Smart Helmet & Intelligent Bike System

Smart Helmet & Intelligent Bike System

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Abstract

A smart helmet is a type of protective headgear used by the rider which makes bike driving safer
than before. The main purpose of this smart helmet to provide safety for rider . This implement by
using advance feature like alcohol detection, accident identification, location tracking, use as a
hands free device, solar powered, fall detection. This makes not only smart helmet but also feature
of smart bike. Its compulsory to wear helmet, without helmet ignition switch cannot ON. A RF
Module as wireless link which able to communicate between transmitter and receiver. If rider
getting drunk it gets automatically ignition switch is locked, and send message automatically to
their register number with their current location. So when accident occurs, it will send message by
GSM to register numbers with their current location by GPS module. It can use to receive call
while driving. The distinctive utility of project is fall detection, if the bike rider fall from bike it
will send message automatically.

Key Words: Biker’s safety, Accident detection and alert system, Smart helmet, Alcohol detection,

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INTRODUCTION:

In recent times helmets have been made compulsory in Maharashtra State. Traffic accidents in
India have increased year by year. As per Section129 of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 makes it
required for every single riding a two-wheeler to wear protective headgear following to standards
of the BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards).In India drunken drive case is a criminal offence of The
Motor Vehicle act 1939. Which states that the bike rider will get punish. In existence bike rider
easily get escaped from law.

These are the three main issues which motivates us for developing this project. The first step is to
identify the helmet is wear or not. If helmet is wear then ignition will start otherwise it will remains
off till helmet is not wear. For these we use FSR sensor. The second step is alcohol detection.
Alcohol sensor is use as breath analyzer which detect the presence of alcohol in rider breathe if it
is exceeds permissible range ignition cannot start. It will send the message to register number.

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Block Diagram:

Helmet Side:

Mq 3 Controller zigbee tx

Solar panel
FSR

Batttery IR Sensor

Bike side:
LCD DISPLAY

Adxl Controller
gps
Zigbee rx

wifi Server

Ignition motor Web

on/off application

Power supply

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Proposed system or working:

We already mentioned that we divide a project in two units namely helmet and bike. In helmet
unit, the force sensing resister is placed on inside upper part of the helmet where actually head was
touched with sensor surface. And alcohol sensor is placed on in front of rider’s mouth. It can sense
easily. Solar panels are mounted on upper side of helmet which is in direct sunlight. And the battery
and regular circuits was fixed inside the helmet. Secondary controller and RF transmitter circuit
was also placed on inside the helmet, antenna are located outside the helmet.

The bike unit is mounted on actual bike. Accelerometer was fixed on bike, for the fall detection.
Our main controller is positioning in to case of bike. And circuit is placed on in handle of bike..
So the gps location sended to web page.

Problem:

The increase in the number of accidents in recent days due to the negligent driving Habits.

Literature Survey:

1.Conference Paper · June 2009 with 64 Reads

DOI: 10.1109/HSI.2009.5091046 · Source: IEEE Xplore
Conference: Human System Interactions, 2009 M. Pieve, F. Tesauri, and A. Spadoni,
This paper will present new concept of HMI for advanced driving assistance system, following
major guidelines in ergonomic field. The major aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of information
provided, creating an user-friendly and immediate interface. The report contains the results of the
study conducted on 20 people in PTW domain by University of Modena e Reggio Emilia - HMI
Group, in order to evaluate the relation between HMI channels (audio, video or both) and the grade
of understanding of information that system would like to communicate to the rider. Experiment
and data analyses contains important conclusions on PTW domain regarding warning
understanding with audio and/or visual feedback.

2 Conference Paper · June 2009 with 107 Reads

DOI: 10.1109/HSI.2009.5091045 · Source: IEEE Xplore.D.Bekiaris,A.Spadoni,and S.I.Nikolaou

In the last ten years, European Commission has deeply investigated the concern of Powered Two
Wheelers (PTW) accidents in the European roads, trying to focus on the improvement of road
safety through the introduction of Intelligence Transportation Systems. Several new European
research projects involving PTWs have been promoted by EC to resolve this gap: SAFERIDER
aiming to enhance rider safety, comfort and, hopefully, reduce fatalities. Four Advanced Riding
Assistance Systems (ARAS, or so called in literature ADAS, with Driver instead of Rider) and
four In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) will be designed, studied and validated to create a
new vehicle concept , with high technical and innovation values. To reach this goal, a priori in-
depth accident analyses are performed to discover causes and most common scenarios leading to
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accidents. Following this, the development of a common architecture able to host ARAS and IVIS
is on progress and will be finalized in the next months. To close the loop between vehicle and
rider, Human Machine Interface (HMI) concepts are designed and implemented in different ways
[1]. A major innovation and breakthrough of the SAFERIDER project, lies with the fact being the
first project that considers the integration of several sub-systems on PTWs

3.. Massimo Cellario, University of Pavia

TS technologies provide vehicles with different types and levels of intelligence to complement the
driver. Information systems expand the driver’s knowledge of routes and locations. Warning
systems, such as collision avoidance technologies, enhance the driver’s ability to sense the
surrounding environment. Driver assistance and automation technologies simulate the driver’s
sensorimotor system to operate a vehicle either temporarily during emergencies or for prolonged
periods. Such new information and control technologies that make vehicles smarter are arriving
on the market as optional equipment or specialty after-market components. These technologies are
being developed and marketed to increase driver safety, performance, and convenience. However,
these disparate components require further significant integration efforts to create a coherent
intelligent vehicle that complements the human driver, fully considering his or her requirements,
capabilities, and limitations. A fully intelligent vehicle must work cooperatively with the driver.1
New, uncoordinated technologies could deliver excessive, competing, or contradictory messages
and demands that might distract, confuse, and overwhelm the driver. This could cause an overload
of the driver’s limited cognitive resources, thereby decreasing the driver’s performance and safety.
An intelligent system senses its environment and acts to reach its objectives. So, its interaction and
communication channels—that is, its interface—greatly influence the type of intelligence it can
display

4. Manjesh N 1 , Prof. Sudarshan raju C H 2 M Tech, ECE-DSCE, JNTUA, Hindupur Email:

[email protected] HOD & Asst. Prof. BIT-IT, Hindupur
A smart helmet is a special idea which makes motorcycle driving safer than before. This is
implemented using GSM and GPS technology. The working of this smart helmet is very simple,
vibration sensors are placed in different places of helmet where the probability of hitting is more
which are connected to microcontroller board. So when the rider crashes and the helmet hit the
ground, these sensors sense and gives to the microcontroller board, then controller extract GPS
data using the GPS module that is interfaced to it. When the data exceeds minimum stress limit
then GSM module automatically sends message to ambulance or family members. Vehicular
communication is the best method for avoiding the collision as well as the traffic congestion.so
here used VANET as network which has self-organizing, movable, more efficient, and
communication establishes in decentralized manner. Here I simulate the VANET network in a two
different scenarios, highway and urban using MAT lab for easy and well known to all.

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METHDOLOGY:

START

Initialize the system

Check ir Check Chec

sensor mq3 k FSR

Sends the data Sends the data Sends the data

to bike side to on to bike side to to bike side
the ignition OFF the ignition damage

End

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Start

Initialize the system

Check Check
the data the
zigbee tx accident

Valid data ignition on and Send data

off

end

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HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

1.Aruino UNO

2.MQ3

3.FSR

4.IR

5.ultrasonic

6.Zigbee

7.ADXL

8.pulse

9.GPS

10.WIFI

11.Relay

12.Motor

13.Solar

14.Battery

SOFTWRE

1.Arduino IDE

2.Adafruit IO

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HARDWARE

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

In every project we need different voltages for different circuits. So we need to construct
different power supply of different voltages employing different voltage transformers, rectifier
circuits, filter circuits and regulator circuits.
This type of construction requires many components (transformers, capacitors,
regulators.......etc.). So the size of the power supply becomes bulky and costly. To overcome above
disadvantages by using regulator IC’S the different voltages (12V, 9V.....etc.) can be obtained with
only one transformer.
The circuit diagram of Dual power supply is shown in the figure 3.1. The function of each
component of the circuit is explained below. The circuit consists of following stages.

1. Transformer
2. Rectifier
3. Filter
4. Regulator

TRANSFORMER:
It is an electrical device which transfers the power from one winding to the other winding
with isolation. All the electronic gadgets work for less voltage (normally 3V to 12V).So a step
down transformer is used, whose function is to step down the AC voltage from 230V to required

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voltage depending on the need. In this project 12V-0-12V is used. The output of transformer is
12V AC which is connected to the diodes for rectification.
RECTIFIER CIRCUIT:
It employs diodes, which converts AC voltage into DC voltage. The output of rectifier
circuit is not a pure DC. It also consists of some AC components, which is called ripples. In order
to remove these AC components, filter circuits are employed. So the output of rectifier circuit is
fed to the filter circuit (capacitor).
FILTER CIRCUIT:
Filter circuit employs electrolytic capacitors in order to remove the AC components. As
we know the capacitor does not allow DC components to pass through it because it offers high
reactance to the DC component. And offers less reactance to the AC component, so all AC
components will be bypasses through the capacitors to ground.
REGULATOR:
Regulator is an electronic circuit whose function is to keep output always constant though
the input is varied. In this project the three terminal IC regulators of 7812 & 7805 is used for
providing output DC voltages. E.g. 7809, the number 78 represents the positive regulator IC and
09 represents the output voltage i.e. output is 12V.

Component List:

SL.NO. Component Specification Value Quantity

Name

1. Transformer Step-down 12-0-12 1

D1 IN4001 1

2. Diode D2 IN4001 1

D3 IN4001 1

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D4 IN4001 1

C1 1000uF,25V 1

3. Capacitors C2 0.01uF 1

C3 0.01uF 1

4. Regulator U1 LM7812 1

U2 LM7805 1

Arduino Uno

Overview
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

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The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line
to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. Revision 3 of the board has the following
new features:
 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new
pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the
voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the
board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate
with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.
 Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno
and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest
in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

Summary ATmega328
Microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage 7-12V
(recommended)
Input Voltage 6-20V
(limits)
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6
provide PWM
output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O 40 mA
Pin
DC Current for 50 mA
3.3V Pin
Flash Memory 32 KB
(ATmega328) of
which 0.5 KB used
by bootloader

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SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's
power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the
POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack,
access it through this pin.
 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V),
or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
 GND. Ground pins.

Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default)
of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

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 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt()
function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.

 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality

 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
 There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the

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USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For
SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to
upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates
using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available .
The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:
 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map
of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Physical Characteristics
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB
connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the
board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160
mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins

NodeMCU v2 WIFI MODULE

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The NodeMcu is an open-source firmware and development kit that helps you to
Prototype your IOT product within a few Lua script lines.
Features:
 Open-source
 Interactive
 Programmable
 Low cost
 Simple
 Smart
 WI-FI enabled

Arduino-like hardware IO
Advanced API for hardware IO, which can dramatically reduce the redundant work for configuring
and manipulating hardware.
Code like arduino, but interactively in Lua script.
Nodejs style network API
Event-driven API for network applicaitons, which faciliates developers writing code running on a
5mm*5mm sized MCU in Nodejs style.
Greatly speed up your IOT application developing process.

Specification:
The Development Kit based on ESP8266, integates GPIO, PWM, IIC, 1-Wire and ADC all in one
board.
Power your developement in the fastest way combinating with NodeMCU Firmware!
 USB-TTL included, plug&play
 10 GPIO, every GPIO can be PWM, I2C, 1-wire

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 FCC CERTIFIED WI-FI module（Coming soon）

PCB antenna

LCD OPERATION:

In recent years the

LCD is finding

widespread use replacing LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other multisegment LEDs). This is due
to the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LDCs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,
Which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LDC, thereby relieving the CPU of the
task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU (or in
some other way) to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

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6.2 LCD pin descriptions:

Pin Description for LCD

The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each pin is given in Table 11.1.
Figure 11.1 shows the pin positions for various sample LCDs.

VCC, VSS, and VEE:

While VCC and VSS provide +5V and ground, respectively, VEE is used for controlling
LCD contrast. RS, register select. There are two very important registers

Inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction
command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display,
cursor at home, etc. IF RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be
displayed on the LCD.

R/W (read/write):
R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it. R/W=1
when reading; R/W=0 when writing.

E(enable):

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The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When data is
supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch
in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns wide.

D0 - D7:
The 8-bit data pins, D0 - D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the
LCD’s internal registers.
To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A - Z, a - z, and numbers 0 - 9
to these pins while making RS=1.
There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or force
the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor. Table 11.2 lists the instruction command codes.
We also use RS = 0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive
information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS = 0, as follows: if R/W = 1,
RS = 0. When D7 = 1 (busy flag = 1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will
not accept any new information. When D7 = 0, the LCD is ready to receive new information.
Note: It is recommended to check the busy flag before writing any data to the LCD.

Pin Descriptions for LCD:

Pin Symbol I/O Description

1 VSS -- Ground
2 VCC -- +5V power supply
3 VEE -- Power supply to control contrast
4 RS I -- RS=0 to select command register,
RS=1 to select data register
5 R/W I R/w-0 for write, R/W=1 for read
6 E I/O Enable
7 DB0 I/O The 8-bit data bus
8 DB1 I/O The 8-bit data bus
9 DB2 I/O The 8-bit data bus
10 DB3 I/O The 8-bit data bus
11 DB4 I/O The 8-bit data bus
12 DB5 I/O The 8-bit data bus
13 DB6 I/O The 8-bit data bus
14 DB7 I/O The 8-bit data bus

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SOLAR PANEL:

Installation
Securely place the solar panel in the sun. Included mounting screws can be used if necessary
for permanent installation. To allow for heat dissipation, use a heat-resistant spacer between
the panel and the surface, such as the rubber washers included.
Installation through 12 Volt DC Plug:

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Plug the 12VDC Plug into the 12 Volt DC socket in vehicle. Make sure both ends are secure
and aligned correctly. For optimal power, ensure the panel (solar cell up) is directly facing
the sun.
Installation to Battery by Alligator Clamps:
Connect the alligator clamps correctly by matching the red clamp which is Positive (+) to the
Positive (+) terminal on your battery. Connect the black Clamp which is Negative (-) to the
Negative (-) Terminal on your battery.
WARNING Alligator clips must be placed on the battery in the aforementioned order. Wrong
connections may cause sparking or explosion.
For optimal power, ensure the panel (solar cell up) is directly facing the sun.

12V 1.3AH Sealed Lead Acid Battery

The 'Online' range of sealed lead acid batteries are maintenance free, valve regulated and
leak proof ideally suited to all 'standby applications'
There will be no loss in power output over the battery life.
Low self-discharge of about 2-3% per month compared with 20-30% for more common
battery systems.
Quality construction with no compromise on materials to ensure a long service life.
Low internal resistance means a high discharge rate.
Wide operating temperature range operating between -15° C to +50 ° C when fully charged.

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Applications

Lighting Equipment
Emergency Lighting
Toys & Consumer Electronics
Fire Alarm & Security Systems

Alcohol Sensor Module - MQ3

This module is made using Alcohol Gas Sensor MQ3. It is a low cost semiconductor sensor which
can detect the presence of alcohol gases at concentrations from 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The sensitive
material used for this sensor is SnO2, whose conductivity is lower in clean air. It’s conductivity
increases as the concentration of alcohol gases increases. It has high sensitivity to alcohol and has

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a good resistance to disturbances due to smoke, vapor and gasoline. This module provides both
digital and analog outputs. MQ3 alcohol sensor module can be easily interfaced with
Microcontrollers, Arduino Boards, Raspberry Pi etc.
This alcohol sensor is suitable for detecting alcohol concentration on your breath, just like your
common breathalyzer. It has a high sensitivity and fast response time. Sensor provides an analog
resistive output based on alcohol concentration. The drive circuit is very simple, all it needs is one
resistor. A simple interface could be a 0-3.3V ADC.
Please review the datasheet for conversions to ppm then Wikipedia.org for BAC.

Board Schematic

Features
 5V operation
 Simple to use
 LEDs for output and power
 Output sensitivity adjustable
 Analog output 0V to 5V
 Digital output 0V or 5V
 Low Cost
 Fast Response
 Stable and Long Life
 Good Sensitivity to Alcohol Gas
 Both Digital and Analog Outputs
 On-board LED Indicator

Technical Data
 Concentration : 0.05 mg/L ~ 10 mg/L Alcohol
 Operating Voltage : 5V ±0.1
 Current Consumption : 150mA
 Operation Temperature : -10°C ~ 70°C

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Pin Out
 VCC – Input Power Supply
 GND – Supply Ground
 DO – Digital Output
 AO – Analog Output

Applications
 Vehicle Alcohol Detector
 Portable Alcohol Detector

Documents
 Datasheet
 Arduino Tutorial in Portuguese
 Wiring Example
 Arduino Breathalyzer
 Another Breathalyzer
 bildr Tutorial

FSR 406 39.6MM SQUARE FORCE SENSING

RESISTOR - ECONOMY
The FSR 406 model is a single-zone Force Sensing Resistor optimized for use in human
touch control of electronic devices such as automotive electronics, medical systems, and in
industrial and robotics applications. FSRs are two-wire devices. They are robust polymer
thick film (PTF) sensors that exhibit a decrease in resistance that corresponds inversely with
increase in force applied to the surface of the sensor. It has a 39.6mm square active area and
is available with one of four connection options.

Features:

 Actuation force as low as 0.1N and sensitivity range to 10N

 Easily customizable to a wide range of sizes
 Highly repeatable force reading; as low as 2% of initial reading with repeatable actuation
system
 Cost effective
 Ultra thin; 0.45 mm
 Robust; up to 10 million actuations
 TTL compatible and optically isolated input.
 Simple and easy to integrate

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Application:

 Detect and qualify press - Sense whether a touch is accidental or intended by reading force
 Use force for UI feedback - Detect more or less user force to make a more intuitive interface
 Enhance tool safety - Differentiate a grip from a touch as a safety lock
 Find centroid of force - Use multiple sensors to determine centroid of force
 Detect presence, position, or motion - Of a person or patient in a bed, chair, or medical device
 Detect liquid blockage - Detect tube or pump occlusion or blockage by measuring back
pressure
 Detect proper tube positioning
 Many other force measurement applications

Package Includes:

 1 x FSR 406 39.6mm Square Force Sensing Resistor - Premium

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ADXL335 Accelerometer

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The ADXL335 Triple-Axis Accelerometer is a breakout board for Analog Devices

analog 3-axis accelerometer. The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low-power, complete
3-axis accelerometer with signal-conditioned voltage outputs. The product
measures acceleration with a minimum full-scale range of ±3 g. It can measure
the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications, as well as dynamic
acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration.

The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ
capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins. Bandwidths can be selected to
suit the application, with a range of 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, and
a range of 0.5 Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis.

Applications:
 Tilt-sensing applications
 Mobile devices
 Gaming systems
 Disk drive protection
 Image stabilization
 Sports and health devices

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Package Includes:
 1 x ADXL335 Triple-Axis Accelerometer

Specifications:
Low power 350 μA (typical)

Single-supply operation 1.8 V to 3.6 V

Full-scale range ±3 g

G shock survival 10000

Dimensions 3 x 2 x 1cms

Weight 5 grams

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Infrared Object

Infrared Obstacle Avoidance IR Sensor Module (Active Low) has a pair of infrared transmitting
and receiving tubes. When the transmitted light waves are reflected back, the reflected IR waves will
be received by the receiver tube. The onboard comparator circuitry does the processing and the
green indicator LED comes to life. To know sensor working click here
The module features a 3 wire interface with Vcc, GND, and an OUTPUT pin on its tail. It works fine
with 3.3 to 5V levels. Upon hindrance/reflectance, the output pin gives out a digital signal (a low-
level signal). The onboard preset helps to fine-tune the range of operation, the effective distance
range is 2cm to 80cm
Features:

1. Easy to assemble and use

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2. Onboard detection indication

3. The effective distance range of 2cm to 80cm
4. A preset knob to fine-tune distance range
5. If there is an obstacle, the indicator lights on the circuit board.

Package Includes :
1 x Infrared Obstacle Avoidance IR Sensor Module (Active Low)

Xbee pair

Features

• Baud rate setting command module supports different baud rates to suit
different applications 2400 -4800-9600-19200- 38400-57600- 115200
• Works on ISM band (2.4 GHz)

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• Designed to be as easy to use as cables.

• No external Antenna required.
• Plug and play device.
• Works on 5 DC supply.
• Range 100 Mtrs
• TTL Outputs
RELAY:

This Board can be used to Control Solonoids,Motors etc.

• Input Logic -5v level from MUC.
• Interfaced with Transister 547.
• Input Pin connected to Burg stick.

Neo 6M GPS Module

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The new NEO 7 series introduces the Ublox Neo 6M GPS Module, a highly
sensitive and low-power module offering 56 channels for precise position
updates at a rate of 10Hz. Featuring a protective moulded plastic case, this
module is perfect for aerial applications on aircraft or quadcopters, shielding it
from the elements.

The Ublox Neo 6M GPS Module is a comprehensive GPS solution based on the
Ublox Neo 6M technology. It seamlessly i ntegrates with Arduino to provide
accurate GPS data. This module utilizes cutting-edge Ublox technology to deliver
optimal positioning information. Equipped with an external GPS antenna and
UART TTL connections, it ensures reliable connectivity. Additional ly, the onboard
rechargeable li-ion battery enables quick hot starts and faster GPS lock
acquisition.

With its exceptional binary output precision, the UBlox NEO 6M GPS
Module Engine is highly reliable and suitable for indoor applications due to its
remarkable sensitivity. The onboard battery allows configuration settings to be
stored in EEPROM. The UFL connector facilitates easy connection with the GPS
antenna using a cable, offering flexibility in module placement for optimal
performance. This makes it an excellent choice for automotive and other mobile
GPS applications.

The NEO-6M GPS module is a robust GPS receiver featuring a built -in ceramic
antenna measuring 25 x 25 x 4mm, enhancing its satellite search capabilities.
The power and signal indicators provide real-time module status monitoring.
Thanks to the data backup battery, the module can preserve data even in the
event of accidental power loss. With its convenient 3mm mounting holes,
assembly on aircraft becomes effortless, enabling steady flight at fixed positions,
automatic return home, and waypoint navigation. Alternatively, it can be
integrated into smart robot cars for automatic return or navigation towards
specific destinations, transforming them into intelligent bots.

This updated module is fully compatible with the Ardupilot Mega v2 flight
controller, expanding its compatibility and functionality.

NOTE: NEO-6M GPS Module is NOT COMPATIBLE with APM 2.8 FLIGHT
CONTROLLER.

Features:
 5Hz position update rate
 Operating temperature range: -40 TO 85°CUART TTL socket
 EEPROM to save configuration settings
 Rechargeable battery for Backup
 The cold start time of 38 s and Hot start time of 1 s
 Supply voltage: 3.3 V
 Configurable from 4800 Baud to 115200 Baud rates. (default 9600)

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 SuperSense ® Indoor GPS: -162 dBm tracking sensitivity

 Support SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN)
 Separated 18X18mm GPS antenna

Applications:
 Connectivity between machines
 Industrial tanks
 Agricultural irrigation systems
 Manufacturing robotics

check out : L80 GPS Shield

Package Includes:
 1 x Neo 6M GPS Module

Neo 6M GPS Module Specifications:

Input Voltage 2.7 - 3.6V

GY-GPS6MV2 Ceramic
Model
antenna

Mounting Hole Diameter 3mm

9600 Baud default

Baud Rate (Configurable from 4800 to
115200 Baud)

Antenna size 18 * 18mm

Module size 23mm * 30mm

Cable 20mm

Weight 50 grams

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L293D and DC MOTOR

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12v motor drive clockwise and anti-clockwise with rpm of 30.

SOFTWARE
Arduino IDE

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Arduino is an open-source project, enabling hobbyists to easily take advantage of the powerful
Atmega chips. The Arduino IDE is the software where you can write code and upload it to the
Atmega chip. The code is then executed on the chip.
Most 3D-printer electronics are Arduino-compatible, they use the Atmega chip and enable the user
to upload their code using Arduino. This includes Megatronics, Minitronics and RAMPS.
Before you can start using the electronics you need software 'firmware', that translates machine
instructions (gcode) into actual movements. There are a few options here, including Marlin and
Sprinter and Repetier. The actual firmware is not discussed in this document. You can use Arduino
to upload this firmware onto your electronics. This document will guide you in the steps you need
to take.
To upload a firmware, you must first open the files using File → Open. Select the.ino file from the
directory containing the firmware. Arduino will open several tabswith files.
Next step is to select the correct electronics board. From the Tools menu, locate the Board item.
This item should include a few sub items, including Megatronics, Minitronics, Arduino mega 2560
(RAMPS with mega 2560) and Arduino Mega 1280 (RAMPS with mega1280). Select the board
that fits your electronics.
Also we need to select the serial port the electronics is connected to. In the Tools menu, locate the
Serial port item. This should include at least one item if the board is connected and the drivers are
installed properly. If there are multiple items here, you need to find out which is the correct one
by unplugging the board and checking which port was removed.

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Once you have set the board and serial port, you can upload the firmware bypressing File →
Upload. Arduino will try to compile the firmware, if any errors occurthe process will stop and you
will need to fix the errors before trying again. Oncecompilation is complete, the actual upload will
start. This may take a minute for alarge sketch.Arduino
You can actually 'talk' to the firmware using the Serial monitor. Make sure the correct serial port
is selected and locate the Serial monitor button.

This will open a new window:

Make sure the line ending is set to newline and the baud rate corresponds to your
firmware (115200 mostly), or you will get jibberish. You can enter a command in
the upper box (M105 for example), this will result in response from the firmware.
The temperature in this case

WEB APPLICATION

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Adafruit IO
Overview
Adafruit IO is a system that makes data useful. Our focus is on ease of use, and allowing simple
data connections with little programming required.
IO includes client libraries that wrap our REST and MQTT APIs. IO is built on Ruby on Rails,
and Node.js. Adafruit IO is currently in beta. If you would like to join the beta, head over toi
o.adafruit.com to sign up (http://adafru.it/eZ8).
Please keep in mind that Adafruit IO is still in the beta testing stage. There will be bugs!
Click Here to Submit a Bug or Feature Request
http://adafru.it/em2
The client libraries are a work in progress. Please check back often for updates.

Getting Started
If you haven't already, log into your Adafruit account and then head over to io.adafruit.com
(http://adafru.it/fsU) and click onthe 'JOIN THE BETA LIST' button. We are slowly adding new
beta users to help test Adafruit IO, and we will eventually openit up to everyone on the list.
Once you have been invited to the beta test, open up io.adafruit.com and you will be sent to a
welcome dashboard.

Check out the following guides to understand the basics of creating a feed and a dashboard:
Adafruit IO Basics: Feeds (http://adafru.it/ioA)
Adafruit IO Basics: Dashboards (http://adafru.it/f5m)
Also check out the projects page (http://adafru.it/iQB) for a list of projects and examples to help
understand the service.

Continue on reading this guide to learn about the client libraries that are available to send and
receive data with Adafruit IO.
In addition you can learn about the protocols that Adafruit IO uses and how to use them with your
own client code.

Client Libraries
The Adafruit IO client libraries greatly simplify interacting with the server. We have a few libraries
built out already:
Arduino (http://adafru.it/iQC)

Step #0 - adafruit.io key and feeds

Before you can go crazy with Internetting your Things, you will need to do a little light config
work to get adafruit.io ready for you.

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To do this we'll introduce three new terms

Account username - This is the name of your account, which you set when creating
your adafruit account.
Key - this is a long, unique identifier that you use to authenticate any devices using
your account. This is your password! Keep it safe! You get one key per account,
but you can, at any time revoke and regenerate your key.
Feed - this is basically a set of data that you can read or write from like a sequential
file. There is some history stored with feeds, with MQTT you cannot access historical
data (REST does support it) but you can add data and you can receive the latest
added data.

Where to find your username

You can find your username by visiting https://accounts.adafruit.com/ (http://adafru.it/dyy)
and logging in. Your username is right there!

Where to find your adafruit.io key

Visit https://io.adafruit.com (http://adafru.it/tCt) and look in the top left. You will see a little
navbar with a yellow key
Click it to see your key. If you regenerate your key, your old key will no longer be valid and
you'll need to update all your projects!

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Create your first two feeds

You can read up on how to do this here
https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-io-basics-feeds (http://adafru.it/ioA)
Once you've read that. Go to your feeds page and create two feeds
1. photocell - this feed will store light data from your device to adafruit.io
2. onoff - this feed will act as an on/off switch, sending datat o your device from
adafruit.io

Create a dashboard
Like feeds, this has its very own, excellent tutorial. Read all about it here
https://learn.adafruit.com/create-an-internet-of-things-dashboard-with-adafruit-dot- io
(http://adafru.it/iWe)
Once you've read it, create a dashboard with a gauge connected to photocell

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Use a thin type gauge with min value 0 and max value 1024 (this could store a 10 bit value)

Arduino
On an Arduino there are two different libraries you can use to access Adafruit IO. One library is
based on the REST API, andthe other library is based on the MQTT API. The difference between
these libraries is that MQTT keeps a connection to theservice open so it can quickly respond to
feed changes. The REST API only connects to the service when a request is made
so it's a more appropriate choice for projects that sleep for a period of time (to reduce power usage)
and wake up only tosend/receive data. If you aren't sure which library to use, try starting with the
Adafruit MQTT library below.

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Adafruit MQTT Client Library

To use Adafruit IO with the MQTT protocol on an Arduino you can use theA dafruit MQTT
Arduino library (http://adafru.it/fp6).
This is a general-purpose MQTT library for Arduino that's built to use as few resources as possible
so that it can work withplatforms like the Arduino Uno. Unfortunately platforms like the Trinket
3.3V or 5V (based on the ATtiny85) have too littleprogram memory to use the library--stick with
a Pro Trinket or better!The Adafruit MQTT library currently supports the following networking
hardware/platforms:
Adafruit CC3000 (http://adafru.it/iRa)
Adafruit FONA (http://adafru.it/dFz)
ESP8266 Arduino (http://adafru.it/eSH)
Generic Arduino Client Interface (http://adafru.it/fpb) (including Ethernet shield and similar
network hardware)
To install the library you can use the Arduino library manager (http://adafru.it/flm) or download
the library fromGitHub (http://adafru.it/fp7) and manually install it (http://adafru.it/dNR).
On some platforms the Adafruit MQTT library uses the hardware watchdog to help ensure sketches
run reliably. You'll needto install the Adafruit SleepyDog sleep and watchdog library
(http://adafru.it/fp8), again using either the Arduino librarymanager or with a manual install.
Finally make sure you have any required libraries for your network hardware installed, such as the
CC3000library (http://adafru.it/cFn) or FONA library (http://adafru.it/dDC).
Once the library is installed open or restart the Arduino IDE and check out the example code
included with the library. Theseexamples show the basic usage of the library, like how to connect
to Adafruit IO, subscribe to receive changes to a feed, andhow to send values to a feed.

PubSubClient MQTT Library

Another popular MQTT library for the Arduino is the PubSubClient MQTT library
(http://adafru.it/e1W) and it works great toaccess Adafruit IO. Note that the library only works
with networking libraries that support the Arduino Client interface. Thismeans the library will
work with the Ethernet shield, CC3000 or even ESP8266 Arduino, but not the FONA platform
becauseit does not have a Client interface.
Below is a small example that shows using the PubSubClient library with the CC3000. To use this
you will need theA dafruitCC3000 library (http://adafru.it/cFn) and PubSubClient library
(http://adafru.it/e1W) installed in Arduino.Note that you'll need to change the following #define
configuration lines at the top to fill in your wireless AP connectiondetails and Adafruit IO
username, key, and feed name:
#define WLAN_SSID "... your WiFi SSID..."
#define WLAN_PASS "... your WiFi password..."
#define ADAFRUIT_USERNAME "... your Adafruit username (see accounts.adafruit.com)..."
#define AIO_KEY "... your Adafruit IO key..."

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#define FEED_PATH ADAFRUIT_USERNAME "/feeds/feed-name/"

The FEED_PATH is the path to publish or subscribe to for interacting with a feed. Notice that the
path starts with the
Adafruit account name and is followed by "/feeds/feed-name" (where "feed-name" is the name of
the feed.

Adafruit IO REST Client Library

The Adafruit IO Arduino library (http://adafru.it/fpd) is a simple library for sending and receiving
the latest value for a feed.
This library uses the send (http://adafru.it/iRb) and last (http://adafru.it/iRb) Adafruit IO REST
API calls and takes care of allthe work to use the Adafruit IO REST API.The REST client library
supports the following networking platforms/hardware:Adafruit CC3000 (http://adafru.it/iRa)
Adafruit FONA (http://adafru.it/dFz)
ESP8266 Arduino (http://adafru.it/eSH)
Generic Arduino Client Interface (http://adafru.it/fpb) (including Ethernet shield and similar
network hardware)
To install the library you can use the Arduino library manager (http://adafru.it/flm) or download
the library from
GitHub (http://adafru.it/fpd) and manually install it (http://adafru.it/dNR).
Finally make sure you have any required libraries for your network hardware installed.

Advantages:
Detection of accident in remote area can be easily detected and medical services provided in
short time.
Simply avoiding drunken drive by using alcohol detector. it will reduces the probability of
accident
Operates on solar as well as battery supply.
Application:
It can be used in real time safety system.
We can implement the whole circuit into small module later.
Less power consuming safety system.
This safety system technology can further be enhanced in car and also by replacing the helmet
with seat belt.

CONCLUSION

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The outcomes of the project have showed that the bike ignition will start if the helmet is worn. So,
it will automatically decrease the effect from accident and it can avoid bike from being stolen.
Arduino lilypad is good in controlling all the system and the sensors. Executing the wireless system
which Radio Frequency Module to send signal from helmet unit to the bike unit. Due to this
wireless connection is better than wired link.

Reference Papers

1. M. Pieve, F. Tesauri, and A. Spadoni, “Mitigation accident risk in powered two wheelers
domain: Improving effectiveness of human machine interface collision avoidance system in
two wheelers,” in Proc. 2nd. Conf. Human Syst. Interact., Catania, Italy, May 21–23,
2009, pp. 603–607.
[2] E.D.Bekiaris,A.Spadoni,and S.I.Nikolaou, “SAFERIDER project: New safety and comfort
in powered two wheelers,” in Proc. 2nd Conf. Human Syst. Interact., Catania, Italy, May 21–23,
2009, pp. 600–602.
[3] A.Barón and P.Green, Safety and Usability of Speech Interfaces for In - Vehicle Tasks
While Driving: A Brief Literature Review Tech. Rep. UMTRI-
2006-5, 2006.
[4] M.Cellario,“Human-centered intelligent vehicles: Toward multimodal
interface integration,” IEEE Intell. Syst., vol. 16, no. 4, p. 78, Jul. 2001.
[5] F.Bellotti, “COMUNICAR: Designing a multimedia, context -aware human-machine
interface for cars,” Cogn., Technol. Work, vol. 7, p. 36, 2005.

6. Safety measures for “Two wheelers by Smart Helmet and Four wheelers by Vehicular
Communication” Manjesh N 1, Prof. Sudarshan raju C H 2 M Tech, ECE-DSCE, JNTUA,
Hindupur Email: [email protected] HOD & Asst. Prof. BIT-IT, Hindupur International
Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 NATIONAL
CONFERENCE on Developments, Advances & Trends in Engineering Sciences (NCDATES-
09th & 10th January 2015)

[7]. Smart Helmet with Sensors for Accident Prevention Mohd Khairul Afiq Mohd Rasli, Nina
Korlina Madzhi, Juliana Johari Faculty of Electrical Engineering University Tecnology
MARA40450 Shah Alam Selangor, [email protected])

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[8]. A Solar Powered Smart Helmet With Multifeatures Mr.P.Dileep Kumar1, Dr.G.N.Kodanda
Ramaiah2 Mr.A.Subramanyam3, Mrs.M.Dharani4 International Journal of Engineering
Inventions e-ISSN: 2278-7461, p-ISSN: 2319-6491 Volume 4, Issue 10 [June 2015] PP: 06-11)
[9]. A Smart Safety Helmet using IMU and EEG sensors for worker fatigue detection Ping Li,
Ramy Meziane, Martin J.-D. Otis, Hassan Ezzaidi, REPARTI Center, University of Quebec at
Chicoutimi Chicoutimi, Canada Email: [email protected] Philippe Cardou REPARTI Center,
Laval University Quebec, Canada Email: [email protected])
[10]. ISSN 2319 – 2518 www.ijeetc.comVol. 4, No. 2, April 2015© 2015 IJEETC.
[11]. Sudarsan K and Kumaraguru Diderot P (2014), “Helmet for Road Hazard Warning with
Wireless Bike Authentication and Traffic Adaptive Mp3 Playback”, International Journal of
Science and Research (IJSR), Vol. 3, No. 3, ISSN (Online): 2319-7064.
[12]. Vijay J, Saritha B, Priyadharshini B,Deepeka S and Laxmi R (2011), “Drunken Drive
Protection System”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 2, No. 12,
ISSN: 2229-5518.
[13]. Harish Chandra Mohanta, Rajat Kumar Mahapatra and Jyotirmayee Muduli(2014)”, Anti-
Theft Mechanism System with Accidental Avoidance and Cabin Safety System for Automobiles”,
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES), Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 56-62.

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