Unit 1

1. Meaning of Disaster:
A disaster is a serious problem that happens when a community or society can't
function normally. It causes widespread losses and harm to people, things, the
economy, and the environment. The affected community needs a lot of outside
help to recover. In simple terms, a disaster is a big, harmful event that
overwhelms local resources.

2. Definition of Disaster:
As per the Disaster Management Act 2005, a disaster is defined as “a
catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from
natural or man-made cause, or by accident or negligence which results in
substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of
property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature
or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the
affected area”.

3. Classification of Disasters:
Disasters can be classified into three main categories:

➔​ Natural Disasters: These are caused by natural events.

◆​ Examples:
●​ Geological: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides,
tsunamis.
●​ Hydrological: Floods, droughts.
●​ Meteorological: Cyclones, hurricanes, tornadoes, heatwaves,
cold waves.
●​ Biological: Epidemics, pandemics.
➔​ Man-made Disasters: These are caused by human actions or failures.
◆​ Examples:
●​ Industrial: Chemical spills, explosions, fires.
●​ Accidents: Building collapses, transportation accidents (road,
rail, air).
●​ Conflicts: Wars, terrorist attacks.
●​ Environmental: Pollution, deforestation.
 ➔​ Hybrid Disasters: These disasters have a combination of both natural and
man-made causes.
◆​ Examples:
●​ Floods: While heavy rainfall is natural, poor drainage and
unplanned urbanization (man-made factors) can worsen their
impact.
●​ Famines: Droughts (natural) can be made worse by factors
like poor agricultural policies and unequal distribution of
food (man-made).
●​ Forest Fires: While some fires are natural, many are caused
or worsened by human activities like negligence or arson.

4. Characteristics of Disasters
1.​ Borderless: Disasters don't respect national or state boundaries. They
affect people and living things worldwide. For example, events like
earthquakes, cyclones, floods, and droughts can happen in any country,
regardless of its development. Sometimes, a single disaster can impact
multiple countries, like the 2004 Tsunami that affected India, Indonesia,
Sri Lanka, Thailand, and others.
2.​ Loss: Disasters often cause many deaths. For instance, the 2001 Gujarat
earthquake and the 1999 Orissa cyclone resulted in thousands of fatalities.
The 2004 Tsunami caused hundreds of thousands of deaths across many
countries. Besides human lives, disasters also lead to the loss of animals,
homes, businesses, and other valuable things.
3.​ Unusual Event: Disasters are different from regular emergencies because
they don't happen all the time. They are unusual, though not completely
unexpected.
4.​ Communications Failure: A key difference between an emergency and a
disaster is that communication systems often break down in a disaster.
This can happen for several reasons:
○​ Battery failure: Batteries drain very quickly during disasters.
○​ Incorrect information: Wrong or partially correct information is
spread. People misunderstand the information or don't act on it
properly.
5.​ The extent is uncertain: Because disasters are unusual and
communication fails, it's often unclear how bad the situation is. The
worst-affected areas may be the last to receive help. Areas with some
 working communication may get more attention, even if others are worse
off.
6.​ Lack of information: Disasters affect everything, making it hard to get
information. There's an urgent need to know which roads are open, which
essential services are damaged, where the most casualties and evacuees
are, and which buildings are safe to use.
7.​ Misinformation: In a disaster, it's easy for rumors to be believed as facts.
When a lot of information is needed quickly, wrong information can easily
spread. Disasters are often full of examples of "wrong information."
8.​ Emergency services are affected: Disasters can damage or destroy fire
stations, city halls, and hospitals. Fire trucks may be damaged, and water
supplies disrupted, making it difficult for firefighters to help. Hospitals
may be damaged, supplies disrupted, or staff unable to reach them,
severely impacting their ability to respond.
9.​ Situation may get better or worse: Disasters are constantly changing. The
situation can deteriorate or improve rapidly. Responses need to adapt to
these changing conditions.
10.​Recovery may take longer: Recovery from a disaster usually takes much
longer than people expect. It can take months or even years for a
community to rebuild and return to normal.

5. General Effects of Disasters

Natural disasters can cause a wide range of negative impacts, including:

●​ Loss of life, injuries, and health problems

●​ Damage to property
●​ Loss of livelihoods and essential services
●​ Disruption of society and the economy
●​ Harm to the environment

These impacts can affect people physically, mentally, and emotionally. Disasters
can destroy property, lead to financial losses, and cause injuries or illnesses. The
loss of resources, safety, and shelter can force people to move to other areas.

Disaster damage includes the destruction of buildings and infrastructure,

disruption of essential services, and damage to people's livelihoods.
1.​ Loss of life and injury
○​ The number of deaths varies depending on the location and
intensity of the disaster.
○​ Large-scale disasters can cause huge losses of life, such as the 2004
Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
○​ In India, the 1999 Odisha Super Cyclone and the 2001 Gujarat
earthquake caused many deaths and left many people homeless.
○​ Although overall deaths from natural disasters have decreased,
people in low-income countries are more affected because they
have fewer resources and are more vulnerable.
2.​ Social impact
○​ Most people recover after a disaster, but some face challenges like
loss of property and displacement.
○​ Social support can weaken after disasters, and separation from
family members increases risks, especially for young people.
○​ Loss of life can change family roles, forcing some women to find
work and children to drop out of school. Disasters can lead to more
single-parent families and orphans.
○​ Structural damage: Disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, floods,
and avalanches can damage or destroy buildings and infrastructure,
endangering lives.
○​ Health risks: Disasters can lead to the spread of communicable
diseases like malaria, leptospirosis, and dengue, especially after
floods and cyclones.
○​ Social evils: Disasters can destroy communities, leading to food
shortages, and displacement. Loss of livelihood can increase social
problems like corruption, substance abuse, crime, violence, and
human trafficking.
3.​ Environmental Empact
○​ Disasters can significantly alter the natural environment, damaging
ecosystems.
○​ Climate change is making natural disasters more intense, with
worsening droughts, heatwaves, landslides, tsunamis, and storms.
○​ Although wealthier countries have contributed the most to climate
change, developing countries are expected to suffer the most.
 4.​ Economic impact
○​ Disasters can destroy both physical and non-physical economic
resources, causing financial hardship for individuals, businesses,
and governments.
○​ Poor people are especially vulnerable to financial hardship, which
can lead to insecurity.
○​ Businesses may be forced to close due to damage to equipment,
buildings, and communication systems.
○​ Governments, especially in developing countries, face economic
strain, which can hinder development.
○​ Job losses can trigger social unrest, and families may face economic
hardship if a wage earner is injured or killed.
5.​ Psychological effects
○​ Disasters can cause a range of emotional, physical, and mental
health issues, including:
■​ Emotional: Panic attacks, shock, fear, anger, sadness, and
guilt.
■​ Physical: Sleep disturbances, muscle tension, headaches,
nausea, and breathing difficulties.
■​ Mental: Repeated thoughts, nightmares, confusion, difficulty
concentrating and making decisions, and memory problems.
■​ Behavioral: Social withdrawal, poor motivation, and
hopelessness.
○​ These reactions usually decrease within a week, but if they persist
for more than three months, the person may develop psychological
disorders.
○​ Children are also affected by disasters, but their reactions may
differ from adults. Disasters disrupt children's routines, which can
harm their development. Children may struggle to understand what
happened. It's important to understand the common reactions of
children of different age groups in order to provide appropriate
support.

6. Disasters Specific effects

I. Effects of Floods

Floods cause several damaging effects:

 1.​ Loss of life: Floods often catch people off guard, leading to drowning and
the deaths of people, livestock, and other living beings. Densely populated
floodplain areas are hit hardest.
2.​ Damage to infrastructure and property: Floods severely damage homes,
roads, power supplies, and other infrastructure. Buildings and structures
are physically damaged by floodwaters, and landslides can occur. Topsoil
is washed away.
3.​ Spread of diseases: After floods, stagnant water can remain for extended
periods, causing outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Overcrowded
temporary shelters with poor sanitation worsen this situation.
4.​ Loss of natural habitat: Floods can destroy trees, vegetation, and natural
habitats, leading to a loss of biodiversity.
5.​ Crop damage: Floodwaters damage agricultural crops and soil, potentially
causing food shortages due to lost harvests.
6.​ Water supplies: Floods can contaminate water sources, making clean
drinking water scarce.

II. Effects of Cyclones

Cyclones bring widespread destruction:

1.​ Storm surge: A storm surge is a rise in sea level near the coast caused by a
cyclone. It floods low-lying coastal areas, drowning people and livestock,
eroding beaches, destroying vegetation, and reducing soil fertility.
2.​ Floods: Heavy rains from cyclones can cause floods, leading to loss of life
and property. Flooding and coastal inundation pollute drinking water,
causing disease outbreaks.
3.​ Strong winds: Very strong winds can damage infrastructure, homes,
communication systems, and trees, disrupting normal life.
4.​ Crop damage: Cyclones can damage crops, leading to inflation.
5.​ Decline in tourism: Cyclones deter tourists, negatively impacting local
livelihoods.
6.​ Storm churn: Cyclones can cool ocean temperatures, potentially
weakening following storms.
7.​ Psychological impact: Disasters like cyclones can cause long-lasting fear
and trauma due to widespread death, destruction, and suffering.

III. Effects of Tsunamis

Tsunamis cause widespread damage:

 1.​ Death toll: Tsunamis result in significant loss of life, with areas closest to
the earthquake's epicenter being the most vulnerable.
2.​ Loss of property: Tsunamis damage or destroy houses, public buildings,
transportation systems, and other infrastructure, causing massive
financial losses.
3.​ Physiographical changes: Tsunamis can alter coastlines and submerge
islands.
4.​ The motion of the Earth: Large earthquakes that cause tsunamis can
slightly tilt the Earth and accelerate its rotation.
5.​ Decline in soil fertility and agricultural production: Saltwater inundation
from tsunamis can make soil saline and unproductive, harming
agriculture.
6.​ Effect on marine life: Tsunamis severely impact marine life, damaging
coral reefs and harming populations of fish, marine mammals, and other
species.

IV. Effects of Earthquakes

Earthquakes have several destructive effects:

1.​ Soil liquefaction: Earthquakes can cause saturated soil to lose its strength
and behave like a liquid, causing buildings and bridges to tilt or sink.
2.​ Landslides and avalanches: Earthquakes can trigger landslides in hilly
areas, blocking streams and causing further damage.
3.​ Tsunamis: Underwater earthquakes can cause tsunamis, particularly
those with a magnitude of 7.5 or greater.
4.​ Floods: Earthquakes can damage dams, leading to floods.
5.​ Fires: Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging electrical and gas lines.
6.​ Destabilization: Earthquakes can destabilize ecological and social
structures and disrupt essential services.
7.​ Loss of life and property: Earthquakes can cause injuries, deaths, and
widespread damage to buildings, bridges, and other structures. The
aftermath may bring disease, scarcity of basic necessities, and mental
health issues for survivors.

V. Effects of Landslides

Landslides have the following effects:

1.​ Landslides can block streams, leading to overflowing and floods.

 2.​ They disrupt transportation, damage vegetation, roads, communication
networks, and buildings.
3.​ Landslides can cause injuries and fatalities.
4.​ They degrade the environment and natural beauty of mountains.
5.​ They can cause sources of water to dry up.
6.​ They can increase flooding in rivers due to debris flow.

VI. Effects of Industrial Accidents

Industrial accidents can result in:

1.​ Environmental pollution (air, water, and soil)

2.​ Physical injuries (e.g., from electricity, radiation, extreme temperatures)
3.​ Personal hardship (e.g., pain and suffering)
4.​ Loss of work and reduced productivity
5.​ Poor employee morale
6.​ Increased costs for organizations (e.g., medical expenses, insurance)

VII. Effects of Nuclear Accidents

Nuclear accidents have severe consequences:

1.​ Direct contact with radiation can cause sickness and death.
2.​ Increased cancer rates in affected areas.
3.​ Contamination of air and water with radioactive substances.
4.​ Land degradation.
5.​ Damage to eyesight.
6.​ Disruption of the ecological system.

VIII. Effects of Oil Spills

Oil spills have the following effects:

1.​ On marine life:

○​ Organisms near the surface, like turtles and fish, are most affected.
○​ Exposure to oil can lower reproductive rates, cause organ damage,
and death in marine animals.
○​ Oil spills can impair the ability of fish to swim or breathe.
2.​ On birds:
○​ Oil spills can cause birds to drown or be unable to eat.
3.​ On humans:
 ○​ Direct exposure to oil can cause varying health effects.
○​ Exposure can occur through breathing contaminated air, contact
with contaminated ground, and skin absorption.
○​ Oil spills result in significant economic costs.

IX. Effects of Wildfires

Wildfires cause several detrimental effects:

1.​ Release of large amounts of carbon dioxide, harming the climate.

2.​ Disruption of the carbon cycle.
3.​ Destruction of flora and fauna.
4.​ Economic impact on communities that depend on forests.
5.​ Increased risk of landslides and soil erosion.

7. Understanding Key Concepts Related to Disasters

Here are some essential terms related to disasters, explained in simple language:

●​ Hazards: A hazard is anything that can cause harm, including:

○​ Dangerous events (like earthquakes or floods)
○​ Harmful substances (like chemicals)
○​ Risky human activities
○​ Dangerous conditions
●​ Hazards can lead to loss of life, injury, property damage, and social and
economic disruption.
●​ Disasters: A disaster is a serious event that causes widespread harm and
loss. It can be caused by natural events, human actions, or accidents. The
harm is so great that the affected community can't recover on its own.
●​ Vulnerability: Vulnerability is how easily a community, system, or asset
can be harmed by a hazard. It's the lack of ability to anticipate, cope with,
resist, and recover from a disaster's impact.
●​ Resilience: Resilience is the ability of a community or society to:
○​ Resist the effects of a hazard
○​ Absorb the impact
○​ Adapt to the situation
○​ Recover quickly
●​ Resilience involves protecting and restoring essential structures and
functions through risk management, knowledge, understanding, and
preparation.
●​ Mitigation: Mitigation means taking steps to prevent disasters or reduce
their impact. It involves long-term measures to lessen the harm to life and
property.
●​ Disaster Management Cycle: This cycle includes the actions taken by the
government, individuals, and NGOs to reduce vulnerability and manage
disasters. It has three phases:
○​ Pre-disaster preparedness
○​ Action during a disaster
○​ Action after a disaster
●​ Disaster management: This is a continuous process of:
○​ Planning and organizing
○​ Coordinating and implementing measures to:
■​ Prevent disasters
■​ Reduce disaster risks
■​ Build capacity
■​ Prepare for disasters
■​ Respond to disasters
■​ Evacuate, rescue, and provide relief
■​ Rehabilitate and reconstruct
●​ Preparedness: Being prepared means having the knowledge and
capabilities to:
○​ Anticipate disasters
○​ Respond effectively
○​ Recover from the impacts
●​ It involves ongoing planning, organizing, training, equipping, and
evaluating to improve coordination and the ability of organizations to
prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from disasters.
●​ Response: This involves providing immediate assistance during or right
after a disaster to:
○​ Save lives
○​ Reduce health impacts
○​ Ensure public safety
○​ Meet people's basic needs
●​ It includes essential services like firefighting, police, and ambulance
services. Military operations in disaster situations are called Disaster
Relief Operations (DRO).
●​ Recovery: Recovery involves the actions taken after a disaster to:
○​ Restore or improve living conditions
○​ Reduce future disaster risk
●​ These efforts include rebuilding property, repairing infrastructure,
reconstructing housing, and restoring employment.
Unit 2
1. The Disaster Management Act, 2005
The Disaster Management Act of 2005, passed by the Indian Parliament and
effective from January 2006, establishes mechanisms at the national, state,
district, and local levels for disaster management. These bodies work together,
emphasizing preparedness, prevention, and mitigation.

Aim:

To provide effective management of disasters and related matters.

Objectives:

●​ Promote a culture of prevention and preparedness.

●​ Set up organizations for disaster management.
●​ Ensure adequate preparedness and quick response.
●​ Provide for rehabilitation and recovery.

Main Provisions:

●​ National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime

Minister.
●​ State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs), headed by respective
Chief Ministers.
●​ District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs).
●​ National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM).
●​ National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
●​ Guidelines for creating disaster management plans at national, state, and
district levels, making these plans mandatory.

National Plan:

●​ Covers prevention, preparedness, response, rehabilitation, and

reconstruction.
●​ Provides guidelines for ministries, departments, and states.
●​ Includes measures for capacity building and preparedness.
●​ Integrates disaster risk reduction into development planning.
State Plans and District Plans:

●​ Follow the guidelines of the National Plan.

●​ Focus on prevention, mitigation, capacity building, and preparedness.
●​ Integrate with development plans and projects.
●​ Clearly define roles and responsibilities.

2. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the top body in India for
managing disasters. Headed by the Prime Minister, it operates under the
Ministry of Home Affairs. The NDMA is responsible for creating disaster
management policies, plans, and guidelines. The Disaster Management Act of
2005 made it mandatory to set up the NDMA and create similar organizations at
the State and District levels. NDMA coordinates prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, and response efforts at the national level and facilitates
coordination between different agencies. NDMA has 5 major divisions: Policy &
Plans, Mitigation, Operations & Communications, Information & Technology, and
Administration and Finance.

Organizational Structure

●​ The Prime Minister is the head of the NDMA.

●​ A Cabinet Minister is the Vice-Chairman.
●​ The NDMA Secretariat, led by a Secretary, provides support.
●​ NDMA also has 8 Ministers of State as its Members.

Powers and Functions of NDMA

The NDMA is responsible for creating policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster
management to ensure timely and effective disaster response. Its responsibilities
include:

●​ Laying down policies.

●​ Approving the National Plan.
●​ Approving ministry plans.
●​ Providing guidelines for State Plans.
●​ Providing guidelines for integrating disaster prevention into development
plans.
●​ Coordinating implementation of disaster management policies and plans.
 ●​ Recommending funding for mitigation.
●​ Providing support to other countries.
●​ Taking measures for disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and
capacity building.
●​ Laying down policies and guidelines for the National Institute of Disaster
Management.

3. State Disaster Management Committee

Under the DM Act 2005, every state must have a State Disaster Management
Plan (SDMP), prepared by the State Executive Committee (SEC) and approved by
the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA). The State Disaster
Management Committee (SDMC), usually headed by the Chief Minister,
coordinates state disaster response and management, including the activities of
the State Disaster Management Authority, State Executive Committee, State
Disaster Response Force, and State Emergency Operation Centre. The State
Executive Committee, headed by the Chief Secretary, helps SDMA implement
policies and plans. The primary role of the SDMC is to ensure state disaster
preparedness and coordinate response efforts, including developing and
implementing state-level policies and guidelines.

Powers and Functions of State Authority

The State Authority is responsible for:

●​ Laying down the State disaster management policy.

●​ Approving the State Plan.
●​ Approving department plans.
●​ Providing guidelines for integrating disaster prevention into development
plans.
●​ Coordinating the implementation of the State Plan.
●​ Recommending funding for mitigation and preparedness.
●​ Reviewing development plans.
●​ Reviewing mitigation, capacity building, and preparedness measures.

Functions of the State Executive Committee

The State Executive Committee is responsible for implementing the National

Plan and State Plan, and for coordinating and monitoring disaster management
in the State. Its functions include:
 ●​ Coordinating and monitoring the implementation of the National Policy,
the National Plan, and the State Plan.
●​ Examining the vulnerability of different parts of the State and specifying
prevention or mitigation measures.
●​ Laying down guidelines for preparing state/district disaster
management plans.
●​ Monitoring the implementation of disaster management plans prepared
by state departments and District Authorities.

4. District Disaster Management Committee

The District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC) is a crucial part of India's
disaster management structure, operating at the district level. It coordinates and
implements disaster management activities within a specific district, focusing on
planning, preparedness, response, and recovery to minimize the impact of
disasters on the local population. The DDMC ensures that strategies and plans
are tailored to the specific needs and vulnerabilities of the local population and
helps strengthen the district's overall resilience.

1. Composition:

●​ Headed by the District Magistrate or Collector.

●​ Includes representatives from government, local authorities, NGOs, and
community groups.
●​ May involve experts in disaster management, health, infrastructure, and
the environment.

2. Responsibilities and Functions:

The DDMC has the following responsibilities and functions:

●​ Disaster Planning: Develop and update district-level disaster

management plans.
●​ Preparedness: Organize training and capacity-building programs.
●​ Resource Allocation: Coordinate and allocate resources for disaster
response.
●​ Early Warning Systems: Establish and maintain communication systems.
●​ Coordination: Interface with State and National Authorities.
5. Disaster Management Cell
A 'Disaster Management Cell' is a dedicated unit within an organization or
government body that focuses on disaster management activities. These cells
coordinate and manage responses to disasters, emergencies, and crises. The
specifics vary depending on the level of government or type of organization.

The structure and responsibilities of a Disaster Management Cell can vary, but
the main goal is to ensure a well-coordinated and effective response to disasters
and emergencies. Whether in government or an organization, these cells are
crucial in promoting resilience and reducing the impact of disasters. Disaster
Management Cells are often established at national, state, or district levels to
oversee disaster-related activities, coordinate response, preparedness, and
mitigation efforts, and are staffed by experts from various fields.

Functions of a Disaster Management Cell:

A Disaster Management Cell has several key functions:

●​ Planning and Preparedness: Develop and update disaster plans.

●​ Coordination: Coordinate with agencies and stakeholders.
●​ Communication: Establish communication channels.
●​ Training and Awareness: Organize training programs.
●​ Monitoring and Evaluation: Assess the effectiveness of plans.
●​ Technology and Information Systems: Utilize technology for early
warning and monitoring.
●​ Community Engagement: Work with local communities and conduct
awareness campaigns.

6. Capacity Building Through NIDM

The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) is a statutory body under
the Ministry of Home Affairs, established as per the Disaster Management Act,
2005. NIDM's main role is to improve disaster management capabilities through
training, research, and policy development.

Functions of NIDM:
Under Section 42(9) of the Disaster Management Act, 2005, NIDM has the
following functions:

1.​ Training Modules: It develops training programs to build disaster

management knowledge at all levels.
2.​ Research & Documentation: NIDM helps in gathering data and research
to create a national disaster management information base.
3.​ Policy Assistance: It supports the development of national and state-level
disaster management policies.
4.​ Awareness Promotion: NIDM organizes programs to raise public
awareness on disaster risks and preparedness.
5.​ Conferences & Publications: It conducts seminars, lectures, and publishes
journals and books on disaster management.
6.​ Capacity Building: It strengthens the ability of individuals, organizations,
and communities to manage disasters effectively.

What is Capacity Building?

Capacity building is about improving skills, knowledge, and systems to

effectively deal with disasters. It is more than just training; it includes improving
policies, strategies, and the work environment, while also ensuring that there is
adequate infrastructure and financial support to handle disaster situations.

NIDM’s Strategy for Capacity Building:

NIDM uses several methods for capacity building:

1.​ Face-to-Face Training: Conducted at state training institutes, NIDM

campuses, and other institutions for government officials and others.
2.​ Online Training: Webinars and online programs, started after the
COVID-19 pandemic.
3.​ Self-Study Programs: Online courses for the general public, government
officials, and stakeholders, accessible anytime from anywhere.

Areas of Capacity Building

NIDM focuses on key areas in disaster management, including:

1.​ Preparedness: Training in emergency response, community-based

disaster management, and disaster management planning.
 2.​ Response: Training in handling disaster situations, including incident
response, logistics, and basic first aid.
3.​ Recovery: Offering training in relief management, damage assessment,
and long-term recovery planning.
4.​ Risk Reduction: Focusing on disaster risk reduction techniques for
cyclones, earthquakes, and climate change adaptation.
5.​ Sector-Specific Areas: Tailored training for various sectors like health,
education, transport, and infrastructure to build resilience in those areas.

7. Role & Responsibility of NDRF

The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Armed Forces, and Para Military
Forces play important roles in keeping India safe, especially during natural
disasters and emergencies. The NDRF specializes in disaster response, while the
Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force) and Para Military Forces (CRPF, BSF,
ITBP, SSB, CISF, etc.) provide support as needed. The Armed Forces have a wider
role that includes national defense, disaster relief, and maintaining internal
security, whereas Para Military Forces mainly focus on internal security and
disaster response.

In India, the armed forces are crucial in disaster management, working with the
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and state authorities. They
usually step in to help when civilian authorities can't handle the situation alone.
They support and work with other agencies to ensure a coordinated and
effective disaster response.

The Central Paramilitary Forces (CPMFs) are vital for providing immediate
disaster response. In addition to their contributions to the NDRF, they also
develop their own disaster management capabilities and respond to disasters in
the areas where they are stationed. Local units of the CPMFs may be included in
state-level executive committees.

India has a strong disaster management system, and the armed forces are a key
part of it, providing essential support for disaster response and relief operations.

1. Search and Rescue (SAR):

●​ The Armed Forces are often the first to conduct search and rescue
operations during disasters.
 ●​ They use specialized teams, equipment, and resources to find and rescue
people, even in difficult and dangerous situations.

2. Medical Support:

●​ The armed forces have medical teams and field hospitals that can be
quickly deployed to provide emergency medical care to disaster victims.
●​ They offer medical help to treat injuries and prevent the spread of
diseases after disasters.

3. Evacuation:

●​ Armed forces help move people from disaster-affected areas to safety.

●​ They provide transportation, logistics, and personnel for organized and
safe evacuations, especially during events like cyclones and floods.

4. Relief and Aid Distribution:

●​ They help distribute essential supplies like food, water, clothing, and
shelter to affected communities.
●​ They set up distribution points to ensure aid is delivered quickly and
efficiently.

5. Infrastructure Repair and Reconstruction:

●​ Armed forces help repair and restore damaged infrastructure, such as

roads, bridges, and airports, to support relief efforts and recovery.
●​ They play a significant role in rebuilding important infrastructure after a
disaster.

6. Security and Law Enforcement:

●​ Armed forces maintain law and order in disaster-affected areas to prevent

looting and ensure safety.
●​ They work with local police to ensure public safety.

7. Coordination:

●​ They work closely with civilian authorities, state disaster management

agencies, and other organizations involved in disaster response.
●​ Coordination is crucial for a unified and effective response to disasters.
8. Pre-disaster Preparedness:

●​ Armed forces participate in disaster preparedness activities, such as

training exercises, to be ready for rapid response.
●​ They keep stocks of emergency supplies and equipment.

9. Reconnaissance and Assessment:

●​ Military resources, like aircraft, are used to survey and assess

disaster-affected areas.
●​ This information helps in planning and prioritizing relief efforts.

10. Humanitarian Assistance:

●​ The armed forces often provide humanitarian assistance, such as setting

up temporary shelters and supporting vulnerable groups.

8. Role of NGOs in Disaster Management

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in disaster
management in India. They support government efforts and provide crucial
assistance in disaster preparedness, response, relief, and recovery.

1.​ Community Awareness and Preparedness:

○​ NGOs work at the local level to educate communities about disaster
risks, safety measures, and preparedness.
○​ They conduct training and drills to help communities respond
effectively during disasters.
○​ They also advocate for support for disaster management.
2.​ Medical Assistance:
○​ NGOs with medical expertise offer critical healthcare services
during disasters.
○​ They set up medical camps, treat the injured, and provide essential
medicines and supplies.
3.​ Relief Distribution:
○​ NGOs distribute essential items like food, water, clothing, and
hygiene kits to affected people.
 ○​ They often work with the government to ensure efficient delivery
of aid.
4.​ Shelter and Rehabilitation:
○​ NGOs help with shelter and rehabilitation by setting up temporary
housing and supporting the rebuilding of homes and infrastructure.
○​ They may also help communities restore their livelihoods.
5.​ Psychosocial Support:
○​ NGOs provide counseling and mental health support to help
survivors cope with the psychological trauma of disasters.
6.​ Capacity Building:
○​ NGOs train local communities, government officials, and others in
disaster risk reduction and management.
○​ They conduct workshops and training programs to improve
knowledge and skills.
7.​ Advocacy and Policy Influence:
○​ NGOs promote policies and practices that increase disaster
resilience and reduce vulnerability.
○​ They work with government and international organizations to
influence disaster management policies.
8.​ Coordination and Networking:
○​ NGOs collaborate with government, other NGOs, and international
bodies to ensure a coordinated response.
○​ They participate in coordination efforts at local, state, and national
levels.
9.​ Data Collection and Analysis:
○​ NGOs collect data on the impact of disasters to assess needs and
inform response and recovery efforts.
○​ This data also helps in planning for future disaster risk reduction.
10.​Research and Innovation:
○​ Some NGOs conduct research and develop new technologies,
strategies, and tools to improve disaster response and recovery.
Unit 3
1. Disaster Management

Definition:

Disaster management involves organizing and using available resources to

handle the humanitarian aspects of emergencies. It focuses on response,
preparedness, and recovery to lessen a disaster's impact.

Disaster Management refers to the process of preparing for, mitigating,

responding to, and recovering from various natural and man-made disasters.
This involves developing plans, strategies, and protocols to ensure the timely
and effective delivery of resources and services to those affected by a disaster.
Effective Disaster Management requires cooperation and collaboration among
various stakeholders, including governments, aid organizations, and the public.
The main goal of Disaster Management is to reduce the impact of disasters on
communities and to ensure the protection of life, property, and the
environment.

Why is Disaster Management Important?

●​ Disaster management helps communities get ready for, deal with, and
bounce back from disasters. By having good strategies in place,
governments and communities can reduce damage, deaths, and
displacement.
●​ Disasters can severely harm the environment and living things. While we
can't stop disasters, especially natural ones, we can prepare ourselves to
face the challenges they bring. That's why it's important to learn how to
manage disasters.
●​ Disaster management requires help from the government and the
community. Proper planning and funding are essential for successful
action.
●​ Disasters cause widespread panic, making it hard to think clearly. Having
pre-established rules to follow, created in a calm state, increases the
chances of success. This is why disaster management is now taught to
students.

2. The Disaster Management Cycle

 ●​ 1. Prevention: This involves actions taken to prevent or reduce the impact
of disasters before they occur.
○​ Example: Implementing revised zoning and land-use management.
●​ 3. Preparedness: This involves getting ready to handle a disaster before it
occurs.
○​ Example: Creating evacuation plans, stocking food and water, and
conducting disaster drills.
●​ 4. Response: This is what you do during or immediately after a disaster.
○​ Example: Saving people, providing medical help, putting
preparedness plans into action, such as seeking shelter from a
tornado, or turning off gas valves in an earthquake.
●​ 5. Recovery: This is the process of returning to normal after a disaster.
○​ Example: Rebuilding homes and infrastructure, helping people get
back on their feet, and restoring the economy.

3. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for Warning

and Evacuation
The Ministry of Home Affairs, Disaster Management Division of the Government
of India, provides Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). These SOPs give
instructions on the actions that various government agencies and departments
at the State and district levels must take to respond to natural disasters. These
instructions are a general guide, and each department and organization involved
in providing emergency support should also create its own detailed SOPs.

3.1 SOPs for Early Warning

At the National Level, nodal agencies have been designated for generating or
forecasting of events of natural disasters. Agencies authorised to issue warning
are as under;

1.​ Earthquake, Floods, Cyclone, Landslide: Indian Meteorological

department
2.​ Epidemics: Public health department
3.​ Road accidents: Police
4.​ Industrial and chemical disaster: Industry, Police (designated agency)
5.​ Fires: Fire brigade, Police
3.2 Important Elements of Warning

1.​ The community must be informed through a warning system and

evacuation must start immediately. Only one authorized agency should
issue warnings to avoid confusion.
2.​ Warnings can be given using alarms, sirens, radio, TV, loudspeakers, or
flags for different disasters like fires, floods, and cyclones.
3.​ After a warning, regular updates should be provided. Once the danger is
over, a cancellation message (de-warning) must be issued.
4.​ Warning messages must be simple and in the local language so that
everyone can understand and respond quickly.
5.​ Authorities must follow evacuation steps and conduct yearly reviews and
evacuation drills before monsoon and cyclone seasons.

3.3 SOPs for Evacuation

As soon as a warning is issued, District and State authorities should begin

detailed preparations for evacuation. The National Institute of Disaster
Management recommends the following actions:

1.​ Shelter sites should be within 5 km or a one-hour walk from people’s

homes for quick and safe access.
2.​ Alternate routes must be planned to ensure safe evacuation in case of
flooding or blocked paths.
3.​ Evacuation must be reported to the District Collector and
Superintendent of Police before it starts.
4.​ Community leaders and NGOs should help to maintain order and
security during evacuation.
5.​ Priority groups for evacuation: injured and sick first, then children,
women, disabled, and elderly last.

4. Emergency Operations Centres (EOCs) or Control

Rooms

What are Emergency Operations Centres (EOCs)?

EOCs are disaster control centers set up at National, State, and District levels.
They help in managing and coordinating disaster response. Existing control
rooms will be upgraded as needed.

Where are EOCs Located?

EOCs should be built in safe locations with disaster-resistant buildings so they

stay functional during emergencies.

Role of an EOC/Control Room

EOCs act as command centers for disaster management. Their key roles include:

●​ Receiving & sharing warnings from disaster agencies.

●​ Monitoring emergency operations and response.
●​ Coordinating with government departments for effective action.
●​ Requesting extra resources when needed.
●​ Providing official disaster updates and instructions.
●​ Analyzing and reporting damage, losses, and needs.
●​ Sharing reports with authorities for further action.

Communication Network of EOCs

EOCs have a strong communication system using terrestrial and satellite

networks. This ensures reliable voice, data, and video communication at all
levels.

5. Issues Related to Compensation and Fair

Distribution of Relief

1. Delayed Assessments

Damage assessments take time due to logistical issues, slow processes, or other
priorities. This delays compensation.

2. Incomplete Data

Some affected areas are missed, leading to underreporting of losses. Losses like
mental trauma or indirect economic impacts may not be recorded.
3. Inadequate Compensation

Relief funds often do not fully cover losses. Many struggle to rebuild homes,
replace belongings, or recover livelihoods.

4. Unequal Distribution

Compensation may favor certain groups due to politics, social status, or

location. This creates unfairness and discrimination.

5. Lack of Information

Damaged communication makes it hard for victims to know about relief

services. Some may miss aid due to lack of updates.

6. Bureaucratic Delays

Complicated paperwork and slow processes delay help, prolonging victims'

suffering and slowing recovery.

7. Ignoring Long-Term Recovery

Focus is mostly on immediate needs like food and shelter. Support for mental
health, jobs, and rebuilding is often ignored.

8. Corruption and Mismanagement

Officials or organizations may misuse funds, leading to unequal or delayed

relief.

9. Lack of Transparency

Victims don’t know how aid is given and can’t question unfair decisions,
reducing trust in authorities.

10. Insensitivity Toward Victims

Insensitive actions from media, officials, or communities can worsen trauma

for disaster survivors.
6. Humanitarian Approach to Resettlement and
Rehabilitation
Many countries have disaster management policies, but these often fail to
protect human rights. Raising awareness among communities and leaders is
crucial to ensuring a rights-based approach. Disasters should not strip people of
their basic rights!

International guidelines classify disaster-related rights into four key categories:

1.​ Protection of Life and Security:

○​ People in danger may need to be relocated, but their rights must be
respected.
○​ Families should stay together, and temporary shelters must be safe.
○​ Protection from violence, including gender-based violence, is
essential.​

2.​ Essential Needs and Services:

○​ Food, healthcare, shelter, and education must be provided fairly and
without discrimination.
○​ Special care should be given to vulnerable and marginalized groups.​

3.​ Housing, Livelihood, and Education:

○​ Housing, land, and property rights must be protected, especially for
widows and orphaned children.
○​ Restoring livelihoods requires both political commitment and
sensitivity to affected communities.
○​ Secondary and higher education should also be prioritized in
rehabilitation efforts.​

4.​ Legal Rights and Freedom:

○​ People must have access to documents, freedom of movement, and
civil rights.
○​ They have the right to information and participation in decisions
affecting their lives.

This structured approach ensures that disaster-affected communities are

treated with dignity and fairness.
7. Key Human Rights of Disaster-Affected People
International treaties like the ICCPR and ICESCR recognize rights that protect
disaster-affected people. These rights ensure their safety, dignity, and
well-being under global human rights standards.

1.​ Right to Life: This is a fundamental right under the UDHR and ICCPR.
Governments must take steps to protect lives, including during disasters.​

2.​ Right to Health: The UDHR and ICESCR recognize the right to the best
possible physical and mental health. This includes access to healthcare,
medicines, and sanitation, which are critical in disasters.​

3.​ Right to Adequate Housing: Protected under the ICESCR, this right
includes safe shelter, protection from forced eviction, and support for
rebuilding homes after disasters.​

4.​ Right to Food and Water: The ICESCR ensures access to enough
nutritious food and clean drinking water, especially during and after
disasters.​

5.​ Right to Education: Recognized in the UDHR and ICESCR, this right
ensures access to quality education even in emergencies or post-disaster
situations.​

6.​ Right to Non-Discrimination: A core human rights principle, this ensures

all disaster-affected people receive equal treatment, regardless of race,
gender, religion, or socioeconomic status.​

7.​ Right to Participation and Information: Disaster-affected people have

the right to be informed and involved in decisions that impact their lives,
as stated in various human rights laws.​

8.​ Right to Privacy and Dignity: Recognized in the UDHR and ICCPR, this
right ensures respect for privacy and dignity, even in shelters and
displacement camps.​
9.​ Rights of Vulnerable Groups: Special protection must be given to
children, women, the elderly, disabled people, and indigenous
communities, as they face greater risks in disasters.​

10.​Right to Remedy and Accountability: Governments must provide ways for

disaster victims to seek justice and hold authorities accountable for rights
violations.
★​ ICCPR – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
★​ ICESCR – International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
★​ UDHR – Universal Declaration of Human Rights