Acquisitions Editor: Carrie Brandon

Developmental Editor: Elise Frasier

Editorial Assistant: Duncan Marchbank

Production Editor: Jane Haenel

Copy Editor: Megan Markanich

Typesetter: Hurix Systems Pvt. Ltd.,

Proofreader: Tricia Currie-Knight

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Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Blakely, Edward J. (Edward James), 1938– author. | Leigh, Nancey Green,
author.

Title: Planning local economic development : theory and practice / Nancey Green
Leigh, Georgia Institute of Technology, Edward J. Blakely, The University of Sydney.

Description: 6th edition. | Thousand Oaks, CA : SAGE, [2017] | Includes

bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016028647 | ISBN 9781506363998 (pbk. : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Industrial promotion—United States. | Community development—

United States. | Economic development.

Classification: LCC HC110.I53 B56 2017 | DDC 338.973—dc23 LC record available at

https://lccn.loc.gov/2016028647

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

16 17 18 19 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

8
Brief Contents
Preface
Overview
1. The Enduring Argument for Local Economic Development
Planning
2. The Influence of National and State Policies on Local
Economic Development
3. Concepts and Theory of Local Economic Development
4. The Local Economic Development Profession and
Professionals
5. The Local Economic Development Planning Process
6. Introduction to Analytical Methods for Local Economic
Development Planning
7. Local Economic Development Strategy
8. Locality Development
9. Business Development
10. Human Resource Development
11. Community Economic Development
12. Building the Implementation Plan
13. Institutional Approaches to Local Economic Development
14. Local Economic Development Planning’s Response to a
Global Economy and Climate-Challenged Planet
Index
About the Authors

9
Detailed Contents
Preface
Overview
1. The Enduring Argument for Local Economic Development
Planning
Local Economic Development Planning in the Face of
Globalization
The Influence of Outsourcing and Insourcing
Networks
The Geography of the New Economy
Economic Developments 1.1: The New Economy
People and Places Left Out of the New Economy
Growing Income and Earnings Inequality
Growing Racial Inequality
Economic Developments 1.2: What Is Happening to the
Middle Class?
The Working Poor
The Decline in Good Jobs
The Rise of the Foreign-Born Population
Prison Populations
Economic Developments 1.3: Five Keys Charter School
Provides Education Access to Prisoners in California
Growing Spatial Inequality
Increasing Metropolitan Inequality
Increasing Rural Inequality
Shaping Global Warming: The U.S. Economic Engine
The Future of Local Economic Development Planning
References and Suggested Readings
2. The Influence of National and State Policies on Local
Economic Development
Three Approaches to National Economic Policy
Monetary and Tax Policy
Trade Policy
Welfare to Workfare Policy
Health Care Policy
Employment Policy
National Policy Targeting Local Economic Development
Economic Developments 2.1: Crisis and Response: Lasting

10
 Effects of the Great Recession
Coordination of Local and National Development Efforts
State Economic Development Approaches
Phases of Economic Development
Challenges and Opportunities Inherent in Economic
Development Policy Making
Conclusion
Economic Developments 2.2: Natural Disasters’ Impacts on
Economic Development
Appendix 2.1: Economic Development Funding by Major
Federal Agencies (in millions of dollars)
Notes
References and Suggested Readings
3. Concepts and Theory of Local Economic Development
Defining Local Economic Development
Theories of Growth and Development
Neoclassical Economic Theory
Economic Base Theory
Product Cycle Theory
Location Theories
Central Place Theory
Translating Theory Into Practice
Attraction Models
New Markets Model
Theories, Models, and Fads in Local Economic
Development Planning
The Continued Evolution of Economic Development
Theory Into Local Practice
Locality
Business and the Economic Base
Employment Resources
Community Resources
Conclusion
Appendix 3.1: Summary of Economic Development
Theories
Notes
References and Suggested Readings
4. The Local Economic Development Profession and
Professionals
The Role of the Economic Development Practitioner
The Community

11
 The Organization
The Task Functions
The Clients
The Professional Roles
Economic Development Careers
Summary and Conclusion
References and Suggested Readings
5. The Local Economic Development Planning Process
Preliminary Tasks of Local Economic Development
Planning
Identifying the Planners
Determining Geographic Scope
The Six Phases of Planning
Managing Planning Resources in the Community
Determining the Physical Environment
Facing the Regulatory Environment as a Planning
Resource
Preparing the Attitudinal Environment
Selecting a Local Economic Development Role
Entrepreneur or Developer
Coordinator
Facilitator
Stimulator
Typology of Planning Approaches
Recruitment Planning (Preactive)
Impact Planning (Reactive)
Contingency Planning (Interactive)
Strategic Planning (Proactive)
Features of Local Economic Development Planning
Targeting Zones of Action
Building Community-Level Institutions for
Development
Expanding Local Ownership
Merging the Resources of the Social Welfare System
Linking Employment and Economic Development
Policies and Programs
Building Quality Jobs
Public–Private Venturing
Conclusion
Putting It All Together: Creating a Local Economic
Development Strategy (Part 1)

12
 PLED Problem Solving 5.1: Case Study, Part 1
References and Suggested Readings
6. Introduction to Analytical Methods for Local Economic
Development Planning
Information and Analytical Requirements for Local
Economic Development Planning
Understanding an Economy’s Strengths and Weaknesses
The Economic Profile
Demographics
Quality of Life
Income and Wages
Labor Force Characteristics
Business Establishments by Industry Sector and
Employment Size
International Linkages
Research Base and Higher Education Resources
Transportation, Utilities, Taxes, Land/Building
Availability, and Environmental Regulations
Building on Comparisons
Gathering Available Descriptive Data
Local Agencies and Individuals
Industrial Classifications
Occupational Data
Census of the Population
Employer Reports
Private Data
Examining Analytical Techniques
Economic Base Analysis as a Foundation for
Economic Development Planning
Location Quotients for Base Analysis
Data Requirements for Location Quotients
The Growing Parts of a Local Economy:
Understanding Where Jobs Will Be in the Future
Rationale for a Dynamic Analysis
Analysis Tool: Shift-Share Analysis
Principles of Economic Projections
How Do Changes Multiply Through the Economy?
The Concept of Cumulative Change
Analysis Tool: Input–Output Analysis
Using Input–Output Analysis in Local Economic
Development

13
 Identifying Industrial Clusters: The Most Important Parts of
the Local Economy
Local Networks of Buying and Selling
Analysis Tool: Cluster Analysis
Cincinnati USA Partnership Cluster Work 8 Years
Later
PLED Problem Solving 6.1: Cluster Case Study:
Cincinnati, Ohio, Metropolitan Area
Using Clusters in Local Economic Analysis
Social Network Analysis
Conclusion
Putting It All Together: Creating a Local Economic
Development Strategy (Part 2)
PLED Problem Solving 6.2: Case Study, Part 2
Notes
References and Suggested Readings
7. Local Economic Development Strategy
The Goals of Local Economic Development
Achieve Local Economic Stability
Build a Diverse Economic and Employment Base
Promote Local Sustainability
Prerequisites for Successful Strategy Formulation
Selecting Strategic Options
The Locality Development Strategy Option (the Built
Environment Dimension)
The Business Development Strategy Option (the
Demand Side)
The Human Resource Development Option (the
Supply Side)
Economic Development Plans Within the Context of
Comprehensive Plans
The Community-Based Employment Development
Strategy Option (the Neighborhood Dimension)
Common Traps in Strategy Formulation
Assembling the Elements of a Strategy
Target Characteristics
Methods of Development
Forms of Local Organization
Time Frame
Projects From Strategies
Describing Project Outcomes

14
 Specifying Strategic Resources
Plan Financing and Implementation
Conclusion
References and Suggested Readings
8. Locality Development
The Link Between Economic Development and Urban
Design
Landbanking and Community Land Trusts
Brownfield Redevelopment: A Priority of Locality
Development
Physical Infrastructure Development on Industrial and
Commercial Land
Speculative Buildings
Zoning Regulations
Business Improvement Districts
Regulatory Improvement Through Simplification
Townscaping
Shopsteading
Housing and Neighborhood Improvement
Household Services
Community Services
Economic Developments 8.1: University-Led Revitalization
Strategies
PLED Problem Solving 8.1: Community Building Through
Ownership
PLED Problem Solving 8.2: Revitalizing the Center
PLED Problem Solving 8.3: The Portside Plan
Conclusion
References and Suggested Readings
9. Business Development
Creating a Good Business Climate
Entrepreneur Development and Economic Gardening
Entrepreneurial Community Program: Growing an
Economic Garden
One-Stop Business Assistance Centers
Start-Up and Venture Financing Companies and
Development Banks
Small Business Development Centers
Microenterprise
Women’s Enterprises
Promotion and Tourism Programs

15
 Research and Development
Enterprise Zones
Incentivizing or Subsidizing Local Economic
Development?
U.S. Versus International Perspectives
Economic Developments 9.1: #Subsidizing Twitter
Economic Developments 9.2: Roasted by Regulation:
Starbucks Coffee’s Selective Tax Advantages in the
Netherlands
Conclusion
Economic Developments 9.3: Targeting Retail Gaps in a
Low- to Moderate-Income City
Economic Developments 9.4: Mobile Entrepreneurs:
Portland Food Carts
Economic Developments 9.5: Small-Town Ideas Spur Big-
Time Manufacturing Growth
PLED Problem Solving 9.1: Community-Based Business
PLED Problem Solving 9.2: A Small Town Determines Its
Own Destiny
PLED Problem Solving 9.3: An Incubator as a
Revitalization Tool
Notes
References and Suggested Readings
10. Human Resource Development
Workforce Development
Realities of an Undertrained Workforce
Public Role in Workforce Development
Goals of Human Resource Programs
Matching Human Resource Programs and Economic
Development Objectives
Workforce Investment Boards
First-Source or Targeted Hiring Agreements
Employment Maintenance
Skill Banks
Training Programs
Customized Training
Competency-Based Training
Comprehensive Training to Meet Social Needs
Youth Enterprise
University–Industry Technology Transfer
Self-Employment Initiatives

16
 Career Ladders
Disabled Persons Skills Development
Education as the Foundation of Human Resource
Development
Implementation of a Human Resource Development
Strategy
Economic Developments 10.1: Betting on Downtown Las
Vegas
Economic Developments 10.2: A Holistic Approach to
Workforce Development
Economic Developments 10.3: The Inverclyde Training
Trust
Economic Developments 10.4: The Mark of the Maker
Movement
PLED Problem Solving 10.1: Employment Planning as
Economic Development
PLED Problem Solving 10.2: Young Need a Job—Make
Your Own!
Conclusion
References and Suggested Readings
11. Community Economic Development
Economic Developments 11.1: Brownfield Redevelopment
Principles to Prevent Neighborhood Gentrification
Community Development Corporations
Institutional Advantages of Community Development
Corporations
Challenges for Community Economic Development
Community Reinvestment Programs
Community Cooperatives
Local Enterprise Agencies
Employee/Worker Ownerships
Employee Stock Ownership Plans
Worker Cooperatives
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for
Neighborhood Development
Targeting and Marketing Neighborhood/Community Assets
Identification of the Community’s Long-Term Goals
Marketing of the Community
Incentives and Community Benefits Agreements
The Community Prospectus: A Means of
Communicating the Qualities of Your Community

17
 Local Government’s Role in Community Economic
Development
Conclusion
Economic Developments 11.2: East Gateway District:
Bridging the Gap Between Community and Economic
Development
PLED Problem Solving 11.1: Workers as Owners
PLED Problem Solving 11.2: A Community Finds a
Business
PLED Problem Solving 11.3: New Freedom House
References and Suggested Readings
12. Building the Implementation Plan
Public–Private Partnerships
Marketing Community
Components of Good Community Marketing Analysis
and Designing a Marketing Plan
Community (City or Neighborhood) Marketing Plan
Economic Developments 12.1: Marketing Tools for
Communicating a Community’s Assets to the Marketplace
Project Financing
Project Viability Assessment
Community Viability
Locational Viability
Commercial Viability
Implementation Viability
Sustainability Assessment
Detailed Feasibility Analysis
Market Analysis
Financial Analysis
Break-Even Analysis
Development of Financial Scenarios
Cash Flow Analysis
The Profit and Loss Statement
The Corporate Shift to Sustainability
Project Sustainability
Cash Flow Projections
The Projected Return on Investment Ratio
Cost–Benefit Analysis
Organizational Design
Using the Feasibility Study
Business Plan Preparation

18
 Monitoring and Evaluation Program
Criteria to Be Used in Evaluation
Evaluation Techniques
Time Schedules for Conducting the Evaluation
Budget for Evaluation
Organization and Staff Requirements for Evaluation
Conclusion
Note
References and Suggested Readings
13. Institutional Approaches to Local Economic Development
Organizational Requirements for Local Development
Public–Private Partnerships
The Economic Development Specialist
Institutional Approaches to Local Economic Development
A Typology of Development Organizations
Economic Development Agencies as Units of Local
Government
Independent Private Development Agencies
Economic Development Corporations
Summary of Institutional Approaches
Conclusion
References and Suggested Readings
14. Local Economic Development Planning’s Response to a
Global Economy and Climate-Challenged Planet
Finding Solutions Through Innovation and Technology
The Technology Development Process
Advanced Technology Regional Choice Model
Fostering the Advanced Technology Community
Human Resources
Education and Research Facilities
Environmental Quality and Community Amenities
Business and Support Institutions
Enterprise or Incubator Facilities
Advanced Manufacturing and Clean Technology
Resiliency in Local Economic Development
Local Economic Development Planning for Resiliency
Economic Developments 14.1: A Path Toward More
Resilient Cities
PLED Problem Solving 14.1: Community Resilience: The
Next Stage in Business Community Thinking?
Conclusion: The Future of Local Economic Development

19
Planning
Four Strategies to Foster Structural Change in Local
Economic Development Planning and Practice
The Way Forward
Notes
References and Suggested Readings
Index
About the Authors

20
Preface

The sixth edition of Planning Local Economic Development continues to

respond to the needs and feedback of planners and academics. Each edition
of the book evolves due to this feedback, as well as in response to what the
authors have learned from their research and practice. Each edition of the
book also strives to reflect how the context for economic development
planning and practice is changing.

As we noted in the 2013 fifth edition’s Preface, due to the weakness of the
overall recovery from the Great Recession of 2008, many localities hadn’t
begun to recover, and those that had were still struggling to return to their
pre-recession state. Eight years later, the postrecession period has been
given the moniker of the “Great Stagnation,” and the conditions that gave
rise to this moniker significantly change the context for local economic
development planners. These conditions include rates of earnings, job, and
economic growth that haven’t matched the period before the recession.
This has been accompanied by a growing American angst over widening
income inequality that is shared across many nations. Not unrelated, at
least in the United States, are concerns about how young adults’ lost
decade (from approximately 2000 to 2011) in terms of employment and
earnings gains affects the future of the middle class.

The definition of economic development that this book presents has

always included the principle that processes and outcomes reduce
inequality. To do so, local economic development planning and practice
must explicitly consider the distributional consequences of anticipated
growth and change outcomes. The reader will find that distributional
consequences of economic development are explicit or implicit themes
throughout the book.

Many individuals generously granted us permission to use material that

enriches our understanding of local economic development planning. We
are most grateful for the outstanding research assistance and contributions
to this book of Ashley Bozarth, current Georgia Tech City and Regional
Planning master’s degree student. Other Georgia Tech students (current
and past) have contributed valuable research assistance: Dana King
Brewster, Nathanael Hoelzel, Heon Hyeong Lee, Jeong-Il Park, and
Patrick Terranova.

21
We are also grateful to Laura Davis Chandler and Geri Campos Lopez for
their cooperation in the preparation of their organization’s case studies,
and to Stuart Andreason, Dan Immergluck, Brian Stone, and Kenneth
Thomas for their research insights.

We remain indebted to our many planning colleagues whose own research

and writings have helped us articulate our view of planning local economic
development, especially Ted Bradshaw, Edward Bergman, Peter Hall, Ann
Markusen, and Michael Teitz.

Nancey Green Leigh

Edward J. Blakely

22
Overview

Planning Local Economic Development strives to place the basic tenets of

local economic development planning in one volume. It explicitly
broadens the view of local economic development from one that
emphasizes real estate development and industrial recruitment to one that
encompasses workforce development and community-determined
processes. It explicitly incorporates the notions of equity and
sustainability. The work distinguishes itself from all other texts on
economic development planning by explicitly asserting that authentic
economic development incorporates the basic principles of sustainability.

This book is aimed primarily at students studying to become professional

planners or practitioners of local economic development at the regional,
agency, city or county government, or neighborhood levels. We hope that
this updated edition that reflects the evolving field will continue to be a
reference for economic development professionals as they carry out their
responsibilities. Economic development specialists and planners should
find the resource materials included in the text useful for their work.

This book continues to provide guidance for community-based

organizations and their client groups engaged in the struggle to find viable
means to develop the economic base of their communities. It is also
designed to serve as primary material or as an adjunct to other materials
used in teaching economic development. Both the reference materials and
case examples are arranged in a manner suitable for teaching.

Policymakers at either the local government or the community level may

find the book useful in exploring the roles that private enterprise, unions,
community groups, and other institutions can play in local economic and
workforce development activities. In addition, the book can aid private
citizens interested in local economic development and employment issues
in determining ways they might assist government bodies or community
groups in meeting their economic development objectives. Community
groups may find the illustrations and case examples discussed in the text
valuable for networking with those in similar circumstances throughout the
country.

Local economic development and workforce initiatives are continually

23
evolving. There are no hard and fast rules or long-proven experiences upon
which to draw. We ground this book in the needs, issues, and options
available at the local level and encourage readers to contribute ideas for
future editions. A brief summary of the book’s chapters follows:

Chapter 1 discusses key national and global socioeconomic trends

that shape the context for local economic development planning.
Chapter 2 covers the evolution of national and state policies for
promoting economic growth that impact local economic development
planning.
Chapter 3 reviews theories of economic growth and development
and discusses definitions of economic development that inform
traditional economic development practices and sustainable economic
development planning.
Chapter 4 is focused on the profession of economic developers
(practitioners and planners).
Chapter 5 provides an overview of the complete process of economic
development planning.
Chapter 6 is an introduction to the analytical methods used in the
first phase of the economic development planning process.
Chapter 7 focuses on the second phase of the planning process,
selecting a local economic development strategy.
Chapter 8 focuses on issues and steps that need to be addressed to
make ready the locality for which economic development is being
planned.
Chapter 9 covers a range of tools essential to foster businesses in the
local economy.
Human resources, the focus of Chapter 10, are also essential to
successful local economic development, and, of course, a primary
rationale for local economic development is to improve the lives of
community residents.
Chapter 11 focuses on community economic development planning,
typically conducted at the neighborhood level to meet the needs of
poor and working class residents.
Chapter 12 addresses building the implementation plan for local
economic development and the essential public-private partnerships
this often entails.
Chapter 13 discusses the role of institutions in managing the local
economic development process.
Concluding the book, Chapter 14 discusses technology and
innovation strategies for responding to the global economy, resiliency

24
 strategies to cope with extreme weather events, and strategies to
foster structural change in local economic development and planning.

This book surveys the full range of activities that constitute the planning of
local economic development. If all localities were to systematically
undertake this full range of activities, they would be competitively
positioned to weather economic crises created by forces beyond their
control, or to thrive in more benign economic conditions.

25
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
benevolent and public spirited man. A journal of his Tour in Germany
was privately printed in 1839, and some beautiful views of the
passes of the Tyrol were drawn on stone from his sketches.
1841. Revolutionary movement in Spain in favor of Christina and
absolute government. By the prompt movement of the regent
Espartero the insurrection was entirely quelled, and general Diego
Leon was executed.
1849. Edgar A. Poe, favorably known as an American poet and
magazine writer, died at Baltimore, aged 37.
1849. Louis Batthyanyi, prime minister of Hungary, was shot at Pesth,
at the sole urgency of general Haynau.
1850. Disunion meetings were held at Natchez and Yazoo city, at
both of which the disorganizing resolutions were opposed and voted
down.
1854. Caleb Butler died, aged 78; principally known by his history of
the town of Groton, Mass.

OCTOBER 8.

66. Cestius, the Syrian prefect, in his fatal retreat, was defeated by
the Jews at the pass of Bethhoron. Nero received this disastrous
news at Achaia, and called in Vespasian.
451. Fourth œcumenical council assembled at Chalcedon, where the
heretic Eutyches was finally condemned.
622. Mahomet made his public entry into Medina. He was mounted on
a she camel, and an umbrella shaded his reverend shoulders.
1200. John, king of England, and his new queen, Isabella, were
inaugurated. The devil was to be released at that year's close, said
the lipticians on the canon.
1202. The Venetian crusade sailed, under Boniface, of Montferrat.
1635. John Winthrop, son of the governor of Massachusetts, arrived
from England with a commission from the patentees as "governor of
the river Connecticut, and places thereto adjoining," bringing men,
ordnance, ammunition, and £2000 sterling for the erection of a fort.
1636. John Everard, better known by his bibliographical name,
Johannes Secundus, a Dutch Latin poet, died. His works have gone
through many editions, and the Kisses of Johannes Secundus have
been translated into various languages. He also distinguished himself
by his skill in painting, sculpture, and engraving.
1684. Geraud de Cordemoi died; a French academician, and a great
partisan of Descartes' systems.
1729. Richard Blackmore, an English physician, died. He was an
indefatigable writer, and has left a great number of works,
theological, poetical, and medical.
1744. John Balchen, a celebrated English admiral, perished at sea, in
the Victory man-of-war, 110 guns, and 1100 seamen, all of whom
were lost.
1754. Henry Fielding, an eminent English novelist, died, aged 48.
1755. The remains of Braddock's army, in 33 transports, passed the
city of New York on their way to winter quarters at Albany.
1767. Burchard Christopher de Munich died; a German who learned the
art of war under Eugene and Marlborough, and distinguished himself
in the service of Peter I of Russia.
1774. Congress resolved to support Massachusetts, if the acts of
parliament were attempted to be carried into execution by force.
The general court of Massachusetts met at Salem on the same day,
although general Gage had ordered them not to assemble, resolved
themselves into a provincial congress, and chose John Hancock
president.
1785. L'Evesque de Burigny, a French author, died, aged 94. He wrote
a work on the authority of the pope, a learned history of pagan
philosophy, and several other works, historical and biographical.
1785. The Lounger appeared at Edinburgh, conducted principally by
Henry Mackenzie.
1791. A jury at Sudberry, England, not being able to agree,
oppressed by hunger, broke open the doors and went home.
1792. Pietro Antonio Crevenna, an Italian bibliographer, died. He
collected a choice library, which he sold by auction in 1790. The
learned catalogues of his books, prepared by himself and others,
have given to the works which belonged to him, great value, in the
eyes of amateurs, and the catalogues themselves have
bibliographical authority.
1793. John Hancock, the master spirit of the American revolution,
died. He was president of the congress which issued the declaration
of independence, and his name stands out in bold relief on that
document.
1793. Lyons, in France, surrendered to the republicans, and a most
terrible massacre of the inhabitants ensued. The convention decreed
that the walls should be razed, and Lyons called La ville affranchie.
1795. Andrew Kippis, a very celebrated English biographer, died. His
connection with the publication of the Biographia Britannica, will
carry down his name with distinguished reputation to posterity.
1809. James Elphinstone, a Scottish grammarian, died. He undertook
the reformation of English orthography by spelling words as they are
pronounced.
1820. Henry Christophe, king of Hayti, shot. He was a slave, and
served in the American war. His activity in the revolution of the
slaves in the island of St. Domingo, led to his elevation.
1822. Eruption of mount Galongoon, in the island of Java. It
commenced at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of a fine day, by a loud
explosion, which was followed by a thick cloud, that wrapped the
whole country in darkness, while immense columns of mud, boiling
hot, and mixed with burning brimstone, were projected from the
mountain like a water spout, with such prodigious violence, that
large quantities fell at the distance of 40 miles. The destruction was
at its height at 4 o'clock, and had ceased at 5, having in the short
space of three hours, laid a fruitful and thickly peopled country
under a crust of boiling mud, in some places to the depth of sixty
feet. Five millions coffee trees were destroyed, 87 canals, numerous
rice fields, 114 villages, and upwards of 4000 inhabitants. The scene
presented a bluish, half-liquid waste, where bodies of men, women
and children, partly boiled and partly burned, were strewed about in
every variety of death. It was followed by a rain storm of four days'
duration, which inundated the country, when another eruption took
place, more violent than the first.
1822. The first boats passed from the west and the north, through
the Erie and Champlain canals, into the tide waters of the Hudson at
Albany, amidst the acclamations of thousands of spectators.
1831. Great earthquake in South America. The town of Arica was
utterly ruined, and the shock was felt along the coast, including
seven degrees of latitude, shaking to its centre the immense breadth
of the main Cordillera. It was attended by a violent vertical
movement of the earth, during about 70 seconds, which threw down
or shattered the houses, and in some cases pieces were detached
from the middle of walls, leaving the rest of the edifice uninjured.
1832. Otho proclaimed and installed king of restored Greece, at the
palace of Preysing, in Bavaria.
1837. Charles Fourier, founder of the system of social and industrial
reform which bears his name, died at Paris.
1841. Johann Heinrich Dannecker, the Nestor of German sculptors,
died at Stuttgardt, aged 82.
1848. The populace of Vienna, which had been in a state of
insubordination two days, became calm, and the emperor was
invited to return.
1851. The Hudson river rail road was opened throughout, from New
York to Albany.
1853. Thomas Childs, one of the bravest and most distinguished
officers in the United States army, died at Tampa bay.
1854. Gideon Tomlinson, a Connecticut statesman, died, aged 74.
1854. The steam boat E. K. Collins, from Sault St. Marie to
Cleveland, took fire on the lake and was burned, by which 23
persons lost their lives.
1855. Samuel Dickinson Hubbard, sometime post master general of the
United States, died at Middletown, Ct., aged 55.
1855. The grand jury in New York city returned indictments against
several city officers, for corruption and malversation in office.

OCTOBER 9.

1047. Clement II, pope, died. He was a Saxon, elected the year
previous, and distinguished for his zeal against Simony.
1192. King Richard of England embarked from Palestine in a single
ship for Europe.
1253. Robert Greathead, bishop of Lincoln, and a learned and
voluminous writer, died.
1326. Hugh Spencer, a favorite of Edward II, hanged at Bristol, which
city he defended against the forces of queen Isabella.
1555. Justus Jonas died; a learned coadjutor of Luther and the other
reformers, and author of a Defence of the Marriage of the Priests,
and other works.
1563. Gabriel Fallopius, a celebrated Italian physician and anatomist,
died at Padua. He possessed great powers of mind, which he
cultivated by intense application.
1642. The first commencement was held at Harvard college, when
nine candidates took the degree of A. B.
1646. The whole order of English bishops abolished by an ordinance
of parliament.
1665. Gov. Stuyvesant submitted to the states general his report in
relation to the surrender of New York to the English.
1682. Henry Blount died; an English traveler, who made the tour of
Europe and part of Asia, and published an account of his travels on
his return.
1688. Claude Perrault, a distinguished French physician and architect,
died.
1690. John Maynard, an eminent English lawyer, died; celebrated for
his eloquence, integrity and public spirit.
1705. John Christopher Wagenseil died; a learned German polemical
writer, and professor of history and oriental languages at Altorf.
1707. A fleet of English merchantmen attacked off the Lizard point;
the Devonshire man-of-war blown up.
1711. The British fleet returning from its unsuccessful expedition
against Canada, arrived at Portsmouth, N. H., when in addition to
their other misfortunes, the Edgar 70 gun ship blew up, having on
board 400 men besides many persons who came to visit their
friends.
1718. Richard Cumberland, a learned English divine and
mathematician, died.
1733. Seven hundred British troops withdrawn from Gibraltar to
defend the planters of Jamaica from their runaway slaves.
1745. Ath surrendered to the French after a severe and destructive
bombardment. This gave France the command of Flanders.
1747. David Brinard, an eminent American missionary among the
Indians, died at Northampton, a victim to his extreme mortification
and inextinguishable zeal for the success of his mission. He rode
about 4,000 miles in 1744, on pastoral duties.
1747. Jonas Surrington died near Bergen in Norway, aged 159,
retaining the perfect use of his faculties to the last.
1759. The architect Smeaton finished the Eddystone light house; not
an accident occurred to sadden the joy.
1760. Berlin in Prussia, taken and sacked by the Russians and
Austrians.
1772. Christian Jacobson Drackenburg died at Aarhus, Denmark, aged
146; "a celebrated and well-known character."
1779. The people of Manchester rioted on account of Arkwright's
machinery for spinning.
1779. The French and Americans, about 4,500 men under count
d'Estaing and Gen. Lincoln, made an unsuccessful assault upon
Savannah, and were compelled to retreat with considerable loss. The
brave count Pulaski was mortally wounded in this affair. (Holmes
says Oct. 11.)
1781. The French and Americans opened their batteries upon the
British at Yorktown.
1791. Abraham J. Lansing, the original proprietor of Lansingburgh, N.
Y., died, aged 72, at his seat in that town.
1803. Deluge in the island of Madeira; the city of Funchal, with all its
inhabitants, was swept into the ocean, leaving the rocky basis of the
island bare. But one human being escaped, which was an infant. The
event is supposed to have been occasioned by a water spout, which
had burst against the side of a mountain, and discharged itself down
the declivities upon the city.
1805. Battle of Guntzburg; the Austrians under prince Ferdinand,
defeated by the French under Bonaparte, with the loss of 2,000
prisoners, besides killed and wounded.
1806. Battle of Schleitz in Saxony; 10,000 Prussians defeated by
Bernadotte; being the recommencement of hostilities between the
French and Prussians.
1809. Great storm at Boston and vicinity, by which a vast number of
vessels were lost.
1812. Lieut. Elliott, of the United States navy, with 50 volunteers,
attacked and carried two British vessels, the Caledonia and Detroit,
on lake Erie. One of these was burnt, with a cargo valued at
$200,000.
1813. British broke up their cantonments before fort George, and
marched rapidly for Burlington bay.
1822. Richard Earlom, an English engraver of great skill, died. His
flower pieces are highly valued.
1826. Charles Mills, an eminent English historian, died. His histories
of the crusades, of chivalry and of Muhammedanism, are valuable
acquisitions to literature.
1831. Capo d'Istrias, president of Greece, assassinated by one of his
own countrymen.
1836. James Saumarez, an English admiral, died; distinguished in the
naval history of his country, and eminent for his private virtues.
1842. Joshua Stow, sometime chief judge in Middlesex county court,
Conn., died at Middletown.
1845. David Baillie Warden died at Paris, aged 67. He was a native of
Ireland, was sometime consul of the United States at Paris, where
he collected a valuable library of American history, was a member of
the French academy, and a man of letters and varied learning.
1847. Sweden abolished slavery in the island of St. Bartholomew and
all her dependencies.
1849. Timothy Dwight Sprague, editor of the American Literary
Magazine, died at Andover, Mass., aged 30.
1849. A riot in Philadelphia, between a set of whites called killers,
and some negroes. It was continued the next day, until put down.
Four houses were burned, 4 persons killed, and 11 wounded.
1854. William Darby, an eminent American geographer and
statistician, died at Washington, aged 79.
1855. A treaty was ratified between Japan and Great Britain, by
admiral sir James Stirling.

OCTOBER 10.

432 B. C. Battle of Potidæa, on its revolt from the Athenians, in which

Socrates and Alcibiades were nobly distinguished for their prowess
and friendship. In that year Anaxagoras, Phidias and Aspasia were
prosecuted, the first for his impiety.
324. Constantius, the second and favorite son of Constantine, was
installed by his father cæsar of the Gallic provinces.
1571. "The field of Tulliangus was stricken" between Adam Gordon
and Arthur Forbes, brother of lord Forbes, where the said Arthur was
slain, with sundry others of his kin; on the other side John Gordon of
Buckie, with divers hurt on both sides. A Scottish foray.
1582. The new style adopted in France, this day being made the
20th.
1615. Battle between Champlain and the Iroquois, in western New
York.
1632. Thomas Allen died; an Englishman illustrious for his knowledge
of mathematics and philosophy. He published, among other works,
the second and third books of Ptolemy on the judgment of the stars.
1706. Paul Pezron, a learned Frenchman, died. He occupied himself
with the study of the Greek and Latin historians, and in tracing the
origin of the language of the Goths, and made up a new system of
chronology.
1710. David Gregory, an eminent Scottish mathematician, died. He
displayed great powers in the elements of optics, and physical and
geometrical astronomy, improving the discoveries of others by new
and elegant demonstrations. He proposed to publish all the works of
the ancient mathematicians, but did not live to finish the series.
1742. Sixty persons killed by the falling of the roof of the church in
Fearn Russhire, in the time of worship.
1744. John Henry Schulze, a German physician, died; professor of
medicine at Halle, and author of a history of medicine from the
creation to the year of Rome 535.
1747. John Potter, primate of England, died. Besides theological and
other works he wrote Antiquities of Greece, two vols., which have
passed through several editions.
1747. British fleet of 14 ships, admiral Hawke, engaged the French
fleet under M. de Letender, and captured 7 ships of the line, and a
50 gun ship.
1772. William Wilkie died; a Scottish divine and poet, and professor
of philosophy at St. Andrews.
1774. Battle between the Americans, 1400 men, from Virginia, under
colonel Lewis, and about 600 Ohio Indians. The Indians made the
attack; 400 of the Virginians were killed and 100 wounded.
1775. British general Gage sailed from Boston for Great Britain, and
the command of the army devolved upon general Howe.
1775. Louis Nicholas Victor Muys, minister of war and marshal of
France, died. He signalized himself at several important
engagements, which led to his promotion.
1780. Hurricane in the West Indies, which continued about 48 hours.
Several towns were leveled with the dust, and many thousand
persons lost their lives. Several hundred vessels in the different ports
were driven to sea or dashed to pieces.
1783. Henry Brooke, an eminent Irish writer, died. His tragedy of
Gustavus Vasa, though forbidden the stage for its tone of freedom
and liberty, met with a rapid sale.
1787. The Prussians under the duke of Brunswick took the city of
Amsterdam by capitulation. It is said that before the surrender water
sold for an English shilling a quart.
1792. Lord Mulgrave died at Liege, aged 48. He was captain Phipps
in the British service, and was celebrated for his voyage towards the
North pole.
1794. Battle of Fersen, or Mackowieze, between the Russians and
the Poles under Kosciusko. The contest was bloody and fatal to the
patriots. The victory was wavering, and the expected reinforcements
not appearing, Kosciusko at the head of his principal officers, made a
furious charge and plunged into the midst of the Russians. He had
three horses killed under him, and finally fell covered with wounds,
and was captured.
1797. Carter Braxton died; a signer of the declaration of
independence from Virginia.
1800. Explosion of an infernal machine intended to have destroyed
Bonaparte, then first consul, as he proceeded to the opera. The
coachman being intoxicated, drove faster than was his custom, and
the engine exploded half a minute after the carriage had passed,
killed 20 persons, and wounded 53, and shattered the windows on
both sides of the street.
1806. Jeremiah James Oberlin, an eminent archæologist of Strasburg,
died. He was an accurate and industrious scholar, and besides
various original works, published good editions of several of the
Latin classics.
1806. Sanguinary battle at the bridge of Saalfeld in Saxony; the
French under Suchet defeated the Prussians, and their general,
prince Ferdinand Louis, was killed.
1812. Veraya, in Russia, garrisoned by the French, taken by the
Russians under Dorochoff; 500 French were killed and 400 captured.
The standard of Westphalia and 500 muskets were taken, and the
place having been made a depot for provisions, great quantities fell
into the hands of the Russians.
1824. Francis Balthazar Solvyns, a celebrated Dutch painter and
engraver, died. He spent 15 years in Hindostan, studying the
languages, manners and customs of the east, on which he published
a work in folio.
1832. James Stephen, an English statesman and philanthropist, died.
He suggested and arranged the whole system of continental
blockade, which for a long time occasioned great embarrassment to
Bonaparte.
1834. Thomas Say, an eminent naturalist, died at New Harmony. He
early abandoned his mercantile pursuits to devote himself to the
study of nature. Perhaps no man has done more to make known the
zoology of this country than he.
1836. Martha Randolph, last surviving daughter of Thomas Jefferson,
a lady of distinguished talents and virtues, died in Albemarle county,
Va., aged 70.
1840. The Egyptian army under Ibrahim Pacha and Soliman Pacha
defeated near Beyrout, in Syria, by the allied British and Turkish
troops under Selim Pacha, com. Napier and colonel Hodges, with the
loss of 7000 men.
1841. John Bayley, a noted justice of the King's bench and baron of
the exchequer, died in England, aged 78.
1841. Carl Frederich Schinkel, the most eminent architect in Prussia,
died at Berlin, aged 61.
1849. A memorial for the annexation of Canada to the United States,
received in five hours the signatures of 300 merchants, land owners,
and professional men, at Montreal.
1849. The initial point of the boundary line between the United
States and Mexico settled, and a monument with inscriptions erected
in north latitude 32° 31´ 59´´.58, and in longitude 119° 35´ 0´´.15
west from Greenwich.
1854. Gordon Drummond, a British officer who saw much service in
the war with the United States in 1812, died in London, aged 82. He
commanded the British troops at the battle of Niagara.

OCTOBER 11.

1347. Louis V, emperor of Germany, killed by a fall from his horse.

This event prevented a new civil war, which threatened the
happiness of Germany.
1441. The government of Venice prohibited the printing and vending
of playing cards by foreigners in those dominions.
1492. Columbus discovered the Bahama islands, his first discovery of
land.
1521. Leo X issued a decree, conferring upon Henry VIII of England
the title of Defender of the Faith.
1531. Ulricus Zuinglius, an able and zealous Swiss reformer, killed in
a skirmish with his popish opponents.
1611. John Cowell, an English lawyer and antiquary, died; author of
some works on the law.
1612. The remains of Mary, queen of Scots, removed to a vault in
Henry VIII's chapel, where a most magnificent monument was
erected to her memory.
1614. Charter granted to "the United New Netherland company,"
giving it the exclusive right to visit and trade with the countries in
America, lying between the 40th and 45th degrees of north latitude.
This country was now for the first time called New Netherland.
1643. John du Verger de Haurane died; an eminent French ecclesiastic,
who formed a new system of faith, which becoming popular, drew
upon him the resentment of Richelieu.
1698. Treaty between England, France and Holland, for the partition
of Spain.
1698. William Molyneux, an eminent Irish mathematician, died. He
was ardently devoted to science, founded the philosophical society
of Ireland, and invented a telescope dial.
1702. Battle of Vigo; the British admiral Rooke attacked the French
fleet and Spanish batteries. The French destroyed 8 ships, and the
British burnt 6 galleons richly laden with goods and plate, valued at
14,000,000 pieces of eight; they also razed the fortifications, and
brought off 10 ships of war and 11 galleons, with 7,000,000 pieces
of eight.
1705. William Amontons, an eminent French mechanic, died. He
suggested some improvements in barometers and thermometers,
and invented a method of communicating intelligence, which has
since been adopted under the name of telegraph.
1709. Mons taken by the allies.
1727. Edward Colston, an English philanthropist, died. He acquired
wealth by commerce with Spain, with which he endowed numerous
charitable institutions.
1736. Great storm on the river Ganges; 300,000 lives are supposed
to have been lost.
1750. John Baptist Joseph Languet died; the celebrated vicar of St.
Sulpice at Paris, who refused all preferments, and devoted the
revenues which he collected to the institution and support of
judiciously planned charitable establishments.
1752. Thomas Stackhouse, a learned, pious but necessituous divine,
died.
1776. The Americans under general Arnold attacked on lake
Champlain by the British under captain Pringle. Arnold lost two
gondolas taken and one blown up, and was forced to retreat, owing
to the inferiority of his force.
1779. Several individuals who had voluntarily remained in King's
bench prison, London, for the purpose of letting their rooms, were
turned out.
1790. Henry Cullen, an eminent physician of Edinburgh, died.
1791. The bank of Providence, the first bank in Rhode Island, began
to discount.
1797. Battle off Camperdown, between the British fleet, 17 vessels,
admiral Duncan, and Dutch fleet, 23, admiral Winter. The Dutch
were defeated with the loss of 9 ships.
1808. John Page, governor of Virginia, died; a patriot, statesman and
philosopher.
1817. Andrew Pickens, a distinguished revolutionary officer, died, aged
78. He commenced his military career in the French war which
terminated in 1763. He was one of those who indefatigably kept up
the spirit of resistance in South Carolina, till the enemy was expelled.
1820. The printers of London went in grand procession to
Brandenburgh house to present an address to queen Caroline. It was
printed on white satin, and was a superior specimen of typographical
skill.
1837. Samuel Wesley, a distinguished English musician, died. "His
compositions are grand and masterly; his melodies sweet, varied and
novel; his harmonies bold, imposing, unexpected and sublime; his
resources boundless."
1841. William Liddiard, an admired and popular English writer in
prose and verse, died at Clifton, aged 68.
1841. George Mairs, an eminent preacher of the Associate reformed
presbyterian church, died at Argyle, N. Y., aged 81.
1846. Great hurricane in Havana, which began on the previous
evening, wrecked or severely injured nearly 100 vessels, destroyed
1275 houses, and injured as many more.
1848. The Hungarian army advanced to within six miles of Vienna;
their videttes being visible from the city towers.
1855. The propeller Arctic and the barque Release, under command
of Lieut. Hartstene, forming the arctic expedition in search of Dr.
Kane and his companions, arrived in New York, bringing with them
the objects of their search.

OCTOBER 12.

638. Honorius I, pope, died. He presided over the church with great
zeal and wisdom.
1303. Boniface III (Benedict Cajetan), pope, died. His ambition and
insolence were unbounded, and he hurled the thunders of the
Vatican against the kings of France and Denmark; but the former
despising his threats, had him seized.
1307. All the knights templars in France ordered to be arrested, and
on the following day the grand master, the templars and all their
possessions were seized.
1424. John de Troeznou Zisca, a famous Bohemian patriot, died. He
was the formidable general of the Hussites, who undertook to
avenge the death of their leader; he also defended his country
against the emperor Sigismund, and performed prodigies of valor
after he had lost both his eyes.
1428. The siege of Orleans commenced, memorable as one of the
most extraordinary incidents in history.
1492. Columbus landed on the island of Guanahani, of which he had
seen the first twinkling on the previous night; thus in the space of 36
days completing a voyage which he had been 20 years in projecting,
which opened to Europeans a new world, which enlarged the empire
of Spain, and stamped with immortality the name of Columbus.
1573. Great naval victory of the Dutch over the Spaniards.
1576. Maximilian II died. He was elected king of the Romans 1562,
and afterwards succeeded his father as king of Hungary and
Bohemia, and emperor of Germany.
1621. Peter Matthieu, a French historian, died. He was
historiographer to the king, and wrote the history of France, and of
several of the French kings.
1646. Francis Bassompierre, marshal of France, died; a distinguished
statesman, whom Richelieu confined 10 years in the Bastile, during
which he wrote his own memoirs.
1649. The fall and massacre of Wexford under Oliver Cromwell.
1653. Humphrey Chetham, a great patron of learning and libraries,
died, aged 73, at Manchester, England, endowing the city with
munificent bequests.
1711. King Charles III, of Spain, elected emperor of Germany at
Frankfort, by the name of Charles IV.
1716. Ludolf Kuster, a learned German critic, died.
1753. Sir Danvers Osborne, who had arrived at New York on the 7th
to succeed Clinton as governor of the province, was found in the
morning suspended by the neck in the garden, and dead.
1764. Rene Michael Slodtz, an eminent French sculptor, died.
1793. St. Domingo ceded by its inhabitants to the British.
1798. British fleet, admiral Warren, intercepted the French fleet and
captured several ships laden with troops and stores destined for
Ireland. Theobald Wolfe Tone, the founder of the united Irishmen,
was on board, and taken.
1822. The independence of Brazil, under don John, was proclaimed.
1834. Thos. S. Grimke, of South Carolina, died of an attack of cholera.
He distinguished himself in a speech against the test oath of his
native state.
1842. Bartlett Bennett, one of the early pioneers of Kentucky, and a
baptist preacher, died at Cincinnati, aged 99.
1851. Lewis Washington, an American commodore, died, aged 69. His
services in the Tripoli war and the war of 1812 made his name
familiar to the American people, as a brave, energetic and skillful
captain.
1851. Samuel Beazley, a distinguished English architect died, aged 66.
He was not only the designer of more theatres than any other
modern architect, but also a dramatic compiler.
1855. General Walker took possession of Grenada, with a loss to the
enemy of 15 killed and several wounded.

OCTOBER 13.

49. Tiberius Drusus Claudius, emperor of Rome, died of poison

administered by his wife. He succeeded Caligula, and became
contemptible for his vices and weakness.
409. Irruption of the Vandals into Spain, who, dividing her prolific
territories, turned their swords into ploughshares.
643. Oswy, of Northumberland, and 10th king of Britain, ascended
the throne. The great controversy for the celebration of Easter, was
decided by him.
1164. The great council opened at Northampton, England, for the
trial of Thomas Becket, by whose sentence he was placed at the
king's mercy.
1269. The bones of Edward the Confessor enshrined in gold.
1417. Gregory XII (Angelo Corario), pope, died, aged 92. He was
elected during the schism of the west, while the opposite party
supported Benedict XIII. They were both deposed, and another
elected.
1503. Theodore Beza, a learned French protestant, died. He was
professor of Greek at Lausanne, in Switzerland.
1515. Battle of Marignon, in Italy; the Swiss defeated by the French
under Francis I.
1698. The French missionary Gerbillon, returned to Pekin from his
eighth and last journey, from thence into Tartary, journals of all
which are published in Du Halde's History of China.
1705. The parliament of Scotland convened for the last time.
1754. Jacob Powell died at Stebbing, England. He weighed five
hundred and sixty pounds. His body was five yards in circumference,
and his limbs were in proportion. He had sixteen men to carry him to
his grave.
1771. John Gill, an eminent English Calvinistic divine, died. He was a
learned orientalist and voluminous writer on theological subjects; his
greatest work is a commentary on the Bible.
1777. Esopus, on the Hudson river, burnt by the British under
general Vaughan; not a house escaped.
1782. Battle in Persia for the sovereignty, between Abdul Fatcan and
Murat Kan, the lord regent. The latter and his three sons were slain,
and Abdul caused himself to be proclaimed king.
1793. The allies under Wurmzer invested Landau, and carried the
lines of Weissembourg; the French retreated with loss.
1797. Benjamin Hammett fined £1,000 sterling, for refusing the office of
lord mayor of London.
1812. Battle of Queenston, in Canada; the Americans, under colonel
Van Rensselaer, attacked and carried the heights and fort; but owing
to the refusal of 1,200 militia to cross over to their support, and the
arrival of British regulars and Indians from fort George, the
Americans, to the number of 764, were obliged to surrender. General
Brock was killed in this affair, and Van Rensselaer was wounded by
four balls. American loss, 90 killed, 82 wounded.
1815. Joachim Murat, king of Naples, shot. He was a soldier of
fortune, who emerged from obscurity during the French revolution,
became a distinguished general in the armies of France, married a
sister of Napoleon, and was placed upon the throne of Naples.
1815. Napoleon Bonaparte landed at St. Helena, a perpetual exile.
1822. Antonio Canova died; the most eminent sculptor of the age. His
statues are in possession of the noble and the rich throughout
Europe.
1828. Vincent Monti died; one of the most celebrated poets of
modern Italy.
1836. Jacob Spencer, a revolutionary pensioner, died at Washington,
N. J., aged nearly 100. He had had seven wives, and left but one
child living.
1845. Douglas Houghton, state geologist of Michigan, died, aged 36.
He was prosecuting a combined geological and linear survey of the
region near lake Superior, on a plan suggested by himself.
1845. W. K. Armistead, a general officer in the United States service,
died at Upperville, Va., aged about 60. He had served long in the
engineer department, and in 1840-41 had chief command in the
campaign against the Florida Indians.
1846. Right honorable Henry Stephen Fox, late her Britannic majesty's
minister plenipotentiary to the United States, died at Washington, D.
C. He was much respected as well for his prudence and urbane
manners, as for his decision and diplomatic talent.
1847. A body of 200 German catholics met at the Tabernacle, in New
York, and made a public and formal secession from the Romish
church.
1853. Tristram Burgess, a Rhode Island statesman, died, aged 83. He
stood in the front rank of the public men of his day.
1853. Thomas Kemper Davis died at Boston. He stood high in his
profession as a lawyer, and having acquired a fortune, devoted
himself to and became learned in English and classical literature.
1854. Howard college, at Marion, Ala., destroyed by fire.

OCTOBER 14.
1066. Battle of Hastings, and defeat of Harold by William of
Normandy, which placed the latter upon the throne of England. The
battle lasted from morning till sunset. William had three horses killed
under him, and there fell about 15,000 Normans; but on the side of
the vanquished, the loss was much greater, and included Harold and
his two brothers, who were slain.
1066. The first earl created in England. Alfred in 920 used this word
as king is now used.
1292. Edward I, of England, declared John Baliol king of Scotland.
1519. The Spaniards under Cortez entered without opposition the
strong and populous city of Cholula, where a plot was laid for their
destruction, but which resulted in a terrible massacre of the
inhabitants.
1529. A placard appeared at Brussels, whereby all such as had any
prohibited books in their custody, not brought forth to be burnt,
should be put to death.
1537. Jane Seymour, third queen of Henry VIII, died.
1644. Birthday of William Penn, the first proprietor of Pennsylvania,
son of admiral sir William Penn.
1645. Battle of Basing, in which Cromwell at the head of the
parliamentary forces stormed and took, after an action of only three-
quarters of an hour, the fortress of Basing house, which the royalists
considered almost impregnable. There was immense booty taken
with the place, of every kind. The plunder of treasure and furniture
amounted to more than $1,000,000; in one room was found a bed
which cost nearly $6,000. The mansion was set fire to and
destroyed, with most of the valuable paintings, papers, &c., by the
roundheads, who acted up to the scripture, "cursed is he that doeth
the work of the Lord negligently."
1656. Act of the Massachusetts authorities, prohibiting the
immigration of quakers, and subjecting such as should arrive to 20
lashes, and imprisonment at hard labor until transported, and if they
returned to suffer death.
1660. Paul Scarron died; an eminent French comic writer and satirist.
1660. Hugh Peters, chaplain to Oliver Cromwell, hanged at London.
His death was the result of the most infamous trial on record. He
was 7 years in New England as minister, first at Salem then in the
Great church at Boston.
1734. Birthday of Francis Lightfoot Lee, a distinguished statesman
and signer of the declaration of independence. The day of his death
is not known.
1736. George Clarke delivered his first speech to the assembly, as
governor of the province of New York; and consented to introduce
the practice which has ever since prevailed, of absenting himself
from the council while they sit as a branch of the legislature.
1747. Six ships of war taken by admiral Hawke off the isle of Aix.
1756. John Henley, an eccentric English writer, died. He acquired the
appellation of orator Henley, and entertained the public by
theological orations on Sundays, and political and miscellaneous
subjects on Wednesdays; also by a weekly paper called The Hyp
Doctor.
1758. Battle of Hochkirchen; the Prussians under their king Frederick
II, defeated by the Austrians under marshal Daun, with the loss of
7,000 men, all their tents, and baggage, &c. James Keith, a brave
and experienced Scottish general, who had distinguished himself in
the memorable wars of the king of Prussia, was killed, and general
Geist mortally wounded.
1761. Volcanic phenomenon seen at Great Malvern in
Worcestershire, Eng.
1781. Two British redoubts at Yorktown taken, and included in the
second parallel, which greatly facilitated the subsequent operations
of the besiegers.
1783. Antonio Nunes Ribeiro Sanchez, an eminent Portuguese physician
and writer, died.
1791. Gregory Alexander Potempkin, a Russian statesman, died. He was
descended from a Polish family, was the favorite of Catharine, and
her minister of war.
1805. Battle of Ulm; the French under Bonaparte captured the
bridge and the Austrian position of Elchingen.
1806. Battle of Jena, or Auerstadt, in Saxony, between the French
under Bonaparte and the Prussians under king Frederick William.
The Prussian line extended 18 miles, and numbered 150,000 strong;
the total number of men engaged on both sides was over 250,000,
and the number of cannon employed over 700. The Prussians were
defeated with the loss of 20,000 killed and wounded, and 40,000
taken prisoners; together with 300 cannon, and immense magazines
of stores. The French admitted a loss of only 1,200 killed and 3,000
wounded.
1813. Bonaparte arrived at Leipsic, in Germany, having in the course
of four days assembled there an army whose numbers are variously
stated at from 150 to 400,000 men, with 600 cannon, and
commanded by the ablest generals of the age.
1831. Louis Pons, an eminent Italian astronomer, died at Florence.
1836. James Wild, an English geographer, died; distinguished for his
numerous maps and charts.
1841. Heyer embarked at Boston for India, as the first missionary of
the Lutheran church in the United States. He established a mission
at Guntoor.
1842. Grand celebration in New York of the completion of the Croton
water works; more than 15,000 persons joined in the procession.
1843. A check was put on the progress of Irish agitation by the
arrest of Daniel O'Connell and his son on a charge of conspiracy and
other misdemeanors.
1845. William Pridgen died, in Bladen county, N. C., aged 123. He
was a volunteer in the revolutionary army, although even then
exempt from service by his age. His grand children were aged
people at the time of his death.
1850. The convention for amending the constitution of Virginia
assembled at Richmond.
1854. Hugh A. Garland, an eminent lawyer of St. Louis, died; author
of a life of John Randolph.
1854. Samuel Phillips died at Brighton, England, aged 39. He was
some time the literary reviewer for The Times and author of
Readings on the Rail.

OCTOBER 15.

55 B. C. Titus Lucretius Carus, one of the best of the Latin poets, died.
1564. Andreas Vesalius, a celebrated Dutch anatomist, died. He
revived the study of anatomy in Europe, which had been neglected,
and impeded by the prejudices of ignorance.
1608. Birthday of Evangeliste Torricelli, the Italian mathematician,
and inventor of the barometer.
1634. About sixty men, women and children, with their horses, cattle
and swine, commenced a journey from the vicinity of Boston,
through the wilderness to Connecticut river. After a tedious journey
of fourteen days through swamps and over mountains and rivers,
they arrived at the place of their destination, and commenced the
settlements of Hartford, Windsor and Weathersfield.
1644. Gabriel du Pineau, an eminent French avocat, died; celebrated
for his genius and eloquence; his counsel was often sought by the
court, and he acquired the title of father of the people.
1651. John Owen, an eminent English divine, died. His works amount
to 7 vols. folio, 20 quarto, and 30 octavo.
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