Why in reverse letters?

An AMBULANCE is written laterally inverted

on an Ambulance Van.

The phenomenon
where your left
appears as the right
and vice versa in a
mirror is referred to
as Lateral Inversion.
A very similar thing
happens if you write
something, example
your ‘NAME' on a
piece of paper and
keep in front of the
mirror.
Facts about Light
It is a form of Electromagnetic Energy.
It is a part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum and the only part we
can really see.
Facts about Light
The speed of light, c, is constant in a vacuum.
Light can be:
•REFLECTED
•ABSORBED
•REFRACTED

Light is an electromagnetic wave in that it has wave like properties

which can be influenced by electric and magnetic fields.
Reflection,
&Mirrors

By iTutor.com
T- 1-855-694-8886
Email- [email protected]
 Mirror, mirror, on the
wall, who invented you?
 The invention of the silvered-glass
mirror is credited to German chemist
Justus von Liebig in 1835.
His process involved the deposition of
a thin layer of metallic silver onto
glass through the chemical reduction
of silver nitrate. This silvering process
was adaptable to mass
manufacturing, and led to the greater
availability of affordable mirrors.
 What is a personal
“Word of the Year”?

The “word of the year” is an idea, concept, and driving factor, it

is NOT a goal.
What was your biggest Lesson
learned in 2022?
What is a personal “Word of the Year”?
 POP QUIZ
1. What type of mirror is used as a side view in a car?
2. Virtual images are always located behind the mirror.
3. Real images are always located behind the mirror.
4. Real images can be projected onto a sheet of paper.
5. What kind of mirror is used by dentists to examine your
teeth?
Geometric Optics
The use of light rays to determine the path of
light when it strikes an object
Incident light: light from a source (e.g. bulb,
sun) that strikes an object
Geometric Optics
 Ray Model of Light
Light rays
→illustrate the travel of light
in a straight line
→arrows show the
source of the light and the
direction of light travel
Wave front- is an imaginary
surface that represents points
in the wave that vibrate.
 Types of Mirrors

Plane mirror: flat

Curved mirror
a. Concave / converging
b. Convex / diverging
Mirrors and Reflection Of
light w on Mi

Revie

rro
rs
Two Types of Mirrors:

1. Plane Mirror- is one with flat surface.

2. Spherical mirror- has a reflecting surface
taken from the surface of the sphere. It
may be concave or convex.
 Flat Mirrors
w on Mi

Revie

rro
rs
Flat/ Plane mirrors form
images via reflection.
Ray Diagram Terminology

 Incident ray – incoming ray that strikes a

surface
 Reflected ray – ray that bounces off a
reflective surface
 Normal – perpendicular line to a mirror surface
 Flat Mirrors
w on Mi

Revie

rro
Object and Image

rs
have:
• Same size
• Same orientation
• Equal distances
from the mirror

The image in a
plane mirror is
laterally reversed.
 Flat Mirrors
w on Mi

Revie

rro
Image formed by

rs
plane mirrors are
always virtual,
upright, the same
size as the object,
located in the same
distance behind the
Virtual image formed
mirror and laterally
behind the mirror and
reversed.
is upright relative to
the object.
Optics Symbol
Actual Mirror Scientific Mirror Symbol

Reflective
surface

Glass Opaque
side

Thin
reflective
surface
Reflection Terminology
Reflection: bouncing back of light from a
surface
Mirror: any polished surface that exhibits
reflection
Ray Diagram Terminology

Angle of incidence –
angle between the
incident ray and the
normal
Angle of reflection –
angle between the
reflected ray and the
normal
Reflection in a Plane Mirror
The Law of “REFLECTION”
The Law of Reflection states that- " the
angle of incidence (incoming ray) equals
the angle of reflection (outgoing ray)"

The law works for FLAT, PLANE

surfaces only.

The angles are measured from a

perpendicular line to the surface called
a NORMAL.

NORMAL
Law of Reflection
 When light reflects off a surface, the angle of
incidence is always equal to the angle of
reflection

i = r
 The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal all lie in the same plane.
Reflection in a Plane Mirror
 Types of Reflection
SPECULAR REFLECTION

Reflection off a
smooth surface

DIFFUSE REFLECTION

Reflection off an
irregular/dull surface
Reflection Terminology
Reflection: bouncing back of light from
a surface
Mirror: any polished surface that
exhibits reflection
Image: a reproduction of an original
object through the use of light
Virtual image: an image formed by light that
does not come from the image location (but it
appears to come from the image)
Brain and the plane mirror

1. Eyes detect reflected

light from a plane
mirror
2. Brain projects light
rays backwards in a
straight line.
Brain and the plane mirror
Result:
•brain thinks there is a light
source behind the mirror
where the light rays originate
•see an image behind the
mirror called a virtual image
Brain and the plane mirror
 Properties of an image

Type Attitude
Upright Inverted
Real Virtual Size (vertical)
Laterally
Inverted
Enlarged Same

Reduced
Type Of Image Form

Virtual - image
appears behind
the mirror
 Virtual Images
Virtual Images are basically images which cannot be
visually projected on a screen.

If this box gave off light,

we could project an image
of this box on to a screen
provided the screen was
on the SAME SIDE as the
box.
You would not be able to project the image of the vase
or your face in a mirror on a screen, therefore it is a
virtual image.
CONCLUSION: VIRTUAL IMAGES are ALWAYS on the OPPOSITE side of
the mirror relative to the object.
Virtual
image
 Type Of Image Form

Real - image
appears in front of
the mirror (could be
projected onto a
screen)
 Real Image
Real Images are ones you can project on to a screen.

For MIRRORS they always appear on the SAME SIDE of the mirror as the object.
The characteristics of the
image, however, may be
different from the original
object. These characteristics
object are:
• SIZE (reduced, enlarged,
same size)
•POSITION (same side,
opposite side)
image •ORIENTATION (right side up,
inverted)
Size of the Image
Enlarged - image is larger than the object
Reduced - image is smaller than the object
Same - image is the same size as the object
a)

b)

c)
Attitude

Inverted Laterally
Upright
(vertical) Inverted

image is image is image is flipped

right-side up upside-down horizontally
Lateral Inversion
Object distance = Image
Distance
Using object-image lines to locate
image in a plane mirror

Solid lines Dashed lines of the same length

Locating an image in a plane
mirror
A. Using Object-Image Lines
B. Using Light Rays (ray diagram)
C. Using both Object-Image lines and Light
Rays (ray diagram)
Using light rays to locate image in
a plane mirror: Step 1
 Identify the top
and the bottom of
the object (label
these “A” and “B”)
Using light rays to locate image in
a plane mirror: Step 2
Draw an incident ray
(starting at point A)
Draw a “normal” where
the incident ray hits the
mirror
Use a protractor to
draw a reflecting ray

(Remember that i =
r )
Using light rays to locate image in
a plane mirror: Step 3
 Repeat step 2 with a
second incident ray at a
different angle
 Draw an incident ray
(starting at point A)
 Draw a “normal” where
the incident ray hits the
mirror
 Use a protractor to draw a
reflecting ray

 (Remember that i = r )
Using light rays to locate image in
a plane mirror: Step 4

 Extend both
reflected rays behind
the mirror until they
intersect (Ai)
Using light rays to locate image in
a plane mirror: Step 5

Repeat steps 2-4

for Point B
Draw the virtual
image using
points Ai and Bi
as a guide
Using object-image lines and light
rays to locate image in a plane mirror:
Step 1
 Identify the top
and the bottom
of the object
(label these “A”
and “B”)
Using object-image lines and light
rays to locate image in a plane mirror:
Step 2
 Draw a line from
point A that is
perpendicular to
the mirror
Using object-image lines and light
rays to locate image in a plane mirror:
Step 3
Draw an incident ray
(starting at point A)
Draw a “normal”
where the incident
ray hits the mirror
Use a protractor to
draw a reflecting ray

(Remember that i =
r )
Using object-image lines and light
rays to locate image in a plane mirror:
Step 4
Extend line A to
point Ai
(equidistant
from point A on
the other side of
the mirror)
Connect point Ai
to your
reflection ray
Using object-image lines and light
rays to locate image in a plane mirror:
Step 5
Repeat steps
2-4 for Point B
Draw the
virtual image
using points Ai
and Bi as a
guide
 Remember:
Image formed by plane mirrors are
always,
-virtual,
-upright,
-the same size as the object,
-located in the same distance behind
the mirror,
-laterally reversed.
 Spherical Mirrors/ Curved Mirrors

Next…

Spherical Mirrors
(concave & convex)