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Class XI_Chem_1.4 Expressing concentrations in solutions

The document outlines various methods of expressing concentration, including mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality. It provides definitions and examples for calculating these concentrations in different scenarios, such as solutions of potassium nitrate, sodium iodide, and hydrochloric acid. Additionally, it includes temperature conversion formulas and specific calculations for molarity and molality based on given concentrations and densities.

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pitaliyaharsh1
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26 views

Class XI_Chem_1.4 Expressing concentrations in solutions

The document outlines various methods of expressing concentration, including mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality. It provides definitions and examples for calculating these concentrations in different scenarios, such as solutions of potassium nitrate, sodium iodide, and hydrochloric acid. Additionally, it includes temperature conversion formulas and specific calculations for molarity and molality based on given concentrations and densities.

Uploaded by

pitaliyaharsh1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Expressing Concentration

 Mass percentage
 Volume percentage
 Mass by volume percentage
 Parts per million
 Mole Fraction (χ)
 Molarity (M)
 Molality (m)
Mass percentage

 Mass percentage (w/w): The mass percentage


of a component of a solution is defined as:
Mass % of a component
= Mass of the component in the solution ×100
Total mass of the solution
Example
What is the mass percent of 500g of water
containing 6.50g of potassium nitrate?

Solution: 6.5 x 100


(500g +6.5g)
Ans: 1.28 %

3
Volume percentage

 The volume percentage is defined as:

Volume % of a component = Volume of the component×100


Total volume of solution
Mass by volume percentage

 Another unit which is commonly used in


medicine and pharmacy is mass by volume
percentage. It is the mass of solute dissolved in
100 mL of the solution.
Parts per million
 When a solute is present in trace quantities, it is
convenient to express concentration in parts per
million (ppm) and is defined as:
 ppm = Number of parts of the component ×106
Total number of parts of all components of soln
 As in the case of percentage, concentration in parts per
million can also be expressed as mass to mass, volume
to volume and mass to volume.
Mole Fraction (χ)
 Commonly used symbol for mole fraction is x
and subscript used on the right hand side of x
denotes the component. It is defined as:
Mole fraction of a component =
Number of moles of the component
Total number of moles of all the components
χA = nA/ nA+ nB χ = nB/ nA+ nB
B

A= solute, B = solvent χA + χB =1
Example
76.0g of sodium iodide is dissolved in 500g of water.
What is the mole fraction of the the components?

Solution: 76.0g NaI x 1 mol NaI =.507 mol NaI


150g NaI

500g H2O x 1 mol H2O = 27.8 mol H2O


18g H2O
mole fraction of NaI .507 =
(.507 +27.8)

Ans: .018

8
Molarity
M =No. of moles of solute
liters of solution

A 5.0 Molar Solution =


1 M solution of NaOH
5 moles solute
Molar mass = 40 g/mol 1 liter solution
40 g dissolved in 1 L
solution
Example
Calculate the molarity of a solution that contains
5.8g KCl in 550mL of solution.

Solution: 5.8g KCl x 1 mol KCl = 0.078 mol KCl


74.55g KCl

0.078 mol KCl =


0.55L solution

Ans: 0.14M
Molality

m = moles of solute
A 5.0 molal solution =
kg solvent
5.0 moles solute
1 kg solvent
Example
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by
placing 10.3g of MgCl2 in 200g of water.
Solution: 10.3g MgCl2 x 1mol MgCl2 =.108mol
MgCl2
95.2g MgCl2

.108g MgCl2 =
.2 kg H2O
Ans: 0.54 m
kkkkk
n(C2H5OH) = 0.040[(n(C2H5OH) + 55.5]

n(C2H5OH)-0.040(n(C2H5OH) = 55.5x0.040
 Commercially available conc HCl acid contains 38% HCl
by mas.
 a) What is the molarity of this solution? The density of
solution is 1.19 g cm-3
 b) What volume of conc HCl is required to make 1.00 L of
0.10 M HCl?
 No of moles =mass in g/ molar mass
 38 g /36.5 = 1.04 mol
 Vol of solution 100 g/1.19 g /cm3= 84.03 cm3
 0.0840 L
 Molarity = 1.04/0.0840 L
 = 12.38 mol/L or 12.38M
 b)
M1V1=M2V2
12.38 x V1= 0.10 X 1000
V1= 0.10 x 1000 = 8.1 cm3
12.38
What mass of NaOH should be dissolved to make 100
cm3 of 0.15 M NaOH solution?

 1000 cm3 of 0.15 M NaOH contains 0.15 mol


 100 cm3 contains 0.015 mol
 Mass = 0.015 x 40 = 0.6 g
Calculate the molarity of the solution obtained on mixing
a) 100 mL of 0.2 M H2SO4 with 50 mL of 0.1 M HCl
 100 mL of 0.2 M H2SO4 contains H2SO4 = 0.2x100/1000
= 0.02 mol

50 mL of 0.1 M HCl contains 0.1x 50/1000 = 0.005 mol


Total no of moles = 0.02+0.005 = 0.025 mol
Total volume = 100 +50 =150 mL = 0.150 L
Molariry = 0.025/0.150
= 0.167 M
Find the molarity and molality of a 15% solution of
H2SO4 (density of H2SO4 solution = 1.020 g cm-3).
 15 % solution means
Mass of H2SO4 = 15 g
Mass of solution = 100 g
Density of solution = 1.020 g cm-3

Molality = no of moles / mass of solvent in kg


mass of solvent = 100 -15 = 85 g = 0.085 kg
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98 g/mol
No. of moles = 15/98 = 0.153 mol
Molality = 0.153/0.085 = 1.8 mol/kg or 1.8 m
Molarity = no of moles/ vol of solution in L
No of moles = 0.153 mol
Vol of solution = mass/density
100/1.02 = 98.04 cm3
= 0.09804 L
Molarity = 0.153/0.09804 = 1.56 mol/L or 1.56 M
A temperature increase of 9 Fahrenheit degrees is equivalent to
an increase of 5 Celsius degrees. The numerical values assigned
to the two ice-water reference points differ by 32 degrees; a
reading of 0° on the Celsius scale corresponds to a reading of
32° on the Fahrenheit scale. Combining these facts in an
equation, we get:
 Celsius to Fahrenheit
(00 C x9/5) +32
(37 x9/5) +32 = 980F

0 = 273 K
250 C = 298 K

Fahrenheit to Celsius
(980F -32) x 5/9 = 370C
5 m solution of NaCl
Density 1.02 g/cm3
 Molarity
 Given no of moles = 5 mol
 Mass of solute = 5X58.5 =292.5 g
 Mass of solvent 1 kg
 Mass of solution = 292.5+1000= 1292.5 g
 1292.5/1.02=1267.5 mL= 1.267 L
 5/1.276= 3.94M

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