ABSTRACT

The document contains mostly term 2

work for grade 10 physical sciences. The
content covers electric circuits with
matter and material.

CIRCUITS WITH MT MANYONI

COMPILED

MATTER
&MATERIAL
GRADE 10
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ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Parallel circuits
• More than one pathway for charges (One or more branches)

Resistors in parallel
• Current dividers
Itotal = I1+I2+I3
• Total resistance
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
• Potential difference everywhere
the same.
Vt =V1+V2+V3

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Series circuit
• Only one pathway for charges
(no branches)
Resistors in series
• Potential dividers
Vt = V1+V2+V3
• Total resistance
Rtota = R1+R2+R3
• Current everywhere is the same
Ohm’s Law
• The current in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it,
provided its temperature remains constant.
V=IR
Definition of an ohm: A resistor has a resistance of 1 ohm if it allows a current of 1 ampere
when the potential difference across it is 1 volt. So, an ohm is a volt per ampere.
Resistance
• Resistance (R) is the extent to which a resistor limits the flow of charge in it. When
connected to the same potential difference, the higher the resistance of the resistor,
the smaller the current.
• Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
Factors affecting resistance: Resistance depends on: the type of metal, length, thickness, and
temperature.
Resistance increases as the length of the resistor increases.
Resistance decreases as the thickness of the resistor increases.
Worked examples 1
In the circuit below, the connecting wires and the battery have negligible resistance.

1.1 Define the term resistance. (2)

ANS:

Calculate the:
1.2 1.2.1 Equivalent resistance of the resistors connected in parallel (3)
ANS:

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1.2.2 Total resistance of the circuit (2)

ANS:

1.3 When the switch is closed, the voltmeter connected across the 2 Ω resistor (1)
measures 6 V. Determine the potential difference across the parallel combination.
ANS:

1.4 A charge of 18 C flows through the battery in 6 s. calculate the current in the 2 Ω (3)
resistor.
ANS:

CHECK IF YOUR ANSWERS MAATCH THESE

1.1 The ratio of the potential difference across a resistor to the current in the
resistor.✓✓
1.2.1 1 = 1 + 1 ✓
𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1
= 24 + ✓
𝑅𝑝 8
Rp = 6 Ω✓
1.2.2 Rp = Rs + Rp✓
= 2 + 6✓
= 8 Ω✓
1.3 Vp = 24V – 6V
=18V✓
1.4 Q = It✓
18 =I(6) ✓
I= 3A✓

NOTE WHERE YOU WENT WRONG.

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ACTIVITY
A battery is made of an unknown number of cells. Each of cells in the battery is labelled
3V. The battery is connected in a circuit as shown. Ignore the resistance of the of the
battery and the wires. Initially switch S1 is open and the voltmeter connected across the
ends of the battery reads 24V.

2.1 Does the reading of 24V represent emf or the terminal potential difference? Give a
reason for your answer. (2)
ANS:

2.2 Determine the number of cells in the battery? (1)

ANS:
When switch S1 is now closed, the ammeter A1 reads 2 A and V3 reads 20V.
2.3 What will be the reading on:
2.3.1 V1 (1)
ANS:
2.3.2 V2 (1)
ANS:
2.4 What will the reading on A2 be if 1.33 A of current flows through the 3 Ω resistor? (1)
ANS:
2.5 How many coulombs of charge flows through A1 in 1 second? (1)
ANS:

2.6 Calculate the total resistance in the SERIES circuit. (1)

2.7 Calculate the total resistance in the circuit. (4)

ANS:

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2.8 How long (in minutes) will it take 4 800J of electrical energy to flow though the 10 Ω (5)
resistor?
ANS:

2.9 If switch S2 is now opened (while S1 remains closed) how will this affect the (4)
reading on V3? Explain.
(Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME)
ANS:

[20]

MAKE SOME NOTES

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CHECK IF SOLUTIONS MATCH THESE

2.1 Emf ✓
2.2 8 cells ✓
2.3.1 4V✓
2.3.2 4V✓
2.4 0.67A ✓
2.5 2C✓
2.6 1 1
=R +R +R ✓
1 1
RP 1 2 3
1 1 1
=3+6✓
RP
Rp = 2 Ω ✓
Rtotal = 2+10 = 12 Ω ✓
𝑊
𝑉= ✓
𝑄
4800
20 = ✓
𝑄
Q = 240 C ✓
Q = I∆t
240 = 2∆t ✓
∆t = 120 seconds
∆t = 2 minutes ✓
2.7 Apply Negative Marking
• Decreases ✓
• total resistance will increase ✓
• causing total current to decrease✓
• which causes V3 to decrease since V3  I
PRACTICE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Question 1 [6 marks]
1.1 Which one of the following statements regarding conventional current is TRUE?
A The direction of current is the same as the direction of flow of electrons.
B The direction current is perpendicular to the direction of flow of electrons.
C The direction of current is opposite to the direction of flow of electrons.
D The current flow is from negative to positive. (2)
1.2 Which one of the following is a unit of measurement of electric current.
A Volt
B Coulomb
C Ohm
D Ampere (2)

Two identical light bulbs are connected in parallel, as shown in the circuit diagram
below. Voltmeters V1 and V2 are connected across each light bulb.

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1.3 Which ONE of the following voltmeter readings is CORRECT?

A V1 = V 2
B V1 = 2V2
C V1 = ½V2
D V1 = ¼V2 (2)

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MATTER AND MATERIALS
Matter and its classifications
THE MATERIAL(S) OF WHICH AN OBJECT IS COMPOSED
• MATERIALS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO MIXTURES AND PURE SUBSTANCES
• PURE SUBSTANCES CAN BE ELEMENTS WHICH CONSIST OF ONLY ONE TYPE OF
ATOM, OR COMPOUNDS WHICH CONSIST OF MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF ATOM,
BONDED TOGETHER IN DEFINITE PROPORTIONS.
• ELEMENTS CAN BE METALS, METALLOIDS OR NON-METALS.
• METALS ARE USUALLY SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. THEY ARE SHINY,
MALLEABLE AND DUCTILE AND ARE GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT AND
ELECTRICITY.
• MALLEABLE SUBSTANCES CAN BE HAMMERED OR PRESSED INTO SHAPE
WITHOUT BREAKING OR CRACKING.
• DUCTILE SUBSTANCES CAN BE STRETCHED INTO A WIRE.
• NON-METALS ARE OFTEN GASES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE OR SOFT OR
BRITTLE ELEMENTS.
• THEY ARE INSULATORS OF BOTH HEAT AND ELECTRICITY.
• METALLOIDS HAVE SOME PROPERTIES OF METALS AND SOME PROPERTIES OF
NON-METALS.
• MAGNETIC MATERIALS ARE ATTRACTED BY MAGNETS. THE ONLY THREE
MAGNETIC ELEMENTS ARE: IRON, COBALT AND NICKEL.
• BRITTLE SUBSTANCES ARE HARD BUT LIKELY TO BREAK EASILY.
• DENSITY IS THE MASS OF A SUBSTANCE DIVIDED BY ITS VOLUME. UNITS ARE
G.CM-3.
• BOILING POINT OF A SUBSTANCE IS THE TEMPERATURE OF A LIQUID AT WHICH
ITS VAPOUR PRESSURE EQUALS THE EXTERNAL (ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE).
• MELTING POINT IS THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH A SOLID, GIVEN SUFFICIENT
HEAT, BECOMES A LIQUID.
PURE SUBSTANCES: ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
• PURE SUBSTANCES CAN BE EITHER ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS
• ELEMENTS ARE PURE SUBSTANCES WHICH CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO
SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY CHEMICAL METHODS.
• A COMPOUND IS DEFINED AS A PURE SUBSTANCE CONSISTING OF TWO OR
MORE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS.
• COMPOUNDS CONTAIN MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF ATOM. THEY CAN BE
BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY CHEMICAL METHODS.

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PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

Elements Compounds Mixture
Consist of one kind of Composition is constant Composition can vary
atom and consists of two or
more elements or
compounds

Elements
• Elements can be metals, non-metals or metalloids.
• Scientists use symbols to represent elements.
• Elements are made up of individual particles called atoms. The atom is the basic unit of
matter
Compounds
• When two or more elements react compounds are formed.
• When carbon burns in oxygen for example, a compound called carbon dioxide is formed.
• The properties of carbon dioxide are different from those of oxygen and carbon.
• The formula of a compound tells us the elements which are found in that compound and
the number of atoms of each element that are in each molecule or unit of the compound
The following table gives examples of compounds with their formulae:
Compound Formula Elements making up
the compound
Water H2O Hydrogen; Oxygen
Carbon dioxide CO2 Carbon, Oxygen
Sodium nitrate NaNO3 Sodium, Nitrogen,
Oxygen
Metals, Metalloids and Non-metals
• Substances can be classified as metals, metalloids and non-metals using their properties.
• Metals are found on the left hand side of the Periodic Table.
• Non-metals are found on the top right hand side of the Periodic Table
• Metalloids have properties of metals and non-metals.
• There are seven elements that are classified as metalloids on the Periodic Table and they
are: boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium and polonium.

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• Metalloids have increasing conductivity with increasing temperature (the reverse of metals),
e.g. silicon.
• Metals have a decreasing conductivity with an increase in temperature.
Electrical Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators
• Electrical conductors are materials that allow the flow of charge.
• Semiconductors are substances that can conduct electricity under some conditions, but not
others, making them a good medium for the control of electrical current.
• Electrical insulator: is a material that prevents the flow of charge.
• All materials fall under one of the following categories: electrical conductors,
semiconductors or insulators.
Thermal Conductors and Insulators
• A thermal conductor is a material that allows heat to pass through easily, whilst a thermal
insulator does not allow heat to pass through it.
• The following materials are examples of thermal insulators: Air, cork, wool rubber wood,
polystyrene.
• The following materials are examples of thermal conductors: silver, copper, aluminium,
steel.
State of matter and kinetic molecular theory
• Matter consists of small particles.
• Particles of matter are in a constant state of random motion called Brownian motion.
• This random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or gas, caused by
collisions between these particles and the molecules of the liquid or gas.
• Particles collide (with the sides of the container and with each other) and exert pressure
• Diffusion is the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
• Matter exists in any one of the following three states i.e. liquids, solids and gases
• The properties of the states are summarised in the following table:

Solids Liquids Gases

Forces Strong forces between Forces between Virtually no forces
the particles particles are weaker between particles
than in solids
Space Small spaces between Spaces between Large spaces
particles i.e. particle particles slightly between particles
density is high larger than in solids i.e. particle density
i.e. particle density is is very low
lower
Movement Particles vibrate in their Particles move about Particles move
fixed positions more vigorously about at high
speed.
• Liquids and solids are called condensed states because particles are very close together.
• Liquids and gases are called fluids because particles can move past one another.

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• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance.

• A phase change may occur when the energy of particles changes
• Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance equals the
atmospheric pressure
• Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid by the removal of
heat.
• Melting point is the temperature at which a solid, given sufficient heat, becomes a liquid.
• Melting is the process during which a solid changes to a liquid by the application of heat.
• Evaporation is the change of a liquid into a vapour at any temperature below the boiling
point.
• Evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid, where molecules with the highest kinetic
energy are able to escape.
• When evaporation happens, the average kinetic energy of the liquid is lowered, and its
temperature decreases.
• Freezing is the process during which a liquid changes to a solid by the removal of heat.
• Sublimation is the process during which a solid changes directly into a gas without passing
through an intermediate liquid phase.
• Condensation is the process during which a gas or vapour changes to a liquid, either by
cooling or by being subjected to increased pressure.

Atomic structure
• When one or more electrons are removed from an atom, the atom becomes positively
charged (cation).
• When one or more electrons are added to an atom, it becomes negatively charged (anion).
Isotopes
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same number of protons, but different
numbers of neutrons.
• Relative atomic mass is the mass of a particle on a scale where an atom of carbon-12 has
a mass of 12.

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• The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• The mass number (A) is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
A
• The notation Z E is used to represent an isotope of an element where E is the symbol of the
element, Z is the atomic number and A is the mass number.
Example: write down the AZE notation of lithium
Solution: 73Li

Electron configuration
• The term electron configuration refers to the way that electrons are arranged around the
nucleus.
• Electrons move around the nucleus in specific energy areas that are called energy levels.
• Atomic orbitals are the most probable regions in space where electrons that have the
specific energy corresponding to the orbital are found.
• The arrangement of electrons, neutrons and protons of Lithium are shown below.

• The following rules are used in order to distribute electrons into energy levels
➢ Energy levels are filled from the lowest energy to the highest energy (Aufbau
Principle).
➢ There can only be two electrons of opposite spin in any one orbital (this is called Pauli’s
exclusion principle).
➢ When there is more than one orbital of the same energy, each orbital must be filled
singly before it can be occupied by two electrons (this is called Hund’s rule).
• The electron configurations of a few elements are shown below:
Hydrogen (H): 1s1
Helium (He): 1s2
Oxygen (O): 1s2 2s2 2p4
Sodium (Na): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Example: write down the sp notation for neon(Ne)

Solution: (Ne) 1s2 2s2 2p6

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The periodic-table of elements

The positions of the elements in the periodic table related to their electronic arrangements
• The periodic table display the elements in order of increasing atomic number.
• The periodic table shows how periodicity of the physical and chemical properties of the
elements relates to atomic structure.
• Groups are the vertical columns in the periodic table.
• Some groups have names, e.g. alkali metals (group I), earth-alkaline metals (group 2),
halogens (group 17) and noble gases (group18).
• Periods are the horizontal rows in the periodic table.
• The position of an element in the periodic table is related to its electronic structure and vice
versa.
• Periodicity is the repetition of similar properties in chemical elements, as indicated by their
positioning in the periodic table
• Moving from Li to Ne, properties of elements in terms of atomic radius, ionisation energy,
electron affinity and electronegativity are repeated from Na to Ar.
• Atomic radius is the mean distance from the nucleus to the border of the outer orbital.
• Ionisation energy is the energy needed per mole to remove an electron(s) from an atom in
the gaseous phase
• First ionisation energy is the energy needed per mole to remove the first electron from an
atom in the gaseous phase.
• Electron affinity is the energy released when an electron is attached to an atom or molecule
to form a negative ion
• Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding
electrons
• Metals are found on the left hand side of the periodic table
• Non-metals are found on the right hand side of the periodic table.
• Group 1 elements are called alkali metals. They form positive ions and they react strongly
with oxygen and water.
• Group 2 elements are called alkaline-earth metals. They form positive ions with a +2 charge
and they react with oxygen and water.
• Group 1 oxides are soluble in water but group 2 oxides are not.
• Group 17 elements are called halogens. They are the most reactive non-metals and they
form an ion with a charge of -1.
• Group 18 elements are called noble gases and they are unreactive.
• In groups 1 and 2, chemical reactivity increases from top to bottom.
• In group 17, chemical reactivity decreases from top to bottom.
• Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer energy levels
• Elements in the same period have their outer electrons in the same energy level
Across the period Down the group
Atomic radius Decreases Increases
Ionisation energy Increases Decreases
Electron affinity Increases Decreases

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Electronegativity Increases Decreases

Chemical bonding
• Define a chemical bond as a mutual attraction between two atoms resulting from the
simultaneous attraction between their nuclei and the outer electrons.
• There are three types of chemical bonding:
Non-metal + non-metal = covalent bond
Non-metal + metal = Ionic bond
Metal +metal = metallic bond
• The energy of the combined atoms is lower than that of the individual atoms resulting in
higher stability.
• A Lewis dot diagram is a structural formula in which valence electrons are represented by
dots or crosses. It is also known as an electron dot formula, a Lewis formula, or an electron
diagram.
• The following are examples of Lewis structures of two elements:

Oxygen :

Hydrogen:
Covalent bonding
• A covalent bond is the sharing of electrons between atoms to form molecules
• A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are covalently bonded and that functions
as a unit.
• In a Lewis dot diagram two dots between atoms represent a covalent bond. These two
electrons are known as a bonding pair, whilst non-binding electron pairs are called lone
pairs.
• The formation of a covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom can
be represented by means of Lewis structures as follows:

• The bonding pair of electrons between each hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom, are
share by hydrogen and oxygen.
Ionic bonding
• Ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons to form cations (positive ions) and anions
(negative ions) that attract each other to form a formula-unit
• The formation of an ionic bond between sodium and chlorine can be represented by
means of Lewis structures as follows:

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• A formula-unit is the simplest empirical formula that represents the compound.

• An ion is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
• A crystal lattice is an orderly three-dimensional arrangement of particles (ions, molecules
or atoms) in a solid structure.
• In a crystal of sodium chloride each sodium ion is surrounded by six chloride ions to form a
cubic structure. Each chloride ion is also surrounded by six sodium ions.
Metallic bonding
• Metallic bonding is the bond between positive ions and delocalised valence electrons in a
metal.
• Valence electrons or outer electrons are the electrons in the highest energy level of an atom
in which there are electrons.

Worked Example: 1 (heating and cooling curve)

1. The grade 10 learners conducted an experiment to investigate the effect of the
increase in temperature on ethanol over a period of time at standard pressure.

Water bath
Ethanol

Heat

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The graph below was drawn using the results obtained

Heating curve of ethanol

Temperature (°C)

Time (s)
Ethanol
1.1 Define the term melting point. (2)
1.2 Write down the value of standard pressure. (1)
1.3 Give the name of apparatus X. (1)
1.4 In what phase is ethanol at 0 °C? (1)
1.5 Explain, using the kinetic molecular theory, what is happening at section D. (3)
1.6 Will water or ethanol boil first at standard pressure? Explain the answer. (3)
[11]
Worked Example 1 solutions
1.1 The temperature at which a solid, given sufficient heat, becomes a liquid. ✓✓
(2)
1.2 1,013 x 105 Pa or 101,3 kPa or 1 atm or 1 bar or pressure at sea level ✓ (1)
1.3 Thermometer ✓ (1)
1.4 Liquid ✓ (1)
1.5 • Temperature remains constant, phase change is taking place (liquid to gas).
✓
• All the heat absorbed is used to weaken the intermolecular forces. ✓
• Kinetic energy remains constant, but potential energy increases. ✓

(3)
1.6 • Ethanol will boil faster than water. ✓
• Ethanol boils at 78 °C and water boils at a higher temperature, 100 °C at
standard pressure. ✓
• The water molecules need more energy to overcome the stronger forces. ✓
(3)
[12]

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Worked example 2 (Isotopes

2.1 Describe the difference between atomic mass and relative atomic mass. (3)
2.2 The element potassium has three naturally occurring isotopes with the following
abundance:
39K = 93,26%
40 K = 0,2%
41K = 6,57%
Calculate the relative atomic mass of potassium.
(4)
2.3 What is meant by an atomic orbital, and how does it differ from an orbit? (4)
2.4 Naturally occurring neon has three isotopes with following abundance:
20 Ne = 90,48%
x Ne = 0,233%
22Ne = 9,25%
By means of a calculation, determine the mass number x, if the relative atomic
mass of neon is 20,18 (5)

Worked Example 2 solutions

2.1 Relative atomic mass is the mass of a particle on a scale where an atom of carbon-
12 has a mass of 12g while atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in the atom. ✓✓ (2)
2.2 ✓ ✓ ✓
(39 × 93.26) + (40 × 0.2) + (41 × 6.57)
𝑅𝐴𝑀 =
100
= 39.15g ✓ (4)
2.3 Atomic orbitals are the most probable regions in space where electrons that have
the specific energy corresponding to the orbital are found✓✓ while an orbit is a
fixed path along which electrons move around the atom’s nucleus. ✓✓
(4)
2.4 ✓ ✓ ✓
(20 × 90.48) + (𝑥 × 0.233) + (22 × 9.25)
20.18 =
100
x = 21.03g ✓ (4)

PERDONSL NOTES

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Matter and materials activities

Multiple-choice questions
Question 1

1.1 From which of these atoms in the ground state can a valence electron be removed
using the least amount of energy?
A Nitrogen
B Oxygen
C Carbon
D Fluorine (2)

1.2 Which one of the following is an unreactive gas?

A O2
B He
C H2
D CO (2)

1.3 Covalent bonding is the ...

A sharing of protons between atoms to form molecules.
B transfer of electrons to form cations and anions.
C sharing of electrons between atoms to form molecules.
D transfer of protons to form cations and anions. (2)

1.4 A neutral atom of an element has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p5.

In which group and period of the periodic table is this element located?
A Group II, Period 7
B Group V, Period 2
C Group VII, Period 2
D Group VII, Period 5 (2)

1.5 Which of the following statements best describes the forces found in metallic
lattices?
A Electrostatic forces between positive ions and electrons.
B Electrostatic forces between positive ions and negative ions.
C London forces between non-polar molecules.
D Hydrogen bonds between (2)

1.6 Which one of the following statements about the trends down Group VII (lowest to
highest atomic number) in the Periodic Table is correct?
A The atomic size increases
B The ionisation energy increases
C The non-metallic character increases
D The number of valence electrons (2)

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1.7 Consider the following elements:

potassium (K); zinc (Zn); phosphorous (P); antimony (Sb); argon (Ar)

Which of the following statements is true?

A All are metals.
B All are non-metals.
C All are chemically reactive.
D One is a metalloid (semi-conductor). (2)

1.8 What is the percent by mass of oxygen in H2SO4?

A 16%
B 33%
C 65%
D 98% (2)

1.9 The electron configuration of sodium ion (Na+) is:

A 1s22s22p6
B 1s22s22p63s1
C 1s22s22p63s2
D 1s22s22p63s23p6 (2)
[18]

Question 2
Consider the graph of the first ionisation energy and answer the questions that follow.

2.1 Define the term ionisation energy. (2)

ANS:

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2.2 State the general trend in ionisation energy from left to right across a period on the
periodic table. (1)
ANS:

2.3 There is a drop in ionisation energy from beryllium to boron.

2.3.1 Write down the sp- notation for beryllium AND boron. (2)
ANS

2.3.2 Explain this drop in ionisation energy. (2)

ANS

2.4 Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? If false, rewrite the statement correctly.
The ionisation energy of noble gases is high because of the half- filled s- and p-
orbitals. (2)
ANS:

2.5 Study the ionisation energy of the group (I) elements in the graph above and
answer the questions that follow.
2.5.1 Give the general name of the group (I) elements. (1)
ANS:

2.5.2 State the trend in the reactivity of elements in group (I). (1)
ANS:
2.5.2 Explain the reason for the trend in QUESTION 2.5.2 by using the graph of
ionisation energy (2)
ANS:

[13]

Grade 10 learners conducted an experiment to determine the heating curve of water by using
crushed ice at standard pressure, as shown in the figure below

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3.1 define the boiling point (2)

ANS:

3.2 Write down the name of an instrument labelled W (1)

ANS:
3.3 Explain why crushed ice was used instead of ice cubes? (2)
ANS:

3.4 The graph below, not drawn into scale, shows the results obtained.

3.4.1 Write down the value represented by X (1)

ANS:
3.4.2 Name the predominantly phase of this substance between t2 and t3. (1)
ANS:
3.4.3 Write down the process taking place between t3 and t4. (1)
ANS:
3.4.4 Explain increase in temperature between t2 and t3. (2)
ANS:

3.4.5 How will the above graph be affected if a larger quantity of crushed ice was (2)
used?
ANS:

Question 5
5.1 Calcium (Ca) reacts with Chlorine (Cl) to form Calcium Chloride.
5.1.1 Write down the number of electrons in Ca2+ ion. (1)
ANS:
5.1.2 Draw the Aufbau diagram and provide the electron configuration (sp-
notation) for chlorine. (3)

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ANS:

5.1.3 Identify the type of bond that forms when calcium and chlorine combine.
(1)
ANS:
5.1.4 Draw the Lewis structure for calcium chloride. (2)
ANS:

5.2 Copper (Cu) has two stable isotopes. Copper – 65 has percentage abundance of
25%. The relative atomic mass of copper is 63.5 amu. Determine the number of
neutrons in the most abundant isotope of copper.
(6)
ANS:

5.3 Write down the chemical formula for:

5.3.1 Magnesium oxide (2)
ANS:

5.3.2 Ammonium dichromate (2)

ANS:

5.4 Write down the chemical name of Cu(NO3)2. (2)

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ANS:
[17]

Question 6
Magnesium metal reacts readily with oxygen when it is burned in air.
6.1 Write down a word equation for the reaction of magnesium with oxygen (3)
ANS:

6.2 Write down the chemical formula for the substance formed in QUESTION 6.1 (2)
ANS:

6.3 Write down the valence electron configuration for magnesium. (2)
ANS:

6.4 Write down the valence electron configuration for oxygen. (2)
ANS:

6.5 Write down the symbol for the cation formed when magnesium loses its valence (1)
electrons.
ANS:
6.6 Write down the symbol for the anion formed when oxygen accepts two electrons (1)
into its valence shell
ANS:
[11]

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Matter and materials Solutions
Multiple-choice questions
Question 1
1.1 A✓✓ (2)
1.2. B✓✓ (2)
1.3 C✓✓ (2)
1.4 C✓✓ (2)
1.5 B✓✓ (2)
1.6 A✓✓ (2)
1.7 D✓✓ (2)
1.8 C✓✓ (2)
1.9 A✓✓ (2)

Long question solutions matter and materials

Question 2
2.1 Ionisation energy is the energy needed per mole to remove an electron(s) from an
atom in the gaseous phase. ✓✓ (2)
2.2 Increases ✓ (1)
2.3.1 Be: 1s22s2 ✓
B: 1s22s22p1 ✓
(2)
2.3.2 All electrons are paired in Beryllium while in Boron electrons in p orbital are not
paired. ✓✓ (2)
2.4 False ✓, The ionisation energy of noble gases is high because of the fully-filled s
and p orbitals ✓ (2)
2.5.1 Alkali metals ✓ (1)
2.5.2 Increases down the group ✓ (1)
[13]
Question 3
3.1 The temperature at which the vapour pressure of the substance equals the
atmospheric pressure. ✓✓ (2)
3.2 Thermometer (1)
3.3 To allow uniform absorption of heat energy. ✓ (2)
For accurate measurement of temperature. ✓
3.4.1 100°𝐶✓ (1)
3.4.2 Liquid✓ (1)
3.4.3 Boiling✓ (1)
3.4.4 The energy absorbed by liquid particles increases✓, particles vibrate vigorously the (2)
temperature rises. ✓
3.4.5 The crushed ice will take longer to reach phase change and boiling point✓✓ (2)
[12]
Question 4
4.1 Magnesium- 2 ✓and chlorine -7✓ (2)

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4.2 (3)
✓
✓ ✓

4.3 Electrostatic force✓ (1)

4.4 1✓: 2✓ (2)
4.5 Magnesium chloride✓ (1)
[9]
Question 5
5.1.1 18✓ (1)
5.1.2
3p ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
✓
3s ↑↓
2p ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
2s ↑↓
✓
1s ↑↓
sp-notation: 1s22s22p63s23p5 ✓
(3)
5.1.3 Ionic bonds ✓ (1)
5.1.4

(2)

5.2 Let the 2nd isotope be Copper – X

% Copper – X = 100 – 2 5 ✓ = 75%

25 75
63,5 ✓ = 65×100 ✓ + X (100) ✓
x = 63
number of neutrons = 63 – 29 ✓
= 34 ✓ (6)
5.3.1 MgO ✓✓ (2)
5.3.2 (NH4)2Cr2O7 ✓✓ (2)
5.4 Copper (II) nitrate ✓✓ Note: Copper nitrate (1 mark) (2)
[19]
Question 6
6.1 Magnesium✓ + Oxygen✓ Magnesium Oxide✓ (3)
6.2 MgO✓✓ (2)
6.3 Mg∶ ✓✓
(2)
6.4

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✓✓ (2)
6.5 Mg ✓
2+
(1)
6.6 O2- ✓ (1)
[11]

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