Unit 1: Overview of Campus  Noah Webster

Journalism Writing for newspapers, magazines, or other publications.

 Fraser F. Bond
Introduction to Journalism Journalism involves all forms of sharing news and opinions with public.

THE EVOLUTION OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM  Covers events and ideas of public interest and the responses they
inspire.
 Journalism came from the late Latin word “diurnalis” which means “daily.” School Paper Advisers (City Schools of Manila): A Fun School Activity
 In Middle Ages of Europe (5 th – 15th Century AD), journals were books which Where Students
listed the time of daily prayers.
 In 17th Century, journal referred to “personal diary.” Collect, organize, and present news.
 In 18th Century, journal mean “daily newspaper.”
 In late 20th Century, the electronic media became part of journalism.  Journalism is anything that contributes in some way in gathering, selection,
 In 21st Century, journalism has been further enhance with the advent of social processing of news and current affairs for the press, radio, television, film,
networking medium. cable, internet, etc.
 The earliest known journalistic product was a news sheet circulated in ancient
Rome called the Acta Diurna in the year before 59 BCE. Journalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting
 A bao, or “report,” was issued to government officials as a court circular in China news regarding current events, trends, issues and people. Those who practice
during Tang dynasty. journalism are known as journalists.
 In 1609, the first publishes newspapers appeared in Antwerp Germany.
 In 1622, the first English Newspapers, the Weekly news was published. Journalism is defined by Denis Mc Quail as paid writing for public media with
reference to actual and ongoing events of public relevance.
Definition
JOURNALISM CAN ALSO BE DEFINED AS

HOW DO YOU DEFINE JOURNALISM?  The collection and editing news for presentation through the media.
 Writing characterized by a direct presentation of facts or description of events
According to Robert Niles, journalism is defined as writing that informs readers about without an attempt at interpretation.
real events they may not have known about.  Writing designed to appeal to current popular taste or public interest.

OTHER DEFINITIONS OF JOURNALISM JOURNALISM…

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 About unearthing facts and studying cases which can take mother or years. It
 As a craft Journalism involves specialization in on area (editorial, design, aims to inquire upon a single topic of interest or news story, which can vary
printing) for the reporters and the sub-editors. from crime to corruption.
 As a profession, it is markedly different from other established professions like
medicine, law, management or teaching.  Photojournalism
 Journalism lacks a distinct knowledge base or universal code of ethics, with A pictorial presentation of news where words and pictures are used. It holds
varying views on its role as public service, entertainment, industry, or the potential of elucidating even the simpler overlooked issues in a though-
propaganda tool. It is a profit-driven trade, relying on regular publication to provoking manner.
attract advertisers and readers, with news as its primary product.
 Celebrity Journalism
TYPES OF JOURNALISM: MEDIUM OF DELIVERY OR MEDIA SUBJECT MATTER Connected to news and events related to celebrities from the entertainment
OR THEME world.

Types of Media Journalism  Developmental Journalism

It aims to explore the impact of rural development in the country and highlights
 Broadcast Journalism the concerns of those who are still deprived of their rights and basic amenities
Media platform that disseminates recent happenings. It can range from news and need the government’s attention.
stories, bulletins, and documentaries to other factual programs.
 Sports Journalism
 Print Journalism All about news and related content about facts and statistics of a particular
Most traditional type of journalism that is mainly concerned with the practice of sport event.
reporting news and related content through newspaper, magazines, and
periodicals.  Medical Journalism
The dissemination of health related information through different types of media
 Online Journalism sources.
It is also known as Digital Journalism is a contemporary form of journalism
where conveying the content or news is distributed via the internet. Common Media Forms
TYPES OF JOURNALISM BASED ON THEME
 Print Media
 Investigative Journalism Print media are traditional mass media published on paper. It includes not only
the published products but also regards the organizational context shaping the
journalistic routines and norms behind the printed products
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 Identifying an author’s point of view helps you appreciate and understand
 Broadcast Media different perspectives.
Broadcast media involves electronically and simultaneously sending
information containing signals, print messages, and audio or video content to  Create media responsibly
a vast group of recipients using television, radio, newspaper, magazines and Recognizing the power of your own point of view, sharing your opinion and how
digital media including the Internet, emails and texts. you want to say it, and understanding that your voice has and will have an
impact somehow helps you choose what to say sensibly and responsibly.
 Internet Media
The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for  Identify the role of media in our culture
information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction Different forms of media create different sets of information, and it is your job
between individuals and their computers regardless of geographic location. to treat them accordingly.

Overview on Media Literacy  Understand the author’s goal

What does the author want you to take away from a piece of media? It is purely
informative, is it trying to change your mind, or is it introducing you to new ideas
 According to Common sense media, Media literacy is the ability to identify you’ve never heard of? When you understand what type of influence something
different types of media and understand the messages they’re sending. It has, you can make informed choices.
provides a framework to access, analyze, and evaluate and create messages
in a variety of forms – from print to video to the internet. MEDIA LITERACY KEY QUESTIONS

MEDIA LITERACY HELPS YOU  Who Created This?

Was it a company? Was it an individual? (If so, who?) Who was it a comedian?
 Learn to think critically Was it an artist? Was it an anonymous source? Why do you think that? (If so,
With contemplation, you decide whether the messages make sense, why who?)
certain information was included, what wasn’t included, and what the key ideas
are.  Why Did They Make It?
Was it to inform you of something that happened in the world (for example, a
 Become a smart consumer of products and information news story)? Was it to change your mind or behavior (an opinion essay or a
It helps you to determine whether something is reliable, and the “persuasive how-to)? Was it to make you laugh (a funny meme)? Was it to get to buy
intent” of advertising and resist the techniques marketers use to sell products. something (an ad)? Why do you think that?

 Recognize point of view  Who Is the Message For?

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 Is it for kids? Grown-ups? Girls? Boys? People who share a particular interest? Purpose: Keep officials updated with relevant information.
Why do you think that? Continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1911.

 What Techniques Are Being Used to Make this Message Credible or THE FIRST REGULAR NEWS PUBLICATION
Believable?
Does it have statistics from a reputable source? Does it contain quotes from a  Germany and Belgium (1609):
subject expert? Does it have an authoritative-sounding voice over? Is there First regular news publications appeared in these regions.
direct evidence of the assertions its making? Why do you think that?
JOURNALISM IN ENGLISH
 What Details Were Left Out, and Why?
Is the information balanced with different views – or does it present only one  The Weekly News (1622):
side? Do you need more information to fully understand the message? Why do The first news publication in Old English.
you think that?
 The Daily Courant (1702):
How Did the Message Make You Feel? The first daily newspaper.
Do you think others might feel the same way? Would everyone feel the same,
or would certain people disagree with you? Why do you think that?  The history of journalism has been characterized by a continual struggle for
press freedom, with early newspapers facing government opposition through
censorship, restrictions, and taxes. Despite these challenges, rising literacy
History of Journalism in the World rates created a strong demand for news, leading to significant increase in
newspaper publications due to advancements in printing technology, such as
EARLIEST JOURNALISTIC REFERENCE the steam and electric presses. Magazines emerged in the 17th century,
offering opinion pieces on current affairs, with notable early examples including
 Ancient Rome (59 B.C.E.): Tatler and Spectator.
Acta Diurna: News sheet published daily, containing important events and
public speeches.  By the 1830s, magazines targeted a wider audience, including less educated
Displayed publicly throughout the city for citizens to read. readers, and news agencies formed to manage the costs of large-scale news
gathering. Technological innovations like the telegraph, radio, and television
EARLY JOURNALISM IN CHINA further accelerated journalism's speed and reach, providing new channels for
distributing news. The introduction of satellites and the internet in the late 20th
 Tang Dynastic (618-906 A.D.): century revolutionized long-distance transmission of journalistic information.
Bao: Reports distributed to government officials to inform them about current
events. JOURNALISM AS A PROFESSION
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  Pinpin also introduced Hojas Volantes (flying sheets) in 1799, titled "Aviso Al
EARLY ORGANIZATIONS (late 19th - early 20th century): Publico" (Notices to the Public).
 These served as "town criers" for Spaniards.
 1883: England's chartered Institute of Journalists is founded.  The first Filipino newspaper, "Del Superior Govierno," was launched on August
 1933: The American Newspaper Guild forms, serving as both a trade union and 8, 1811, by Gov. Fernandez del Forgueras.
professional organization. Similar professional organizations emerge in France  It mainly reported events from Spain and Europe.
(Fédération Nationale de la Presse Française).  Published only 15 issues from 1811 to 1832

EARLY TRAINING SKILLS  The Philippine liberal triennium (1820-1823) witnessed a surge in publications
criticizing the Church and advocating for Filipino rights. Two notable examples
 Initially, journalists often started as apprentices (copyboys or cub reporters). are La Filantropía (1821-1822), an anonymous publication promoting liberal
 The increasing complexity of news reporting and newspaper operations led to ideals and education, and El Indio Agraviado (1821), a radical response
a demand for specialized training. In-depth reporting on specialized topics defending Filipino intellect against elitist criticisms of expanded freedoms.
(politics, business, economics, science) required reporters with relevant These publications highlight a period of increased press freedom and public
education. discourse in the Philippines.
 In the next two decades, during Spanish rule in the Philippines
JOURNALISM EDUCATION  Early Publications and Government Constraints:
• Newspaper publishing was heavily regulated by the Spanish
 Universities began offering journalism courses. government and Church.
 The University of Missouri (Columbia) offered the first university journalism
course in 1879. • The first notable newspapers during this period were:
 Columbia University in New York City established the first graduate program in  "Semanario Filipino" (1843) – a weekly publication.
journalism in 1912 (thanks to Joseph Pulitzer).  "La Esperanza" (1846) – the first daily newspaper, though it
 By the 1950s, journalism and communications courses were widely available lasted only three years.
in colleges.
 La Esperanza paved the way for:
C. "La Estrella" (1847)
History of Journalism in the Philippines
 D. "Diario de Manila" (1848), which became a dominant publication and later
 The history of journalism in the Philippines began in the 16th century.
served as the government’s daily organ under the name "Boletin Oficial de
 Tomas Pinpin, the "Father of Filipino Printing," launched the first Philippine
Filipinas". This publication ceased circulation permanently in 1898 after
newsletter, "Successos Felices" (Fortunate Events), in 1637.
multiple closures and relaunches.
 Written in Spanish, it was a 14-page report on current events.
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  Notable Developments:  In 1997, the Committee of Concerned Journalists identified and certified the
• "El Catolico Filipino" (1862): Founded by Mariano Sevilla, it was the first principles that underlie journalism.
religious newspaper not managed by the Church. It tackled social and  After 4 years, the group released a Statement of Shared Purpose that identified
religious issues affecting Filipinos. 9 principles.
• "El Porvenir Filipino" (1865): Introduced two-edition dailies, followed by  The 9 principles became the basis for The Elements of Journalism.
*Revista Mercantil* in the same year.
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
 Shift to Liberal and Opinionated Journalism:  The central purpose of Journalism is to provide citizens with accurate and
• The late 19th century marked a transformation toward a more critical reliable information they need to function in a free society.
and mass-oriented press.  This purpose also involves other requirements such as: being entertaining,
• "La Opinion" (1887): Regarded as the first newspaper to openly serving as watchdog, and offering voice to the voiceless.
challenge the Spanish friars and advocate for the separation of Church
and State. Its bold stance reflected the growing discontent among 9 PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
Filipinos under colonial rule.
Journalism’s First Obligation is to the Truth
History of Campus Journalism in the Philippines  Journalism does not pursue truth in an absolute or philosophical sense, but it
can and must pursue it in a practical sense.
 This “journalistic truth” is a process that begins with the professional discipline
 University of Santo Tomas of assembling and verifying facts.
 El Liliputiense (1890)  Accuracy is the foundation upon which everything else is built: context,
 University of the Philippines interpretation, comment, criticism, analysis and debate.
 The College Folio/The Philippine Collegian (1910)
 Philippine Normal University Its First Loyalty is to Citizens
The Torch (1912)  This commitment to citizens first is the basis of a news organization’s credibility;
 University of Santo Tomas the implied covenant that tells the audience the coverage is not slanted for
The Varsitarian (1928) friends or advertisers.
 Ateneo de Manila University  Commitment to citizens also means journalism should present a representative
The Guidon (1929) picture of all constituent groups society.

Principles of Journalism Its Essence is a Discipline of Verification

 Journalists rely on a professional discipline for verifying information.
 This discipline of verification is what separates journalism from other modes of
communication, such as propaganda, fiction or entertainment.
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  Every journalist must have a personal sense of ethics and responsibility–a
Its Practitioners Must Maintain an Independent from those they Cover moral compass.
 Independence is an underlying requirement of journalism, a cornerstone of its  This stimulates the intellectual diversity necessary to understand and
reliability. accurately cover an increasingly diverse society. It is this diversity of minds and
 Independence of spirit and mind, rather than neutrality, is the principle voices, not just numbers, that matters.
journalists must keep in focus.
Features of A Campus Journalist
It Must Serve as an Independent Monitor of Power
 Journalism has an unusual capacity to serve as watchdog over those whose
power and position most affect citizens.  A way with words
 The Founders recognized this to be a rampart against despotism when they  Thorough knowledge
ensured an independent press; courts have affirmed it; citizens rely on it.  Investigative Skills
 Effective Communication Skills
It Must Provide a Forum for Public Criticism and Compromise  Professionalism and Confidence
 This discussion serves society best when it is informed by facts rather than  Persistence and Discipline
prejudice and supposition.  Ethics are important
 Accuracy and truthfulness require that as framers of the public discussion we
not neglect the points of common ground where problem solving occurs.
RA 7079 – Campus Journalism Act and the Press
It Must Strive to Make the Significant Interesting and Relevant Conference
 Journalism is storytelling with a purpose. It should do more than gathering an
audience or catalogue the important. For its own survival, it must balance what
readers know they want with what they cannot anticipate. In short, it must strive WHAT IS RA 7079?
to make the significant interesting and relevant.  An Act Providing for the Development and Promotion of Campus Journalism
and other Purpose
It Must Keep the News Comprehensive and Proportional  A consolidation of Senate Bill 1103 and House Bill 22658
 Keeping news in proportion and not leaving important things out are also  Approved on July 05, 1991
cornerstones of truthfulness.  Approved during the term of Pres. Corazon C. Aquino
 Journalism is a form of cartography: it creates a map for citizens to navigate
society. Section 1: Campus Journalism Act of 1991

Its Practitioners Must Be Allowed to Exercise Their Personal Conscience Section 2: Declaration of Policy

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  It is declared policy of the State to uphold and protect the freedom of the press  Cannot be expelled or suspended.
even at the campus level and to promote the development and growth of
campus journalism. Section 8: Press Conference and Training Seminar
 The Department of Education, Culture and Sports shall sponsor periodic
Section 3 competitions, press conferences and training seminars in which student-
 School editors/writers and teacher-adviser of student publications in the elementary,
o Institution for all learning in all levels compromised of the studentry, secondary and tertiary levels shall participate. Such competitions,
administration, faculty, and non-faculty personnel; competitions, conferences and seminars shall be held at the institutional,
 Student Publication divisional, and regional levels, culminating with the holding of the annual
o Issue of printed materials national elementary, secondary or tertiary School Press Conferences in places
 Student Journalists of historical and/or cultural interest in the country.
o Bona fide Student enrolled in school
 Editorial Board Section 9: Rules and Regulations
o Composed of students journalists  The Department of Education, Culture and Sports in coordination with the
 Editorial Policies officers of the national elementary, secondary or tertiary organizations or official
o Set of Guidelines advisers of student publications, together with student journalists at the tertiary
level and existing organizations of student journalists, shall promulgate the
Section 4: Student Publication rules and regulations necessary for the effective implementation of this Act.
 A student publication is published by the student body through an editorial
board and publication staff composed of students selected by fair and Section 10
competitive examinations.  Tax Exemption. - Pursuant to paragraph 4, Section 4, Article XIV of the
Constitution, all grants, endowments, donations, or contributions used actually,
Section 5: Funding of Student Publication directly and exclusively for the promotion of campus journalism as provided for
 Funding for the student publication may include the savings of the respective in this Act shall be exempt from donor's or gift tax.
school’s appropriations, student subscriptions, donations and other sources of
funds. Section 11
 Appropriations. - For the initial year of implementation, the sum of Five million
Section 6: Publication Adviser pesos (P5,000,000.00) is hereby authorized to be charged against the savings
 Chosen by the school administration from the current appropriations of the Department of Education, Culture and
 Provides technical guidance only Sports.

Section 7: Security of Tenure Section 12

 Must remain an active student to retain a position in the publication staff.
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  Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect after fifteen (15) days following the  health, and technology.
completion of its publication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2)  Writes and edits science news articles.
newspapers of general circulation.
Feature Editor
The Editorial Board  Gives out assignments to feature writers.
 Receives and edits feature articles preparatory to
 submission of the same to the editor-in-chief.
Associate Editor  Writes regular articles or column.
 Edits the articles in cooperation with the editor-in-chief.
 Writes editorials of the organ when requested. Sports Editor
 Prepares assignments of section editors in consultation with the editor-in-chief.  Gives out assignments to reporters to cover sports events in
 Cooperates in the preparation of the layout.  which the school is a participant.
 Writes sports articles unassigned to reporters.
Managing Editor  Edits all sports news articles received preparatory to submission of the same
 A managing editor is a senior-level professional who oversees the daily to the editor-in-chief
operations of a publication's staff and content. They work in print and online
publications, including newspapers, magazines, and newscasts. Literary Editor
 Responsible for managing a publication's literary content, including reviews,
News Editor articles, and books. They may also help edit books directly.
 Assigns reporters to cover events.  Surveys student outputs in My Composition for publication.
 Writes news articles on assignment from the editor-in-chief or  Gives out assignments to literary writers.
 through her own initiative in consultation with the latter.  Edits all literary articles received preparatory to submission of the same to the
 Edits all news articles received preparatory to submission of the same editor-in-chief.
 to the editor-in-chief then to the adviser.
Editorial Cartoonist
Circulation Manager  an artist who creates illustrations that comment on current events or
 A circulation manager in journalism is a senior staff member who personalities in a journalistic context. They are also known as political
 manages the distribution of a newspaper or magazine. They are cartoonists.
 responsible for ensuring that the publication is delivered to readers and  Submits weekly outputs of editorial cartoon about campus and national issues.
 that sales are maintained.  Prepare a portfolio of clippings of editorial cartoons from the newspaper and
magazines.
Science Editor
 Research on the current trends and issues of science, Layout Artist
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  Assigns or causes the assignment of the school's official
 photographer to take pictures on school activities for the month. Funding
 Prepares pictorial articles of the organ in consultation with the  It was claimed that school administrators paralyze the printing of newspapers
 managing editor and editor-in-chief. by withholding publication
 Takes charge of the page makeup of the campus paper.  “Pinakamalaking issue rin talaga na kinakaharap ng mga campus publication
 Labels or properly identifies all pictures made available for ngayun ay defunding. For example kami sa SINAG, wala talaga kaming
 publication. It is suggested that she writes (in pencil) at the back nakukuhang funds.”
 of every picture the event to which a particular picture refers.
 Helps in the preparation of the layout of pictorial stories. Red-Tagging and Harassment Against Various Campus Publications and
 Makes illustrations for feature articles. Organizatinon

Photojournalist OTHER ISSUES

 Submits weekly outputs of photojournalism that
 portrays campus and national issues. Libel
 Coordinates with the layout artists and social media  The publication of writing, pictures, cartoons, or any other medium that expose
 correspondent. a person to public hatred, shame, disgrace, or ridicule, or induce an ill opinion
of a person, and are not true.
Reporters
 Secures the cold and raw facts of the assigned Confidentiality
 event and writes an article out of the same.  Journalists are bound by a code of ethics that does not allow them to reveal
 Receives assignments from the section editors and board of editors their sources of news.
 and accomplishes the same properly and on time.
Copyright
 News cannot be copyrighted, but the actual wording of an account of the event
Issues in Campus Journalism can. A newspaper that wishes to rewrite or quote a copyrighted article
appearing in another publication either buys the copyrighting privileges or
requests permission to quote.
Campus Journalism faces threats of repression  Credit must be given to the original source.
 It is said that the process of publishing stories has been "very bureaucratic and
with strict censorship, "sometimes disallowing students from producing articles Reportorial Ethics
concerning the school and national issues. This was confirmed by SINAG, the  A student of journalism is encouraged to be as open-minded and objective as
student publication of the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy of the possible. This is to prepare him/her to be bee of blas and prejudices, conscious
University of the Philippines-Diliman. or unconscious.
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