PHYSICS

Motion

•Body is said to be in motion when its position changes continuously with respect to a stationary object taken as a
reference point. Ex- When position of car changes with respect to stationary objects like house, trees etc. we say tht car
is moving.

•If a body moves fast then its movement or motion can be observed easily. But if a body moves slowly its difficult to
observe its motion. Ex- In a watch seconds' hand moves faster than hours’ hand so we can observe motion of seconds
hand more than hours hand.

•Distance refers to actual length of indirect path when a body moves from one place to another. It only has magnitude.

•Displacement refers to shortest distance or a straight line between initial and final point. When a body moves from
one position to another, shortest distance between its initial and final position is known as its displacement. It has both
magnitude & direction.

•Physical Quantities or Quantities of physics are distance, displacement etc. Magnitude of a physical quantity means
size of it.

•Scalar quantity are physical quantity having only magnitude (size). Scalar has no direction. Distance is a scalar quantity
because it has only magnitude.

•Vector quantity are physical quantity having both magnitude & direction. Displacement is vector quantity because its
has both magnitude & direction.

•Distance travelled by moving body cannot be 0 but final displacement of moving body can be 0. If a body travels a
distance & comes back to initial point then it has 0 displacement.

•Uniform motion is a motion in which body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time. Its also called constant
motion Distance-Time graph for uniform motion is a straight line. Ex- If a car travels 10km in 1h then another 10km in
another 1h then its speed will be 10km/h it is uniform motion.

•Non uniform motion is a motion in which body travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time. Its also called
accelerated motion. Distance-Time graph for non-uniform motion is a curved line. Ex- If we drop a ball from roof of a
building then the ball will cover unequal distances in equal intervals of time.

•Motion of a body can be described by 3 terms: Speed, Velocity & Acceleration.

•Speed is distance travelled by body per unit time. SI unit of Distance is Meter & Speed is Meter/s it is written as m/s or
ms-¹. Small value of speed is Centimeter per second & can be written as cm/s or cms-¹. High value is kilometer per hour
& can be written as kmph, km/h, kmh-¹. Speed has magnitude only so speed is a scalar quantity.

•Speedometer is a instrument which is fixed inside a vehicle and tell us its speed in km/h or miles/h.

•Odometer is a instrument which is fixed inside a vehicle and tells us the distance travelled by car.

•Average speed of a body is total distance travelled divided by total time taken to cover this distance.

•Uniform Speed or constant speed is a motion which a body has when it moves equal distance in equal intervals of time.

•Velocity of a body is distance travelled by body per unit time in a given direction. It’s a vector quantity. Velocity is
displacement produced per unit time. SI unit of velocity is same as speed. Speed only has magnitude but no specific
direction but velocity has both magnitude & direction. Ex- A car is travelling at 40km/h towards north.

•Uniform velocity is a velocity which a body has when it travels in specified direction in straight line & moves equal
distance in equal intervals of time.
•Velocity can be changed in 2 ways

(i) By changing speed of the body

•Magnitude of speed & velocity of a moving body is equal only if the body moves in a single straight line. If a body does
not move in a single straight line then speed & velocity of body are not equal. Average speed of moving body can never
be 0 but average velocity of moving body can be.

•Acceleration is rate of change of its velocity of a object with time. It’s a vector quantity. SI unit of acceleration is meter
per second square & written as m/s² or ms-². Small units can be cm/s² or cm s-² & Big units can be Km/h² or km h-². Body
with uniform velocity will have zero acceleration. Ex- A car is travelling at 10km/h when road has little crowd and it
increases it speed to 60km/h when the road is empty & open. This increase is acceleration.

•Uniform acceleration takes place when a body travels in a straight line & its velocity increases by equal amount at
equal intervals of time. A body has a uniform acceleration if its velocity changes at uniform rate. Velocity-time graph of
body having uniformly accelerated motion is straight line. Ex- Motion of freely falling body, Motion of bicycle going
downhill without any paddling, Motion of ball rolling down on inclined plain.

•Non uniform acceleration takes place when object’s velocity increases by unequal amount in equal interval of time.
Body has non uniform acceleration if velocity changes at a non uniform rate. Velocity-time graph of non uniform
acceleration is curved line.

•Retardation is also known as deceleration or negative acceleration. If velocity of a body decreases then acceleration is
negative. Body is said to be retarded if its velocity is decreasing. It’s SI units are m/s² or ms-². Negative acceleration
shows that velocity of body is decreasing.

•When velocity of a body changes but changes at a uniform rate it is called Average velocity.

•Distance Time Graphs Change of position in object with time can be represented on distance time graph. Time is taken
as X axis & distance is taken as Y axis. If speed of a body is uniform then line on graph is straight if speed is non uniform
line is curved also called parabola.

•Speed time graphs There are 3 types of it.

1 Speed time graph when speed remains same. Speed of body is constant if speed time graph of it is straight line
parallel to time axis. Area enclosed by speed time curve & time axis gives us distance travelled by body.

2 Speed time graph when speed changes at uniform rate. Speed time graph for uniformly changing speed will be
straight line. Distance travelled by a body can also be calculated from its time graph. In speed time graph straight line
slopping upwards shows uniform acceleration. Straight line slopping downwards indicates uniform retardation.

3 Speed time graph when speed changes at non uniform rate. When speed of body changes in irregular manner then
speed time graph of body is curved line.

•Circular motion occurs when a body or object moves in a circle. Motion in a circle is called circular motion. Ex- Merry
go round, Cars racing in circular track. When a body moves in a circular path then its direction of motion keeps changing
continuously.

•Uniform circular motion occurs when a body moves in a circular path with uniform speed. Motion in a circle with
constant speed is an accelerated motion. Force which is needed to produce object travel in circular path is called
centripetal force.
•Formulae

Speed = Distance/Time (v=s/t)

Average Speed = Distance travelled/Time Taken

Velocity = Distance/Time (v=s/t)

Distance travelled = Average velocity × Time (s=v × t)

Acceleration = Final velocity - Initial velocity/Time (a=v-u/t)

Average velocity = Initial velocity + Final velocity/2 (v=u+v/2)

Speed (circular motion) = 2 × π × radius/time (S=2πr/t)

•Equations of Motion

1. v = u + at

V= final velocity, U= Initial velocity, A= acceleration, T= time taken

2. s = ut + ½at²

S= Distance travelled, U= Initial velocity, A= acceleration.

3. v²=u²+2as

V=final velocity, U=Initial velocity, A=Acceleration, S= Distance travelled.

Remember

1. If a body starts from rest its initial velocity is 0