International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE)

Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2024, pp. 1078~1087

ISSN: 2252-8822, DOI: 10.11591/ijere.v13i2.26813  1078

Analyzing textbook requirements to create physics learning

resources

Dewi Hikmah Marisda1, Yusri Handayani1, Mutiara Siska Aprilia1, Syamsuriana Basri2, Suhardiman3
1
Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Makassar Muhammadiyah University, Makassar,
Indonesia
2
Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Maros Muslim University, Maros, Indonesia
3
Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Alauddin State Islamic University, Makassar, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: There are no textbooks for developing physics learning tools, the learning
materials are not structured, and students independently collect lecture
Received Feb 10, 2023 materials. This research aims to explore the need for teaching materials,
Revised Nov 25, 2023 especially physics learning device development textbooks. This study used
Accepted Dec 11, 2023 the descriptive qualitative method. This study used an incidental sample of
physics education students from four university representatives who had
completed an online questionnaire. The respondents were 166 people,
Keywords: consisting of 30 students from University A, 27 from University B, 29 from
University C, and 80 from University D. The results showed that the
Learning media research sample required physics learning device development textbooks.
Pedagogical skills The yearly need for physics learning device development textbooks was
Physics learning tools 57.07% in 2018, 59.78% in 2019, and 60.88% in 2020. The percentage of
Prospective physics teacher the indicator of the need for textbooks: 47.20% for learning resources,
Textbooks 37.98% for textbook availability, 84.64% for teaching material students
need, and 67.16% for students interest in physics learning device
development. Therefore, lecturers need to develop practice-based textbooks
in the physics learning device development course.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Dewi Hikmah Marisda
Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,
University of Muhammadiyah Makassar
St. Sultan Alauddin No. 259, 90221, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Physics education is a study program that aims to produce qualified, professional, and highly skilled
graduates of education (prospective physics teachers). The competence of prospective teachers substantially
impacts students learning process [1]. Building the competence of prospective teachers is an urgent need for
success in education [2]. In addition to having qualified academic competencies, prospective physics teachers
must also have pedagogic [3], and social, professional, and personal competencies [4]. By fulfilling these
competencies, prospective physics teachers are expected not only to be able to share knowledge with students
[5] but also to be role models, inspire, see changes far ahead (visionary), and plan what is best for their
students in the future.
Pedagogic competence is one of the competencies that prospective teachers must master [6] because
this competency is the main requirement for organizing effective learning in achieving educational goals [7].
Pedagogic competence in managing, designing, and implementing learning [8], evaluating learning
outcomes, and developing students to actualize their various potentials. Pedagogic competence is generally

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Int J Eval & Res Educ ISSN: 2252-8822  1079

considered something that can be learned [9], and tertiary education programs aim to improve prospective
teachers’ professional competence [10].
One of the steps several universities take to produce qualified, professional, and highly skilled
prospective teachers is to provide them with the physics learning devices development course. So far, the
physics learning devices development course has no specific reference book. Students collect information
and lecture materials separately for each material. Some are collected from online references or books.
In fact, for many years, textbooks have become an essential learning resource and are much needed by
students [11]. This is a challenge for lecturers to prepare innovative learning resources [12]. Therefore it is
necessary to develop a physics learning devices development textbook to help students overcome the scarcity
of learning resources [13]. The physics learning devices development textbook will be practice-based and
adapted to the Merdeka Learning Campus Merdeka curriculum, making it easier for students to understand
the material and develop physics learning devices [14]. Textbooks can be used directly by lecturers and
students to mediate educational content and help condition various learning situations [15]. Developing
textbooks that follow the learning outcomes or objectives is an effective strategy for lecturers and teachers to
improve the learning quality [16], [17].

2. RESEARCH METHOD
This research used a descriptive qualitative method. This study describes the need for a physics
learning devices development textbook. This study used an incidental sampling method by taking four
representatives of higher education institutions with physics education study programs. Incidental sampling
finds samples by chance and matches the researcher's criteria [18]. The sample in this study was physics
education students from four university representatives who had filled out an online questionnaire. The
number of respondents is 166 people: 30 people from University A, 27 people from University B, 29 people
from University C, and 80 people from University D. The instruments used in this study were non-test
instruments in the form of observation sheets, interviews, and questionnaires [19], which were distributed
digitally via google form to all respondents.
At the observation stage, the researcher observed the lecture process of the physics learning devices
development course, such as learning strategies or models, teaching materials, and assessments lecturers have
used for the last three years. Interviews were conducted with six physics learning devices development
course lecturers at four different universities in Makassar. The indicators of the interview questions are about
the teaching materials used by the lecturers for the last three years. The interview was an unstructured or
open-type [20], [21]. In addition to interviewing the course lecturers, the researcher randomly interviewed
five university a student. The researcher distributed questionnaires online to complete the acquisition of data
on textbook requirements.
The textbook needs questionnaire has four indicators: learning resources, textbook availability,
teaching materials students need, and students interests in physics learning device developments. The
research instruments (observation sheets, draft interview questions, and questionnaires) were validated before
the use [22]. Apart from being validated, the research instrument was also tested for reliability [23]. The
research instrument is a questionnaire using a rating scale of 1 to 4. Data analysis uses the Aiken formula to
test content validity, Cronbach’s alpha, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to test reliability between
raters. Apart from being validated, the research instrument was also tested for reliability. The result of
Aiken's coefficient measurement is 0.786. These results indicate that the Aiken score is above 0.76, so the
research instrument is declared valid. The reliability value obtained from the Cronbach and ICC alpha
calculations is 0.875, so this instrument can be trusted (reliable). Thus, it can be concluded that the
instrument for measuring textbook requirements for developing physics learning tools has a quite strong
Aiken validity and fairly inter-rater solid reliability.
The data obtained from the respondent’s questionnaires were then analyzed descriptively by
collecting the acquisition data according to the indicators for the need for textbooks in the table. After that,
the researcher classifies the data according to the indicators and descriptions of the sub-indicators, analyzes
the data, and makes conclusions to describe and see the relationship between variables. Data classification
results will be analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis in the form of percentages for each research
indicator. The data from the analysis became the basis for making research conclusions, which is the
importance of developing textbooks for physics learning devices development. The data obtained from the
data classification stage is then analyzed using a percentage calculation with (1), according to previous
studies [24], [25].

𝑛
𝑃 = ( 𝑥100 %) (1)
𝑁

Analyzing textbook requirements to create physics learning resources (Dewi Hikmah Marisda)
1080  ISSN: 2252-8822

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

From the physics learning devices development learning process observations, no textbook
specifically designed by the lecturer is under the learning objectives. So far, students independently search
for and download lecture material online. This is in line with research conducted, which states that if no
textbooks follow the learning objectives in lectures, some students will independently download relevant
material from the internet. However, only a few university students do this [26]. The material is matched with
the details presented by the supporting lecturer at the beginning of the lecture (lecture contract).
From the results of interviews with lecturers and students, information was obtained that textbooks
for the development of physics learning tools, both printed and digital versions, were not yet available in the
physics education study program or department, students used learning resources from the internet by
downloading material one by one. For example, next week's lecture material is learning media at the meeting,
so students are looking for material related to learning media on the internet. There is no complete, structured
material that students or lecturers can easily download online. Apart from the textbook availability, some
students also said that they needed lecture modules, textbooks, and student worksheets in lectures.
In addition to observation sheets and open interviews with lecturers and students, the researchers
distributed online questionnaires through the google form application. The questionnaire has four indicators:
learning resources, textbook availability, teaching materials students need, and students interests in physics
learning device developments. The results of the analysis of calculating the percentage of textbooks needed
for the physics learning devices development course are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 provides an overview of the need for the physics learning devices development textbooks at
four universities in Makassar, represented by three private and one state university. Data on the need for the
physics learning devices development textbook were collected during the last three years (class). Table 1
shows that physics education students need for the physics learning devices development textbook are
increasing yearly (2020). The average percentage score obtained at each university for each batch of textbook
needs is 59.25%. This score shows prospective physics teachers still need the physics learning devices
development textbook. The importance of the position of textbooks in lectures is not only felt in Indonesia.
One study also revealed the vital role of textbooks in lectures at one of the universities in America. Lecturers
are challenged to develop digital versions of textbooks [27].
In detail, the need for textbooks can be broken down into four indicators of the need for textbooks.
These indicators are learning resources, textbook availability, teaching materials students need, and students
interests in physics learning device developments. The data are presented in Table 2.

Table 1. The percentage of needs analysis for physics learning devices development textbook
Percentage (%)/batch The average for each
University category University
2018 2019 2020 generation
Private university A 56.44 59.28 62.24 59.32
B 55.47 57.29 57.18 56.65
C 56.46 59.85 61.20 59.17
Public university D 59.92 62.71 62.92 61.85
The average for each university 57.07 59.78 60.88 59.25

Table 2. Students learning resources in the physics learning devices development course
Percentage (%)/batch The average for each
University
2018 2019 2020 generation
A 46.97 47.73 48.96 47.89
B 42.71 47.50 48.15 46.12
C 45.00 46.21 46.88 46.03
D 46.67 48.33 51.33 48.78
The average for each university 47.20

Based on Table 2, the percentage of learning resources used by students is still deficient, below 50%
at Universities A, B, C, and D. The highest percentage of total learning resources in the physics learning
devices development course is in University D (48.78%). The most dominant learning resource students use
is the internet. These learning resources are downloaded individually (part by part) and are not yet fully
available for one complete course material. There are no student learning resources in the form of printed
textbooks available in study programs or departments. In addition, there is no digital version of textbooks
prepared by the course lecturers. Henderson researched the difficulty and lack of textbooks to cover the
course's needs. Based on a survey of 1,658 undergraduate students, 97% stated that they really needed
teaching materials in lectures, and 86% needed digital teaching materials for easy access [28]. The
availability of textbooks in lectures on the development of physics learning tools is shown in Table 3.

Int J Eval & Res Educ, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2024: 1078-1087
Int J Eval & Res Educ ISSN: 2252-8822  1081

Table 3. Textbook availability in the physics learning device development course

Percentage (%)/batch The average for each
University
2018 2019 2020 generation
A 29.55 32.58 37.50 33.21
B 34.38 37.50 37.96 36.61
C 36.67 39.39 39.58 38.55
D 38.67 48.61 43.33 43.54
The average for each university 37.98

From the results of online questionnaires, the textbook availability for the physics learning device
development was still lacking in the four universities. The lowest percentage of textbook availability was
found in University A (33.21%), and the highest was in D (43.54%). However, the average percentage of
textbook availability was only 37.98%, which is still lacking. Of the four universities used as research
samples, there are no physics learning device development textbooks specifically designed by the course
lecturers. Then the teaching materials needed by students in physics learning device development lectures
can be seen in Table 4.
Table 4 shows the percentage of teaching materials students need in the physics learning device
development course. Of the four research samples, students needed teaching materials for lectures on physics
learning device development. The percentage of student needs tends to be high, above 50%, with an average
percentage of needs of 84.64%. From the open interviews, the teaching materials needed by students,
especially at University C, were teaching modules that contained brief lecture material and practical
examples. University A stated that most students needed teaching materials in the form of textbooks that
were per the objectives of the lectures in the physics learning devices development course, so students no
longer needed to download material one by one from the internet. This can also make it easier for students to
study independently. Likewise, at University D, most students want course textbooks structured according to
learning objectives. This finding is also in line with research conducted by Bhimasta and Suprapto [29] at the
Faculty of Economics at Atmajaya University, Yogyakarta, which found an increase in learning activities and
positive responses from students after developing teaching materials in the form of lecture textbooks [29],
[30]. With lecture textbooks, students can learn more easily and efficiently using time [31]. Students no
longer need to look for material in the library or on the internet if there are textbooks that can cover student
needs. At University B, it is stated that the type of teaching materials students need are student worksheets or
textbooks equipped with student worksheets that can guide students in independent study. An overview of
students learning interest in lectures on developing physics learning tools can be seen in detail in Table 5.

Table 4. Teaching material students need in the physics learning device development course
Percentage (%)/batch The average for each
University
2018 2019 2020 generation
A 81.06 87.12 88.54 85.57
B 86.46 82.50 86.11 85.02
C 81.67 87.12 87.50 85.43
D 76.33 83.61 87.67 82.54
The average for each university 84.64

Table 5. Student’s interests in the physics learning device development course

Percentage (%)/batch The average for each
University
2018 2019 2020 generation
A 68.18 68.70 73.96 70.61
B 58.33 61.67 56.48 58.83
C 62.50 66.67 70.83 66.67
D 78.00 70.28 68.33 72.54
The average for each university 67.16

Table 5 maps students’ interests in Physics Learning Device Development. Students' interest is
included in the medium (intermediate) category in attending lectures on Physics Learning Device Development,
with an average percentage in each university of 67.16%. The highest student interest was at University D
(72.54%), while the lowest was at University B (58.83%). The sub-indicators for students' interest in learning
are the importance of lectures on the Development of Physics Learning Devices for students, the learning
difficulties of the Development of Physics Learning Devices, and learning models and teaching strategies for
lecturers in the Physics Learning Devices Development lectures. An analysis of the need for Physics Learning
Device Development textbooks for each indicator at University A is presented in Figure 1.

Analyzing textbook requirements to create physics learning resources (Dewi Hikmah Marisda)
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100

90 87.12 88.54
81.06
80
73.96
68.18 69.70
70
Persentase (%)

60

48.96
50 46.97 47.73

40 37.50
32.58
29.55
30

20

10

0
student learning availability of textbooks teaching material needs student interest in the
resources subject of developing
physics learning devices
Batch

2018 2019 2020

Figure 1. The need for physics learning device development textbooks in university a for the last three years

Based on Figure 1, the learning resources students use have increased yearly, although the
percentage was insignificant. The dominant learning resource used by students is the internet. Similar
research also explains that students in the digital era are currently using or looking for learning resources
more from the internet. The percentage of using the internet as a learning resource has increased since the
pandemic hit, and learning must be done online [32]. Learning resources for learning device development
courses are not yet available in print or digital versions, study programs, or the physics education department.
The second indicator, textbook availability, has also increased every year. However, the percentage increase
is still below 50%. At University A, there are no textbooks designed by course lecturers under the learning
outcomes of the physics learning device development course. The third indicator, teaching materials students
need, also increases yearly, although the increase is relatively small. Students at University A need textbooks
that provide lecture material in a sequential and structured manner and examples in each material [33], for
example, in the annual learning program material. In addition to brief materials related to the preparation of
the annual learning program in high schools, it is also equipped with several examples of annual programs
made in high schools. It can make it easier for students to practice compiling an annual learning program at
school. The next indicator is students interest in physics learning device development. Figure 1 shows that
students interest in learning each year also tends to increase. According to student admissions, it was
influenced by the learning strategies carried out by the course lecturers. During a pandemic, lecturers in
charge use interesting online learning applications that can increase students learning interest [34].
Learning resources have increased in lectures for students in batch 2019. Then the need for
textbooks for the development of physics learning tools at University B over the last three years is presented
in Table 2. The table shows that students learning resources in physics learning device development courses
have increased over the past three years.
Figure 2 shows that students learning resources in physics learning device development courses
have increased over the past three years. Learning resources have increased in lectures for students in batch
2019. From the interview results, this increase occurred because the lectures were fully online, resulting in

Int J Eval & Res Educ, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2024: 1078-1087
Int J Eval & Res Educ ISSN: 2252-8822  1083

increased online learning resources (from the Internet) used by students. Physics learning device
development courses for the class of 2020 also experienced an increase, but not as significant as the class of
2019 to 2020. A similar phenomenon occurred in China. Since the development of the internet and students
smartphone use, the percentage of learning resources from the internet has also increased [35]. In the second
indicator, textbook availability increased for each generation, but with a relatively small increase. Students
used no subject reference books. Students seek separate material under the lecture contract delivered by the
lecturer. The percentage of needed teaching materials decreased in the 2019 class and then increased slightly
in 2020. The teaching materials that most students expect to organize are student worksheets. According to
students, structured worksheets can help students understand lecture material. This finding aligns with
research on the development of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-oriented student
worksheets. The research explains that having student worksheets oriented to the STEM approach helps
students in learning and can activate learning, efficiently allocate lecture time, and improve students critical
thinking skills [36]. Students interest in physics learning device development fluctuated at University B due
to the pandemic, as seen from students attendance and delays in online lectures. However, during the new
normal period in the class of 2020, students interest in learning slowly increased.

100

90 86.46 86.11
82.50
80

70
61.67
58.33
60 56.48
Percentage (%)

50 47.5048.15
42.71
40 37.5037.96
34.38

30

20

10

0
student learning availability of textbooks teaching material needs student interest in the
resources subject of developing
physics learning devices
Batch
2018 2019 2020

Figure 2. The need for physics learning device development textbooks in university b for the last three years

An overview of the need for textbooks at College C over the last three years is presented in Figure 3.
The description of textbook needs includes four indicators, namely student learning resources, availability of
textbooks, teaching material needs, and student interest in the subject of developing physics learning devices.
Figure 3 shows the percentage of the need for physics learning device development textbooks in
University C for the last three years. There was a relatively small increase in the learning resources indicator,
only around 0.67% in the class of 2019 to 2020. On the textbook availability indicator, the percentages were
almost the same. In the class of 2018 to 2019, there was a slight increase of around 2.72%. The increase from
the class of 2019 to 2020 is 0.19%. At University C, students in each generation also need teaching materials
in the physics learning device development course. Teaching materials that students need are teaching
modules. This is supported by research conducted by McIntyre et al. [37], which explains that the

Analyzing textbook requirements to create physics learning resources (Dewi Hikmah Marisda)
1084  ISSN: 2252-8822

development of printed and digital lecture modules can guide students in independent learning [37]. Apart
from that, other parallel studies state that having lecture modules can overcome students boredom with
learning. Furthermore, lecture modules can motivate students [38]. Meanwhile, the fourth indicator, students
interest in physics learning device development, is excellent. There has been a significant increase in each
class. An overview of the need for textbooks at College D for the last three years, namely in 2018, 2019, and
2020 is presented in Table 4. Table 4 shows the need for textbooks for the indicators of student learning
resources, availability of textbooks, teaching material needs, and student interest in the subject of developing
physics learning devices.

100

90 87.12 87.50
81.67
80
70.83
70 66.67
62.50
Percentage (%)

60

50 46.88
45.00 46.21
39.39 39.58
40 36.67

30

20

10

0
student learning availability of textbooks teaching material needs student interest in the
resources subject of developing
physics learning devices
Batch

2018 2019 2020

Figure 3. The need for physics learning device development textbooks in university c for the last three years

Figure 4 shows the need analysis for physics learning device development textbooks in University D
for the last three years. In the first indicator of learning resources, there was an increase in the percentage.
This increase came from the use of Internet learning resources in lectures. There is no use of specific learning
resources from lecturers who teach the subject yet. However, from interviews, some use books in the D
campus library. However, these books are not physics learning devices development course textbooks. Some
of these books are textbooks for learning media or textbooks on assessing learning outcomes and evaluating
learning. There is also a book on making good and correct question instruments for middle schools. The
indicators of textbook availability fluctuated in the class of 2020. The indicators of students interest in
physics learning device development decreased over the last three batches. research by [39] which explains
the recent decline in student interest in basic physics courses [39] and mechanics courses [40].

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100
87.67
90 83.61
76.33 78.00
80
70.28 69.33
70
Percentage (%)

60
51.33
46.67 48.33 48.61
50 43.33
38.67
40

30

20

10

0
student learning availability of textbooks teaching material needs student interest in the
resources subject of developing
physics learning devices
Batch
2018 2019 2020

Figure 4. The need for physics learning device development textbooks in university d for the last three years

4. CONCLUSION
Based on the need analysis for physics learning device development textbooks, the four universities
used as research samples needed textbooks or specific reference books. In general, the percentage of the need
for textbooks in the last three years is 59.25%, while the yearly need for physics learning device development
textbooks was 57.07% in 2018, 59.78% in 2019, and 60.88% in 2020. The percentage of the indicator of the
need for textbooks: 47.20% for learning resources, 37.98% for textbook availability, 84.64% for teaching
material students need, and 67.16% for students interest in physics learning device development. Therefore, it
is necessary to develop physics learning device development textbooks under the course's learning outcomes.
To accommodate independent learning, the textbook should be practice-based with various examples of the
material application for secondary schools.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Muhammadiyah Central Leadership Diktilitbang Council for
funding the 2022 Muhammadiyah Batch VI Research Grant through the Basic Research scheme with contract
number: 1687.117/PD/I.3/D/2022, November 5, 2022.

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Int J Eval & Res Educ, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2024: 1078-1087
Int J Eval & Res Educ ISSN: 2252-8822  1087

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Dewi Hikmah Marisda is a lecturer at the Physics Education Study Program,

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Muhammadiyah Makassar. She was
appointed as a lecturer at the university in 2015. Her field of education and postgraduate
studies is in the Department of Physics Education, at Makassar State University. She is
passionate about improving the quality of student teaching and learning and their development
in schools and in higher education settings. Her research interests lie in teacher and teacher
education, physics education, higher education, 21st-century teaching and learning, and
school-based assessment. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Yusri Handayani graduated with a master of physics education at Makassar State

University. Currently teaching at the Muhammadiyah University of Makassar with powerful
courses on physics education. Her publication topics are learning models, learning motivation,
and learning outcomes. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Mutiara Siska Aprilia is a student in the Physics Education study program, at

the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Education Science, Muhammadiyah Makassar
University. Becoming a teacher was his dream since childhood. She likes science subjects.
She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Syamsuriana Basri is a lecturer in Physics Education at the Muslim University

of Maros. She is passionate about improving the quality of student teaching and learning and
their development in schools and in higher education settings. Her research interests lie in
teacher and teacher education. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Suhardiman graduated with Bachelor Degree in Physics Education Study

Program at UIN Alauddin Makassar in 2011 and Masters Degree in Physics Education at
UNM Makassar in 2016. Currently Teaches at Physics Education Study Program FTK UIN
Alauddin Makassar, Holds Laboratory Management course and Capita Selekta Education
Physics, Has Participated in Laboratory Field Training held at the National Level, and is
active in carrying out community service (PKM) activities and Assistance related to School
Laboratories in the South Sulawesi Region. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Analyzing textbook requirements to create physics learning resources (Dewi Hikmah Marisda)