THE INDIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

Grade 8 – Information Communication Technology

Unit 1: Types and Components of Computer System

Learning Outcome

● 1.1 Hardware and Software

● 1.2 Main Components of computer system
● 1.3 Operating system
● 1.4 Types of computer
● 1.5 Emerging Technologies

1.1 Hardware and Software

1.1.1 Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of the computer system such as the keyboard,
mouse, monitor, and motherboard and so on. Hardware is of two types:

HARDWARE

INTERNAL EXTERNAL
HARDWARE HARDWARE

Internal Hardware is any device that is installed within the computer system. Few
examples of internal hardware are listed below:

Motherboard is a printed circuit board that allows the processor

and other computer hardware to function and communicate with
each other. A typical motherboard consists of thin layers of copper or
aluminium printed onto a sheet of non-conductive material. These
form the circuit between the components, in addition to the sockets
and slots available to connect the other components.

Video card (also called as graphics card/adapter, display card/adapter)

is an integrated circuit that generates the video signal sent to a
computer display such as the monitor. Video cards are usually made up
of:
 ● A processing unit.
● Memory unit (usually RAM).
● A cooling mechanism.
● Connections to a display unit.

Sound Card is an expansion card that provides the computer with

the ability to produce sounds. It accepts digitalized audio signals and
converts it to analog signals that can be played on a computer’s
speaker. Sound card also allows the user to record sound input from
the microphone connected to the computer and to manipulate
sounds stored on disk.

A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a component, typically a circuit

board or chip that allows connecting with a network. A NIC can
transmit signals at the physical layer and deliver data packets at the
network layer. A MAC address (Physical address) of a device is often
found on a device’s NIC. A MAC address is a 12- digit hexadecimal
number assigned to each device connected to the network.

External hardware is any device that is attached from outside of the computer system
either wirelessly or wired. This topic will be covered extensively in unit 2.

Examples of external hardware

● Input device: Mouse, Keyboard.
● Output devices: Monitor, Projector.
● Secondary storage devices: DVD, Pen drive.

1.1.2 Software
Software refers to a set of
instructions/commands/programs given to the computer system to do a specific task. Software
is divided into two types: System software and Application software.

System Software refers to a program that provides a platform for software, hardware to
run properly and for communication with the computer.

Examples of system software:

● Compiler
● Interpreter
● Linkers
● Device driver
● Operating system
● Utility software

Compiler is a computer program that translates the programs written in high level language into
machine code, which could be used further to perform a required task. The original program is
called source code and the code after compilation is called object code. The compiler takes the
entire program in one go. Example of high level language: Java, Python, C++.
Interpreter is a computer program used for converting high level program statements into
machine codes. It executes the source statements line by line during the execution.

Device Driver enables the

hardware devices connected to the computer to communicate with the computer’s operating
system. All hardware devices connected to a computer have associated drivers. As soon as a
device is plugged into the computer, the OS will look for the appropriate driver. If not found an
error message will be shown. Examples of driver: Printer Driver, CD Driver.

Operating system is defined as a collection of programs that coordinates the operations of

hardware and software.
Examples of operating system: Windows, Linux.

Utility software refers to software that helps in maintaining a smooth and proper functioning of
the computer system. They are programs that help to manage, maintain and control computer
resources. Examples of utility software: Antivirus software, Anti- spyware, File management.

Application software refers to software designed to perform a particular task, typically to be

used by the end users.
Examples of application software are stated below:

Video editing software helps in manipulating the video by arranging or removing the
sections of the video clip, applying colors and filters, creating transitions between the video
clips.
Examples of video editing software: Adobe premiere pro, Pinnacle studio.

Graphics manipulation software allows bitmap and vector images to be changed. Bitmap
graphics editors change the pixel to produce a different image whereas vector graphics
editors manipulate lines, curves.
Examples of graphics manipulation software: Adobe Photoshop, Sketch.

Control and measuring software are a group of software that allows a computer or
microprocessor to interface with the sensor to measure the physical quantities, control
applications by comparing the stored data with the sensor readings and sending out
signals to alter the process parameters.

Word Processing Software used to manipulate text documents such as creating, editing,
spell check, copy and paste.

Applets are small applications that perform single tasks on a device. App refers to software
which can perform specific functions.

Database Management System is used to organize, manipulate and analyze data stored
in one or more tables.

Computer Aided Design can be used to create, manipulate, modify and analyze 2D or 3D
diagrams.

Audio editing software allows a user to edit, manipulate and generate audio data on a
computer.

1.1.3 Analogue and Digital Data

Data in the real world is analogue in nature. Analogue
data is physical data that changes smoothly from one
value to the next and not in discrete steps as with
digital data. Computers can understand data which is
in a binary format. Hence, Analogue to Digital
converter(ADC) should be used as the analogue data
should be converted into digital data for the computer
to process it. Later after processing, the digital data is
again converted into analogue form by Digital to Analogue Converter(DAC) and given to the
user.

1.2 Main Components of computer system

The four main components of the computer system are:

 • Input device
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory Unit: Primary, Secondary
• Output device

Input device refers to any device that helps in providing data to the computer system for
further processing.
Examples of input devices: Mouse, Keyboard.
Central Processing Unit, also known as the brain of the computer, is a portion of the
computer that retrieves and
executes instructions. All major
calculations and comparisons are
made inside the CPU and it controls
the operations of other units like
hard disk, printer, etc. It consists of
three main components.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit: A part

where the actual computation takes
place. It consists of a circuit that
performs arithmetic operations.

Control Unit: It obtains instructions

from the program stored in the main memory ,interprets the instructions and issues signals
that cause the units of the system to execute them and also controls the activities of the
internal and external devices.

Memory Registers:A register temporarily holds frequently used data, instructions, and
memory address that are to be used by CPU. They hold instructions that are currently
processed by the CPU.

Memory Unit is classified as primary memory and secondary memory.

Primary Memory: It is classified as Random-Access Memory and Read Only Memory.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Temporarily stores instructions and machine codes currently being used.
It is also called a volatile memory which means the data stored in the
RAM will be erased when the computer is switched off or restarted. Data
can be written to or read from RAM.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

ROM contains the boot up file which instructs the
computer what to do when it first starts up. This code is referred to as BIOS (Basic Input Output
System). ROM is a non volatile memory which means the data stored in the ROM will not be
erased even when the computer is switched off or restarted. Data can only be read from ROM.

BIOS carries out the following tasks when the computer is turned on
BIOS checks if the hardware devices present are functional and loads the operating
system into RAM.

BIOS stores the date, time, system configuration in a non-volatile chip called CMOS
(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) – which is battery powered.

Internal hard disk is the computer’s main internal storage where application software,
operating systems and files are stored. The computer can read from and write to it.

Output device refers to any device that produces the result of the processed data.
Examples of output devices: Monitor, Printer.

Comparison of Input and Output Devices

Input Device Output Device

Any device that allows a user to enter data or Any device that takes the output data from a
instructions directly into a computer. computer.

It is capable of sending data to another It is capable of receiving data from another

device. device.

It is fairly complicated because it has to It is less complex because they only have to
ensure that the users can interact correctly turn the computer signals into an output.
with the computer.

Backing Storage
To permanently store large amounts of data, it is necessary to use backing storage. Backing
storage can either be fixed or removable.

Comparison of Internal Memory and Backing storage

Internal Memory Backing Storage

RAM contents are lost when the computer is Holds content permanently even when
powered down, ROM contents are only powered down.
readable.
Data access rate is fast. Data access rate is slow.

Data can be read directly by the CPU. Data is not directly accessible by the CPU.

1.3 Operating System

Operating system is a System Software that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware. The operating system does the following tasks:

1.3.1 User Interfaces

Command Line Interface (CLI)
In Command Line Interface, the user has to type in commands to interact with the computer
and to carry out certain operations. This interface is commonly used by programmers,
analyst, technicians who need to have direct communication with the computer.

Examples of command line interface: MSDOS.

Advantages of CLI
● Users can directly communicate with the computer.
● Users are not restricted to a number of predetermined options.

Disadvantages of CLI
● User has to learn the commands
● Each command should be typed using the correct format which takes time.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

In Graphical User Interface, the user can directly interact with the computer without the
need to type in commands. GUI has a feature called WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus,
Pointers). This interface is used by end users who do not have any great knowledge about
how the computer works. Examples of graphical user interface: Windows, Ubuntu.

WIMP
Windows - An area for displaying information.
Icons - A small image used to represent files/folder or applications.
Menus - A list of options or applications which the user can select from. There are two
types of menus: Pop up and drop down.
Pointers - Used to select and open files/applications.

Advantages of GUI
● User does not need to learn the commands.
● It is very user friendly.

Disadvantages of GUI
● Uses more computer memory.
● Limited options available unlike CLI.

Comparison of CLI and GUI

CLI GUI

Interaction with devices is by graphics

Interaction is by typing the commands and visual components and icons

Commands need to be remembered . Has WIMP feature. Hence direct interaction

with the computer without the need to type in
commands.

Less memory is required for storage More memory is required for storage as
visual components are used
Commands has to be entered correctly Spelling and typing errors are avoided as we
operate the computer by clicking on icons.
without spelling mistakes

Touch Screen Interface

Often called post-WIMP, has three features: pinching, rotating and swiping that helps the
user to interact with the computer. Examples of touch screen interface: Windows, MAC OS
and Android OS.

Advantages of touch screen interface

• It saves cost as external devices like keyboard and
mouse are not required
• It gives easy access of applications by pointing on
the icons
• It is very high durability and reliability

Disadvantages of touch screen interface

• Since icons are very small, it might be difficult to select
• Battery operated touch screen consume more power.
• It is difficult for visually impaired people

Dialogue Based User Interface

It is an interface that uses the human voice to
give commands to a computer system. In
modern cars, this interface can be used to
control devices like satellite navigation system,
entertainment systems. At home, using voice
commands, it is possible to switch on/off lights,
operate electronic equipments.

Advantages of Dialogue Based User Interface

● Useful for people with disabilities. They can control the devices at home without having
to move from the place.
● Drivers can control the devices without having to take their hands off the steering wheel.

Disadvantages of Dialogue Based User Interface

● Complex to set up.
● Commands must be given correctly else it has to be repeated several times.
● User should remember the commands

Gesture Based Interface

It is an interface that relies on human interaction by moving of hands, head etc. Either a sensor
or a camera is used to pick up the gesture and a signal is sent to an on board computer to carry
out the required action. Example of this interface is moving a hand near a window switch that
automatically opens a window.

Advantages of Gesture Based Interface

● No physical contact or mechanical input
devices required.
● No training needed to use this interface.

Disadvantages of Gesture Based

Interface
● Works only when the action is done
near the camera or sensor.
● Possibilities of picking up wrong
movements.
● Accepts only limited movement.

1.4 Types of computers

1.4.1 PC/Desktop computers
Personal Computer (PC) or desktop computer usually refers to a general purpose
computer that is made up of a separate monitor, keyboard, mouse and processor unit. It is
used in offices, schools, and homes.

Advantages of PC/Desktop Computers

• The desktop price is cheaper than laptop based on the configuration
• Desktop parts can be replaced easily if it gets damaged
• Easy to upgrade the parts of computer
• Less chances for damages as it fixed in one place

Disadvantages of PC/Desktop Computers

• Need a big space to keep the desktop computer. So, it occupies more space
• Difficult to carry from one place to another place
• Need a separate UPS for power backup
• Many wires are connected with CPU. So the working space become crumpled

.
1.4.2 Mobile computers
Laptop
Laptop refers to a type of computer where the monitor,
keyboard, pointing devices and processor are all together in
one single unit. They are used in offices, homes, schools and for entertainment purposes.

Advantages of Laptop computer

● As all the units are together, they are highly portable.
● They do not require a separate workspace.
● Less usage of wires, hence the workspace is not cramped.

Disadvantages of Laptop computer

● It can be easily stolen.
● It has limited battery life.
● More prone to damage.

Smartphone
A smart phone is a portable device that has the functionalities of a mobile
phone and a computer in a single unit. They make use of a number of
apps that allow the following functions:

● Send and receive the email.

● Surf the net.
● Use of maps to navigate to a location.
● Access to social media.
● Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
● Streaming of videos and music.
● Telephone banking.

Advantages of Smartphone
• Small in size and can be easily carried everywhere
• They can be used for making phone calls and connect to the internet
• Better battery backup compared to laptop
• Can be used as a hotspot to share the internet connection for other external devices

Disadvantages of Smartphone
• Since the size is small, it can be misplaced easily
• It is difficult to operate the phone by old age people as the screen size is small
• It is has less memory space than laptop
• High chances for damaging the phone because of the size of the phone
• Fake apps may contain virus and hacking codes to hack the device

Tablet
It is a computer that is intermediate in size between a
laptop computer and a smartphone. Tablets use touch
screen technology and don’t usually have a conventional
keyboard. Tablets have a series of sensors like
cameras, microphone, and accelerometers. Tablets can be used to listen music, watch movies,
chat with people, Tablet with SIM card for making phone calls, message etc.

Features of tablet:
● Anti-glare and high-definition display.
● Light weight and longer battery life.
● Flash memory and cloud storage.
● Bluetooth connection to peripheral devices.

Advantages of Tablet
● They use solid state technology hence doesn’t generate heat.
● Simple to use and doesn’t require other input devices.
● Highly portable compared to laptop
● Battery life is a longer than laptop

Disadvantages of Tablet
● Limited storage compared to Laptop
● Difficult to type as the display is smaller compared to a laptop.
● Need to install APPs to do certain tasks.
● Fake apps may contain virus and hacking codes to hack the device

1.5 Emerging Technologies

1.5.1 Impact of emerging technologies

Artificial Intelligence
AI (Artificial Intelligence) is a simulation of human intelligence processed by machines. AI
include expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition and machine vision.
AI makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs and perform
human-like tasks. Examples of AI which included from chess-playing to self-driving cars – rely
heavily on deep learning and natural learning process.

Use of AI in day –to – day life:

AI in driverless cars
Driverless cars use AI technology with Deep Learning
which is one of the most advanced AI technologies that
works similarly to human brain. Every piece of data will be
received by the vehicle’s sensor goes through the multi-layered neural network, enabling
analyzing images in a much comprehensive way.

AI in prosthetic limbs
AI rely on electromyography (EMG) signals from the residual
limb muscles for control. Sensors are placed on the skin over the
muscles and when the user contracts the muscles, it is interpreted as electronic signals that are
then converted into commands that control the movements of the prosthetics.

AI in dangerous jobs
AI robots are used in multiple areas, especially where they can
alleviate strenuous tasks or complete missions that are
dangerous for a human to undertake. Robots can work in any
dangerous environment. They can handle lifting heavy loads,
toxic substances and repetitive tasks. This will help the
companies to prevent many accidents. AI robots also used in
medical field for the surgeries.

Positive Impacts:
• AI significantly reduces the errors and increase the accuracy and precision
• Zero risks while using AI. For example, AI robots can be used in defusing a bomb, going
to space, exploring the deepest parts of oceans, earth. AI robots can also be used in
sewage water cleaning process.
• AI machines do not require any break.
• Performance also much accurate and faster

Negative Impacts:
● The initial setup and maintenance host is high. AI needs to be operated on the latest
software and hardware to stay updated to meet the requirements, thus making it quite
expensive
● AI is capable of learning over time with pre-fed data and past experiences. But, it cannot
learn to think outside the box.
● Unemployment rate is increased in many areas because of the introduction of AI.

Extended Reality
Extended reality is the combination of human & computer-generated graphics interaction, which
is in reality as well as the virtual environment. Actually, extended reality is a superset of
Augmented Reality (AR),Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR).

Augmented Reality
Augmented reality is an interactive experience that combines the real world and computer
generated content. The real world is enhanced
with digital details, such as image, text and
animations. The user can experience the AR
world through special goggles or via smart phone
screens.

The features of AR (Augmented Reality)

• Allow the user to experience the
relationship between digital and physical
 worlds
• User can experience the AR world through special goggles, smart phone or phablet
screens
• User can experience of a real-world environment, in which real world objects and
elements are enhanced using computer perceptual information

In the future, AR will have an impact on the following areas:

Safety and rescue operations: For example, a 3D image of an area can be provided
where a rescue operation takes place and give the training to the team with the AR
technology to know about how to plan the rescue operation

Entertainment: For example, AR takes the users into a virtual environment where it is
possible to imagine the characters and interact with the characters like how we interact
with the human.

Shopping: When you buy any product, AR gives you a real time experience how it
looks and works. For example, if you buy a car, you can have a real-time experience
like sitting and drive the car.

Virtual Reality (VR)

Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with scenes and objects that
appear to be real, making the user feel they are
immersed in their surroundings in contrast to AR.
This environment is perceived through a device
known as a Virtual Reality headset or helmet
which allows a 360° view of the virtual world.

Feature of Virtual Reality (VR)

• The ability to take the user out of the
real-world environment into a virtual
environment
• VR gives a 360o view of the virtual world
• VR technology is used in many fields like medicine, engineering, education to learn the
real-time world experience in a virtual environment

Impacts of Virtual Reality

● Training in dangerous situations.
● Effective treatment of phobia.
● More realistic education.

Virtual reality is used in the following areas:

● In military to give training to use a new tank.
● In education (for example to explain the body organs.)
 ● In health care to use as a diagnostic tool.
● In engineering (for example to check how the new design will look.)
● In media to use some special effects.
● In entertainment (games which gives the real time playing experience.)
● In real estate to see the building in 3600 view.
● In business for training courses and role-playing scenarios for staff.

End of chapter questions

1. Complete the following sentences
a. ……………….. is the general term for the physical component that make up a
typical computer system
b. …………………is the general term used for the programs that control the computer
system
c. ………………………… is a software that allow the users to do some specific tasks
d. …………………………. is a software that allow hardware to run properly and to
communicate with the people

2. Identify the interface

Interface
An interface which requires user to type the instructions
An interface which involve human voice to give a command to a
computer system
An interface which allow the user to use the icons to interact with
the computer
An interface which rely on human interactive by moving body parts

3. Compare and contrast between CLI and GUI

4. Explain application and system software with examples
5. Name the four components of the computer hardware
6. Explain dialogue based interface system with its advantages and disadvantages
7. Explain gesture based interface system with its advantages and disadvantages
8. What are the features of Smartphone?
9. State True or False
True False
Desktop computer comes with external hardware
Laptop computer has battery backup
Smart phone screen size is bigger than tablet phone
Desktop computers are portable

10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a tablet computer compared to a
laptop?
11. What is Artificial Intelligence? Give some examples of AI
12. Write the impacts of AI on everyday life
13. Name the three type of extended reality
14. What are features of augmented reality?
15. Explain virtual reality with a suitable example
 Unit 2: Input and Output Devices

Learning Outcomes
● Manual Input Devices
● Direct Data Entry Devices
● Output Devices

Input Devices and their uses

Input devices are hardware that allows data to be entered into a computer. It transfers data
into the computer so that it can be processed.

Types of Input Device:

Manual input devices – the devices that require more of human effort used by people to
enter data into a computer.

Automatic or Direct input devices – enables data to be entered directly, without humans
having to input data manually. The effort taken by the humans to enter the data is less.

2.1 Manual Input Devices

Keyboard
A keyboard is an essential input device that combines a typewriter keyboard with a numeric
keypad. It helps to input text, numbers and symbols.
It may be wired or wireless. In the case of tablets and
mobile phones, the keyboard is often virtual or a type
of touch screen technology. In recent days,
Multimedia keyboards are common as they have
task specific keys & buttons. For example, volume
control buttons.

When the character on the keyboard is pressed, it is converted into a digital signal, which
the computer interprets.

How does the computer recognise a letter pressed on the keyboard?

● There is a membrane or circuit board at the base of the keys.

● The CPU in the computer can then determine which key has been pressed.
● The CPU refers to an index file to identify which character the key press represents.

Uses
• Input the data into computer to process
 • Typing in commands to the computer

Advantages
• Enables fast entry of text into documents.
• Easy to use for the people those have the basic typing knowledge
• Information that the user input instantly appears on the screen. This lets user to check
quickly whether the data entered is correct or incorrect.
Disadvantages
• People with wrist and hand problems can find keyboard painful to use.
• Keyboards are quite large and can take up a lot of desk space.
• Entering data is slow when compared to automatic input devices.

Numeric keypad
Numeric keypad is a small keyboard that only has numbers. It is used to enter numeric data into
computers such as those in ATMs. Most computer
keyboards have a numeric keypad on the right side,
and most mobile phones (they are also computers)
have a one for entering phone numbers, etc. Numeric
keypad is used in ATM to enter PIN and in POS in
case the Barcode system does not work

Advantages
• Numeric keypads are faster than standard
keyboards for entry of numeric data.
• Since many are small devices (e.g. mobile phones), they are very easy to carry around

Disadvantages
• They can be difficult to use, due to very small keys.
• It is difficult to use them for entering text. ∙ Sometimes the order of the numbers on the
keypad isn’t intuitive.

Pointing devices
A pointing device, or sometimes called a pointing tool, is a hardware input device that
allows the user to move the mouse pointer in a computer program or GUI operating
system. It allows user to point at or manipulate any object, or text on the screen. For
example, using a pointing device you could point at and select an icon from a list of icons.

Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a famous cursor control device having a small
palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the
movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU
when the mouse buttons are pressed. It has two buttons called
left and right button and a wheel is present between the
buttons. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to
enter text into the computer.

The optical mouse (where movement is detected by reflected light rather than the position of a
moving ball) and the cordless or wireless mouse (which transmits signals to a USB wireless
receiver plugged into the computer) are in use on modern computers.

Uses
• Opening, closing and minimizing applications.
• Grouping, moving and deleting files.
• Image editing, for example controlling the size and position of a drawing pasted in a
document.
• Controlling the position of a pointer on the screen to allow selection from a menu or
selecting an icon, and for scrolling up and down/ left and right.

Advantages
• It can be faster to select an option using a mouse rather than a keyboard.
• Mouse enables rapid navigation through applications and the internet.
• Mouse is small and so takes up little area.

Disadvantages
• People with restricted hand/wrist movement can find it hard to operate a mouse.
• Mouse is easily damaged and the older type of mouse also quickly becomes clogged up
with dirt.
• They are difficult to use if there is no flat surface readily available

Touch pad
A touch pad is an input device which is found in a laptop computer. As laptop is meant to be
portable, people do not prefer mouse to carry with them
always. By dragging the finger over the surface of
touchpad, sensors underneath detect the movement of
direction and speed. The sensor only reacts to the
fingertip and not for pencil or any other object. There are
always two buttons next to touchpad which are used to
replace left and right button in mouse.

Advantages
• Integrated with laptop. So, it is easy to use
• As it is part of the laptop, it cannot be stolen
• Difficult tasks such as rotating the screen can be easily executed with touch screen

Disadvantages
• Difficult to control the pointer when compared to mouse.
• Touch screens can be damaged by scratches and rigid finger impressions
Track ball mouse
Track ball mouse are not moved for the operations like a normal mouse; instead, they have a
large ball that the user spins to navigate through the computer screens. Tracker-balls are
specially used by people with limited hand/wrist movement as they are easier to use as
compared to a computer mouse. Some mobile phones also make use of tracker-balls for faster
navigation.

Uses:
● Alternative to mouse to prevent RSI.
● Used in an industrial control room environment where it is faster
than a mouse to navigate through process screens.
● Used in luxury cars to select functions such as radio, telephone,
music, satnav and so on.

Advantages
• User can place a trackball on any type of surface
• A trackball mouse has ergonomic advantages because user can move the ball not the
device itself
• The buttons are well placed and it helps in reaching the finger in a proper way

Disadvantages
• Left-hand trackball mouse are not available. So, it is difficult for the left hand users to
operate
• Trackball mouse are expensive than normal mouse
• Trackball mouse requires fine control of the ball with just one finger or thumb
• Difficult to use compared to normal mouse

Remote Control
A remote control is used to control the operation of the devices
remotely by using infra-red signals. The buttons on the keypad are
used to select options (such as television stations, sound levels on a
hifi, timings on a DVD recorder, etc.).

Uses
• Televisions, satellite systems, DVD players and hi-fi systems will
use remote controls to alter functions such as sound volume, on/off, change channels
open the disc drawer, and so on.
• Used to control multimedia systems.
• Used in industrial applications to remotely control processes, stop and start machinery, etc.

Advantages
• Remote controls enable devices to be operated from any distance, which is particularly
useful for people with disabilities.
• Some chemical processes are hazardous, so it is safer to operate equipment from a
 distance.

Disadvantages
• People with limited hand/wrist movement can find them hard to use.
• The signal between the control and the device can be easily blocked.

Joystick and Driving Wheel

Joystick is a pointing device similar to a track ball mouse. It is used to
control the pointer on a screen. A joystick has a handle or sticks which
allow us to move the pointer in a different direction that we want. It
also has the buttons to select different options.

Uses:
• Used in video games to control the characters or objects
• Used in industries to control the machineries
• Used in flight simulators to train the pilots to control the simulated plane.

A driving wheel is similar to joystick in many operations. Wheel allows the user to
operate and control the steering which are associated with
some additional devices like pedals or buttons. Sensors are
used in the wheel to pickup the left/right movement of the
vehicle and control. Driving wheel is used in computer games
and simulators to control the vehicle operations.

Advantages
• Easier and more accurate than joystick to control the
movement of a vehicle.
• It gives the actual driving experience (Especially for the
learners in driving the four wheelers)
Disadvantages
• It is expensive than other input devices
• Movements in the steering are more sensitive

Touch screen as input device

Touch screen is the only device which can be either an input

or output device. Touch screen allow the user to input the
command by pressing or select the icons on the screen. This
minimize the use of mouse and more suitable for use with a
limited amount of options.

Uses:
 • Used in smart phone, Tablet, Laptop, PDA to reduce the use of mouse
• Used in information systems at public places to know about the vehicle information
(Railway stations, airport, bus stations etc)
• Used in bank ATM, Deposit machine, etc to know about the account balance, to
withdraw and deposit money

Advantages
• Fast and easy method to select the options
• Special skills like operating keyboard and mouse are not required as anyone can
select the options on the screen
Disadvantages
• Only limited number of options are available on the screen
• Expensive compared to other input methods
• Touch sensor may not work sometimes due to the dirty on the screen or because
of faulty sensor

Scanner
Scanners are used to enter information from hard copy (for example, text documents,
photographs) into a computer. The most common type is the
flatbed scanner, which is made up of a glass panel and lid.
The hard copy document or photo is scanned by a light
source and produces a computer-readable image.
The subsequent image can then be manipulated using a
drawing package. Images of text can also be used with
optical character recognition (OCR) software to produce
editable text documents.

Uses:
● Scan in old/valuable documents/books, thus protecting the originals, as well as
producing records in case the paper copies are lost/destroyed.
● Scan in barcodes at POS terminals.
Advantages
• Scanned images can be converted as text using OCR with faster and more accurate
than typing the documents
• Scanned images can be stored as backup and can be used at any time
Disadvantages
• Quality of the image is depending on the scanner quality (resolution)
• Scanning time is based on the image resolution. High resolution images will take more
time to scan

Digital Camera
A digital camera is used to take photographs and that are stored as images in a memory card
which is inserted in the digital camera as a storage medium.
The images stored on a memory card (solid-state memory) can be transferred to a computer by:
● directly reading the memory card (by slotting it into a card reader attached to a computer
or a printer)
● connecting the camera to the computer using a USB port or using wireless data transfer
(Wi-Fi or Bluetooth).

Uses:
● To take digital photographs.
● As a reversing aid in a car where small cameras (in the
bumpers) help the driver to see their immediate
surroundings.
● The creation of virtual reality tours around houses,
historical buildings, industrial plants,

Advantages
• Image qualities are high depends on the resolution
• No need to use chemicals while developing films
• The pictures can be directly placed in a word document or in a presentation

Disadvantages
• The photographs may not be of good quality as compared to photographs produced
using chemicals.
• A photographer needs to have professional skills to use digital photographs and edit
them.

Microphone
Working of a microphone
● When sound is created, it causes the air to vibrate.
● When a diaphragm in the microphone picks up the air vibrations, the diaphragm also
begins to vibrate.
● A copper coil is surrounded by a permanent magnet and the
coil is connected to the diaphragm using a cone. As the
diaphragm vibrates, the cone moves in and out causing the
copper coil to move backwards and forwards relative to the
magnet.
● This forwards and backwards motion cuts through the
magnetic field around the permanent magnet, inducing an
electric current.
● The electric current is then either amplified or sent to a recording device. The electric
current is analogue in nature.

Uses:
● Used in video-conferencing or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications.
● Used to input sound in voice recognition software.
 ● To input sound in music, film.

Advantages
• Faster to read in text than to type it in using a keyboard
• No need to use hands if used with voice recognition software
• Makes driving safer if used with mobile phones
• Very cheap to buy

Disadvantages
• Sound files can take up a lot of computer space
• Not as accurate as typing if used with voice recognition software
• Background noise can interfere with voice recognition system

Sensors
A device which detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates or otherwise
responds to it. The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of
a great number of other environmental phenomena. The sensor will then be able to convert the
measurement into a signal that a system can identify.

Uses of Sensors
Temperature Sensor – Used in automatic
washing machines, central heating systems,
automatic glasshouses, ovens.

Pressure Sensor – Used in burglar alarm

systems, washing machines, robotics,
environmental monitoring

Light Sensor – Used in automatic glasshouses, automatic doors,

burglar alarm systems, street lighting control.

Sound/acoustic Sensor – Used in burglar alarm systems, monitoring

liquid and powder flow in pipes.

Humidity/moisture Sensor – Used in automatic glasshouses,

environmental monitoring, used in factories where moisture levels are
crucial (for example, manufacture of microchips, paint spraying).
pH Sensor – Used in automatic glasshouses, chemical processes, environmental monitoring

Advantages
• More accurate when compared to human readings
• Readings are continuous
• Systems can be automatic

Disadvantages
• Faulty sensor give false readings
• Need a separate ADC to convert analog data to digital data.

Light Pens
Light pen is an input device used with CRT Monitor. Light Pen can be used as alternatives to
mice, touch screens or graphics tablets. They are used by directly drawing or selecting icons on
a computer screen. Light pens are reused for selecting objects on a CRT screen.

Advantages
• More accurate than touch screen
• Can be used where there is no space to keep a mouse or
graphics tablet

Disadvantages
• Not as accurate as graphics tablet when used for producing a
drawing
• Can be used only with CRT screen
• Can be quite uncomfortable to use as it has to hold hand raised up for long hours
• Outdated technology

2.2 Direct Data Entry Devices

2.2.1 Card Readers

Magnetic stripe readers

These are used to read information on the magnetic stripe
found, for example, on the back of a credit card or debit card.
The stripe contains useful information, such as the account
number, sort code and expiry date.

Uses
• Credit and debit cards have magnetic stripes that are used by ATMs.
• Security cards for entry to buildings, hotel rooms, etc. use magnetic
stripes.
• Travel systems use magnetic stripes.

Advantages
• Data entry is faster compared with keying in using a keyboard or keypad.
• The system is error free, since no typing is involved.
• The information held on the magnetic stripe is secure because it cannot be read directly
by a person; and, since there is no typing, there is no risk of somebody observing your
key strokes.
• They can prevent access to restricted/secured areas.
• Magnetic stripes are unaffected by oil, water, moisture, etc.
• There are no moving parts, so they are physically very robust.

Disadvantages
• If the magnetic stripe gets damaged (e.g. due to exposure to a strong magnetic field or
excessive use) the data is lost.
• The card needs to be in close contact with the reader, so magnetic stripe readers don’t
work at a distance.
• Since the information is not human readable, this can be a disadvantage in some
applications.

Contactless card readers

It allows customers to pay for items worth up to a certain amount of money without entering their
PIN. The card has a small chip that emits radio waves embedded in them. The card is held
within a close proximity of the reader. The reader picks up the signal from the chip and the
transaction is processed.
How does the contactless card work?
● Customers look out for the contactless symbol on the
payment terminal.
● The shop assistant enters the amount for payment.
● The card reader informs the customer to present their
contactless card.
● The customer holds their card close to the front of the card
reader.
● The terminal display will indicate that the card has been read successfully.

Advantages:
● Faster transaction compared to any other reader
 ● Uses a 128 bit encryption system to protect the data.
● No typing errors.

Disadvantages:
● They are expensive than normal credit/debit card
● Transactions are limited to a maximum value.
● Not safe when the card is lost.

Chip and PIN Readers

Chip and PIN reader is used in many retail outlets for the digital payment. The card is
inserted into the reader. Once it is inserted, it check the details
stored in a small chip in the card and then check for the balance
available in the account. Payment will be made by entering a
PIN.

Uses
Used in many places like shops, restaurants, travel agents etc to pay the amount.

Advantages:
• More secure than magnetic swipe reader.
• Information contained on the chip is hard to clone.
• Can hold more data than magnetic stripes.
• Portable and so can carry the card anywhere.

Disadvantages:
• User may forget the password and so cannot make payments.
• People can look when PIN is being entered. This is called as shoulder surfing.

2.2.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers

RFID is the wireless, non-contact use of radio frequency waves to transfer data and identify
objects, animals or humans. RFID system has three
components which are RFID reader, RFID tags and
antenna. RFID tags allow the users to automatically
and uniquely to identify and track the inventory and
assets. The RFID tag is made up of two components. A
microchip that stores and processes information. An
antenna that is used to receive and transmit
data/information. A passive tag use the reader’s radio
wave energy to relay the information and a battery
powered tag use a small embedded battery to give the power to RFID.
Uses
Live tracking: RFID system can be used to track the movement of animal in a zoo or the
movement of humans while travelling

Retail: An RFID chip is fixed on the goods and can be tracked easily. Many tags can be read at
the same time and faster

Entry in places: To make entry of the people and allow them is faster in the restricted areas.
No need to stand in the queue for a long time

Libraries: Books can be issued faster with automatic in and out tracking system through RFID
system

Advantages:
• Very robust
• No line-of-sight contact is necessary. Can be read from a distance
• Bidirectional data transfer (read and write at the same time)

Disadvantages:
• Difficult to read sometimes due to the signal loss and tag collision
• Expensive than barcode reader
• Easy to hack

2.2.3 Optical mark recognition readers (OMR)

A system which can read marks made in pen or pencils. Typically used to read multiple choice
examinations where students shade in answers. OMR device read the position of the mark from
OMR sheet and compare it with the mark stored in computer memory for the correct answers. If
the positions are not shaded fully, then it reject the answers.

Uses:
● Used in voting forms, multiple choice examination papers
and other forms where responses are registered in the form
of shaded area.
Advantages:
• Extremely fast compared to manual entry
• Very accurate and less chances for errors
• Can save money as there is no need to employ staff to read data

Disadvantages:
• Forms need to be accurately designed
• Cannot read incorrectly filled in forms
• Can only read shaded areas

2.2.4 Optical Character recognition readers (OCR)

It consists of a scanner along with special software. It converts the scanned text into a digital
format which can be edited and formatted later

Uses:
● Processing passport and identity cards.
● Used in Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) systems
in car parks.

Advantages:
• Quick and easy to change product prices
• Very accurate
• Enables automatic stock control

Disadvantages:
• OCR may not be able to recognize the text from different languages
• May not read the damaged texts
• Expensive way to gather information

Comparison of OMR and OCR

A marketing company has decided to get the feedback from the customers about their
products. They have decided to prepare a questionnaire to gain the information from the
customers. When they design a data capture form, they need to consider the features of
OMR and OCR so that it will be easy for them to input the feedback from the questionnaire
to the computer easily and quickly. So, it is better to compare both OMR and OCR before
the form is being designed.
 OMR OCR

• Information obtained from • It reads all the type of answers

the OMR is limited as all the and converts into digital format.
details are pre designed. It So, it is possible to extend the
is not possible to extend the answers.
answers • It even reads the handwriting.
• Answers are in shading the But, it may not read the poor
lozenges. So, it has to be handwriting
shaded completely to read • It shall be used for any type for
and accept
question and answer format as it
• It is ideal for only the multiple
converts all the documents into
choice questions
digital format
• It is more accurate method
• Less accurate method than OMR
for reading data than OCR
as it is difficult to read poor
handwriting and some scratches
on the printed document etc.

2.2.5 Barcode Readers

Barcodes are represented by black vertical bars and are read by a barcode reader.
Barcodes are printed on nearly every product that users buy.
Each product has a unique code. When read, information stored
in the shop's database is recalled, such as the product name and
price. This information later appears on your receipt. The
scanning process also assists in stock management, reducing the
stock by one each time a product is scanned/sold.

Uses:
● Used in supermarkets to read the product details like
product name, rate and expiry of the product
● Used in libraries to read the book details
● Used in medical store to read the medicine details

Advantages
• Fast data entry method compared to keyboard entry
• Less chances for making errors as the details are already stored in the barcodes.

Disadvantages
• Very limited number of characters can be read
• More expensive than other methods of direct data entry
• If there is any damage on the barcode, then the details cannot be read by the reader

2.2.6 Quick Response (QR) code scanner (reader)

QR codes can hold considerably more information than the
more conventional barcodes described earlier. A QR code
consists of a block of small squares (light and dark) known as
pixels. It can presently hold up to 4296 characters (or up to
7089 digits) and allows internet addresses to be encoded
within the QR code. This compares to the 30 digits which is
the maximum for a barcode. However, as more and more data
is added, the structure of the QR code becomes more
complex.

Uses
● Used in advertising products
● Used in apps to pay the bills
● Used as a link to the websites
● QR codes can be used to store Wi-Fi network authentication

Advantages
● Holds much more information than a normal barcode.
● Easy to transmit QR codes either as text messages or images.
● It is also possible to encrypt QR codes, which gives them greater protection than
traditional barcodes.

Disadvantages
● Requires internet connection to process further
● Can be used to transmit malicious code (known as attagging)
● Anyone can create QR code. So, lot of chances for creating fake QR codes to link to
fake websites, fake payment gateway etc.

2.3 Output Devices

Output devices display the result of the computer processed data on the screen as softcopy
(called as temporary output) and in a paper as a printed hard copy (called as permanent
output). Also, few output devices are the part of the control system and signals to process some
commands.

2.3.1 Monitors (Temporary output)

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

CRT Monitor – CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. They are
bulky, heavy monitors which are least expensive. CRT monitors
are used in CAD (Computer Aided Design). Light pens can be
used only with CRT monitors which allow us to created designs
on the screen
How does the CRT monitor works?
A CRT monitor has thousands of tiny red, green and blue phosphor dots which glows when
struck by an electron beam that travel across the screen to create a visible image. In a cathode
ray tube, a heated filament “Cathode” is in a vacuum created
inside a glass tube. The “ray” is a stream of electrons
which is generated by an electron gun that naturally pour
off heated cathode into the vacuum. The CRT screen is
coated with phosphor, an organic metal that glows when
struck by the electron beam.

Advantages
• Produce a larger range of colors than TFT.
• The screen angle is better than TFTmonitors
• Cheaper to buy than TFT monitors
• Can be used with Light pens

Disadvantages
• They are very large and bulky , so it occupies more desk space
• Generates more heat than TFT monitors
• Screen glares when in direct light
• Consumes more power than TFT monitors to operate

LCD Screens
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is a type of flat
panel display which was made with tiny liquid crystals.
LCD display is made up of millions of pixels and the
quality of the display is based on the pixels. A pixel is
made up three subpixels Red, Green and Blue (RGB).
These three color mixed together and make the different
color combinations. The picture is displayed on the
screen when the pixels are rapidly switched on and off
with backlit technology. LCD screens used cold cathode
fluorescent lamps (CCFL) as a back lighting method.

Uses
• Used as main output device in most modern computers
• Used in mobile phones, tablets, laptops and video game devices

Advantages
• Very efficient and low power consumption compared to CRT Monitors
• Light weight and can be carried easily compared to CRT monitors
• Occupies less space
• Good for eyes as it has less flickering than CRT monitors

Disadvantages
• Color will not be displayed properly in the side angle view
• Contrast rate is lower than CRT monitor
• Sometime the backlit may not work properly in LCD screen which results uneven intensity
and shading over the screen

LED Screens
LED screen is made up of tiny light emitting diodes (LED) and the color combination is the mix
up of Red, Green and Blue (RGB) by adjusting the intensity of the diodes. By varying the
electric current sent to each LED, its brightness can be controlled, producing a vast range of
colors. Many monitors and television screens are advertised as LED when in fact they are LCD
screens which are backlit using LEDs.

The reason that LEDs have become increasingly more popular as the method of backlighting is
due to a number of advantages over older CCFL technology:
● LEDs reach their maximum brightness almost
immediately (there is no need to ‘warm up’ before
reaching full efficiency).
● LEDs give a whiter light, which sharpens the image
and makes the colors appear more vivid; CCFL had a
slightly yellowish tint.
● LEDs produce a brighter light which improves the
color definition.
● Screens using LED technology are much thinner than
screens using CCFL technology.
● LEDs last almost indefinitely; this makes the
technology more reliable and makes for a more consistent product.
● LEDs consume very little power which means they produce less heat as well as using
less energy.

Uses
• Used in outdoor displays as the image visibility is better than LCD screens
• Used in all modern devices like smart phone, tablet, laptop, video game devices.

Advantages
• Slim design and light weight
• LED has a long life compared to other lights
• It consumes less power
• It has wider viewer angle which is good for outdoor display
Disadvantages
• Expensive than conventional lighting technologies
• Since LED screen is thin and very light weight, chances for falling down and damage easily
• Contrast ratio is not consistent compared to LCD

2.3.2 Touch Screens as output device

A touch screen is the only device which works as both an input and an output device. You
view the options available to you on the screen (output) and you then use your finger to
touch the option that you have chosen (input).

Uses
• Used in smart phone and tablets to interact with the apps
• Used ATM machines to select the options
• Used in information Kiosks to display the details

Advantages
• Easy and fast method to operate and get the result on the
screen
• No need of additional hardware like mouse and keyboard to
operate the device
• User-friendly method. No need of any special training to use
• Size of the display can be extended if required

Disadvantages
• Limited number of options available
• Screen might get dirty and damage when it is continuously touched over the screen
• It is not good to process large amount of data
• Expensive than normal LCD/LED screens

2.3.3 Multimedia Projectors

A multimedia projector is generally used to display output in bigger size. The data from the
device is magnified and projected onto a large screen using a lens system. The video signal
rides along a special digitalized light that is then projected on thousands of reflectors within the
projector, which then shine the image onto a screen. The operations of the projector are
controlled by a remote control.

Uses
• Used in education field to teach the lessons made in
presentations.
• Used in industries to conduct the meeting
• Used in advertising field to market the product by
displaying in the large screen
• Used in entertainment to watch movies from different
multimedia systems.
Advantages
• Since the screen size is large, presentation can be given for a large number of
audiences in a centralized place
• Enhance the viewer’s experience

Disadvantages
• Expensive to buy
• Lamp life of the projector is based on the hours used. Replacing the lamp is expensive
• Image quality will not be as good as LED display

2.3.4 Printers
Printers are used to produce the computer processed information in the form of printed
documents/ hardcopy. All the type of printers and plotters are considered as permanent
output devices. There are different types of printers to print the data.

Laser Printer
A laser printer is a popular printer that uses a non-impact photocopier technology. This printer
uses a laser and electrical charge model instead of the traditional printing of ink onto paper.
Laser printer read the electric data from the computer and sends the information in the form of
beam onto a drum inside the printer which builds up a pattern of static electricity. This attracts
by a toner (dry powder) onto the paper which is then fused using heat rollers.

Uses
• Used to print large quantities of printing in offices.
• Used in copier machines for the large quantities of photo copying

Advantages
• Produces high quality and large quantity printouts
with low cost
• High speed printer compared to inkjet or dot
matrix printer
• No noise produced while printing. So, it is
suitable for the places like office, hospital etc

Disadvantages
• Expensive compared to inkjet printer
• Color laser toner costs are very high compared to ink tank printers
• Maintenance cost is high
• Produces more heat and consumes more power

Inkjet Printer
Inkjet printers produce high quality printouts especially photos. It
uses ink to produce the print. Inkjet printers are slow page printer
compared to laser printers. Inkjet printers are made up of a print head which consists of nozzles
to spray the droplets of the ink on to the paper to form the characters. It has a black and color
cartridges. This printing head is connected with a belt and a motor operates the belt to move left
and right to print the characters on to the page.

Uses
• Used where the low volume printouts are required. For example, home and small offices.
• Used in photo center to take high quality photo printouts

Advantages
• Tank ink printing cost is cheaper than Laser printers
• Printer cost is cheaper than Laser printer
• Lightweight than Laser printer. Carried around easily

Disadvantages
• Prints slowly. So, it takes time to print large quantity printouts
• It takes time to dry the ink on the printed pages. So, chances for destroying
• Printouts can easily smudge while loading papers into the printer

Dot Matrix Printer

A dot matrix printer is an impact printer that uses printing head with pins to print the characters
on the paper. Printer head used in the dot matrix printer moves back and forth or in an up and
down motion on the page to print. Printing head makes an impact on the paper by striking the
printing pins on the ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper.

Uses
• Used in noisy environment as the dot matrix printer
produce lot of noise
• Used in billing counters to print the bills or receipts

Advantages
• Printing cost is very cheap compared to inkjet or laser
printers
• Carbon Copy printouts can be produced as it is an
impact printer
• Multiple stationary papers can be used to print many pages continuously

Disadvantages
• It is not good for offices or calm environment as it produces high noise while printing
• Printing takes time as it prints the characters line by line
• Printing quality is low as it uses ribbon cloth cartridges
• Printer cost is high compared to inkjet printer
Plotter
A plotter is a type of printer that receives the command from the computer to make line
drawings on the printing surface with one or more automated pens. Plotters draw the continuous
point-to-point lines directly from vector graphic files or commands. Plotters use a pen, pencil or
marker pen to draw the lines. The size of the printing paper will be from A4 to large size. In
industries, plotters use cutting blade instead of pin to cut the materials.

Uses
• Used in industries like construction and manufacturing to
make the big drawings using CAD applications
• Used to make big posters

Advantages
• Produces very high quality printouts
• Produces large size printouts
• Can be used to print with variety of materials like plastic,
cardboard, aluminum etc

Disadvantages
• Plotters need more space as they are big in size
• Cost and maintenance of the plotter is expensive
• Some plotter makes noise while printing
• Difficult to shift from one place to another as it is big and heavy

3D Printer
3D printers are primarily used in computer-aided design (CAD) applications. They are primarily
based on inkjet and laser printer technology and can produce solid objects that actually work.
The solid object is built up layer by layer using materials such as powdered resin, powdered
metal, paper or ceramic.

The following information describes some of the features of 3D printing:

 ● 3D printers use additive manufacturing (i.e. the object is built up layer by layer); this is in
sharp contrast to the more traditional method of subtractive manufacturing (i.e. removal
of material to make the object).
● Direct 3D printing uses inkjet technology; a print head can move left to right as in a
normal printer. However, the print head can also move up and down to build up the
layers of an object
● Binder 3D printing is similar to direct 3D printing, but this method uses two passes for
each of the layers; the first pass sprays dry powder, then, on the second pass, a binder
(a type of glue) is sprayed to form a solid layer.
● Newer technologies are using lasers and UV light to harden liquid polymers; this further
increases the diversity of products which can be made.

Few areas where 3D printer is used:

Architecture: Beautiful and durable models for conception and promotion of
construction industry
Medical: Surgical guides, customized prosthetics and education models for
medical professionals
Food Industry: Prototypes and tools to build or calibrate your machinery in the food
industry.
Chemical Industry: Enlargement of molecular structures and mechanical parts
for laboratory tooling.
Mechanics: Functional prototypes and final products. Masters and mechanical parts to
be machined
Aeronautics: Prototypes and functional production parts for planes, drones and
satellites. Check aeronautics and aerospace applications.
Education: Bridge theory and reality by making objects with 3D Printing. Train the
students to design real products.
Robotics: Custom parts and short series for robotics. Creating robots has never been
as simple as it is with 3D printing.

Steps to create a solid object using 3D printer

• A design is made using CAD (Computer-Aided-Design) software
• The final version of the drawing is imported into the software
• The software make the changes in the drawing format which needs to be understood by
the 3D printer
• 3D printer is configured with the help of software to produce the solid object
• Solid object is made up of layer by layer printing technology. Printing will take time to
produce the final version of the solid object
• The solid object is removed from the printer once it is printed with the final version.
• Final printed object is shaped with removing the unwanted parts in the object.

Advantages
● Products can be customised easily as per the requirements and print
● Takes less time to design and print the final product
 ● Cost of the printing is cheap when compared to print the same product in a conventional
way

Disadvantages
• Expensive to buy
• Some printing materials are rare to get
• Job lose in the industry as 3D printer take many tasks together to produce a material
• If there is any error in designing the model, then all the printed materials become
useless.

2.3.5 Speakers
Speakers produce the sounds from devices like Radio, Tape Record Player, CD/DVD player,
computer, smart phone, tablet, music players. Digital to analogue converted is in-build in the
devices to convert the digital sound to analogue sound. The converted sound is passed through
the amplifier and makes the sound quality to high enough to listen. Volume control are used in
the devices to adjust the sound volume.

The following diagram shows how the sound is converted using DAC:

Uses
• Used in all phones. Mostly speakers are in-built in many devices
• Used in multimedia presentations to produce sounds
• Useful for the visually impaired people who can listen through speakers instead of
reading

Advantages
• Sounds can be increased in speakers and people can hear from any corner of a big hall
• People voice can be amplified and increased the volume to reach high distance
• Creates good digital effect and give a great
experience to the audience to enjoy the party,
movie, concert etc

Disadvantages
• Since it produces high volume, it makes the
noisy environment. People might feel
uncomfortable sometimes
• High quality speakers are expensive to buy.
• Big speakers occupy more space
2.3.6 Actuators
When a computer is used to control devices, such as a conveyer belt or a valve, it usually
necessary to use an actuator to, for example, start/stop the conveyer belt or open/close the
valve. An actuator is a mechanical or electromechanical device such as a relay, solenoid or
motor. We will consider a solenoid as the example; this converts an electrical signal into a
magnetic field producing linear motion.
Uses
Used to control motors, pumps, switches,
buzzers etc
Allow a computer to control the physical
devices that normally require analogue inputs.

Advantages
• They allow remote operation of many
devices (for example, pumps in a
nuclear reactor where remote operation is a big safety factor).
● They are relatively inexpensive devices.

Disadvantages
● They are an additional device in the system that could go wrong.
● Because they are usually analogue devices, computer signals need to be converted
using a DAC to enable computer control.

End of chapter questions

1. In each of the following questions, only one response is correct. Tick the correction answer.

A. Which one the following is most suitable device to enter texts, numbers into computer?
a. Track ball mouse
b. Keyboard
c. Mouse
d. Joystick

B. Which of the following converts the text into digital copy?

a. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
b. Optical Character Reader (OCR)
c. Digital Camera
d. Touch screen

C. Which one of the following is not suitable for Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
a. Choices of voting forms
 b. Multiple-choice answers
c. Reading bardcodes
d. Opinion poll survey

D. Which of the following is an impact printer?

a. Inkjet Printer
b. Laser Printer
c. Dot-matrix printer
d. Thermal printer

E. Which of the following will work as both input and output device?
a. Touchpad
b. Tracker ball
c. Touch screen
d. Joystick

2. Complete the following sentences:

a. ……………………………. is a keyboard which is mostly used in ATM

b. …………………………….. is an input device which converts the hard copy information into
soft copy

c. …………………………… sensor is used in chemical process

d. ……………………….. is used in CRT monitors for CAD application

e. ………………………….. is another type of barcode that made up of matrix of filled-in dark

boxes

3. Match the following

An output device which produce more heat Multimedia projector

An output device use backlit technology Printer

An output devices which produces hard copy CRT Monitor

An output device which displays the image in a large screen LCD Monitor

4. What is the use of Trackball mouse? Give any two advantages and disadvantages

5. Compare and contrast between joystick and driving wheel

6. What is scanner? Give any one advantage and disadvantage of it

7. Explain the working method of a microphone

8. Differentiate between Magnetic strip card reader and Contactless card reader

9. What is RFID? Give any two advantages and disadvantages

10. Compare OCR and OMR

11. Compare Barcode and QR code

12. Name the two types of the monitor

13. Explain LCD screen along with its advantages and disadvantages

14. Give any two use of a touch screen

15. Explain briefly how a page is printed in Laser printer

16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a dot-matrix printer?

17. What are the features of 3D printing?

18. Explain the steps involved in creating a solid object using 3D printer

19. Explain the working principle of a computer speaker

20. What is actuator? Give any two advantages and disadvantages

 Unit 3: Storage Devices and Media
Learning outcome:
Storage devices:
• Magnetic storage devices (HDD, Magnetic tape drive)
• Optical storage devices (CD, DVD and Blu-Ray read/write devices)
• Solid state storage devices (SSD, Pen drive and flash drive)
Storage media:
• Magnetic media ( Magnetic disks and magnetic tape)
• Optical media (CD,DVD and Blu-Ray discs)
• Solid state media (SD, XD and CFast Memory cards)

Storage Devices and Media

All the computers are equipped with a secondary storage devices, which ensure
that the data are stored permanently. Stored data can be used again whenever we
access it.

Storage medium: The physical material that actually holds data is called as storage
medium.
Storage device: The hardware that writes data to, or reads data from a storage
medium is called a storage device.
Examples:

Storage medium Storage device

Floppy disk Floppy disk drive

Compact disc (CD) Compact disc drive (CD drive)

Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) Digital Versatile Disc drive

(DVD drive)
3.1 Magnetic Media and Magnetic Storage Devices
Magnetic storage media use magnetic coated material (iron and nickel alloys) on
the surface of disc or tape. Magnetic storage media and devices store data in the
form of tiny magnetized dots. These dots are created, read and erased using
magnetic fields created by very tiny electromagnets. In magnetic tapes, the dots are
created in long plastic strips and in magnetic discs; the dots are in a circle form.
One of the big advantages of this technology is that the magnetic state of the iron
oxide is permanent unless it is written over again.

3.1.1 Magnetic Tape Drive

Magnetic tape is the oldest method of data storage. It is made up of thin magnetic
coated strips which are wrapped onto a reel and covered by a strong plastic case. It
uses serial access (data can be read in the same order that it was written) with slow
data access time. If you need to access a file, for
example the 7th file in a sequence of files, it needs to
read all the 6 files and then access the 7th file. But,
the data transfer rate is fast. It is useless in real time
or online applications and best suited to offline or
batch processing.

Uses
● Used where large amounts of data need to be
backed up where the speed is not an issue.
● Since magnetic tape has large storage
capacity, it is used in companies for long-term
archiving of data.

Advantages
● It is robust (They do not deteriorate much over time and remain stable).
● Can be used to take regular backup in companies.
● Less expensive compared to the equivalent amount of data stored in HDD.
● Has huge storage capacity.

Disadvantages
● Takes time to access the data.
● Need a separate Magnetic tape drive.
● If you keep the tape near the magnets, the data might be corrupted.
● While updating, another tape is needed to store the final updated version.
3.1.2 Hard Disk Drive
Hard disk drive is a data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using
magnetic storage with one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic
material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving
actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a
random-access manner, meaning that individual data can be stored and retrieved in any
order.

Working of Hard Disk Drive

● Actuators are used to move the read/write
heads.
● A read/write arm swings the read/write
head back and forth across the platter, the
platter is rotating at up to 10000 rpm.
● Each read and write head contains a tiny
magnet which allows the data on the
platter to be read.
● Platters are made from glass, ceramic or
aluminium which are coated in iron oxide.
● There are two read/write heads per
platter.
● Data is stored in concentric, circular tracks, each track is broken up into sectors.
● A map of the sectors is stored on the HDD and is known as File Allocation Table
(FAT), when the computer wants to store new data, it looks at the FAT map to
find out which sectors are free and then moves the read/write heads to the
correct location - this speeds up the writing process.

Uses
● To store operating systems, system software and working data/files.
● Storing application software, file servers for computer networks.
● Used in real time systems.

Advantages
● Fast data access rate and data transfer rate.
● Memory capacity is larger than other storage devices

Disadvantages
● It the computer is not shut down properly, the data might get corrupted in hard
disk drive
● Since it has many moving parts, which can affect their overall reliability.
3.1.3 Portable Hard Disk Drive

Portable hard disk drive is an external storage device which is connected to the
computer using one of the USB ports.

Uses
● Used for transferring data between computers.
● Used as a backup device to prevent data loss.

Advantages
● High storage capacity
● Lightweight and easy to carry as it is portable.

Disadvantages
● If the device is dropped, chances for damage.
● Data transfer rate is not as fast as fixed hard drives.

3.2 Optical media and optical storage device

An optical disc is an electronic storage medium that can be used to read and write the
data on its surface using laser beam light. There are different type of optical discs
namely CD, DVD, Blu-Ray.

3.2.1 CD/DVD Optical Disc

Optical storage devices can be built into a computer or connected externally via a USB
cable. They rely on the optical properties of laser
light, which is used to read data and write data to
the surface of the disc.

The data are stored on the CD or a DVD as a

series of minute grooves which are known as ‘pits’
encoded on these spiral tracks. The areas between
the ‘pits’ are known as ‘lands’. These pits and
lands do not represent the 1s and 0s, rather each
change from pit to land or land to pit and it is
interpreted as 0 while no change is read as 1. The pits and lands are read by a low-
powered laser beam that follows the data stream and reads from the center
outwards in a spiral track.
CD/DVD-R

Here the letter “ R ” represents “Recordable once only” which means you can store
data into a CD or DVD only once. For example, if you store data up to 300 MB in a CD,
the balance of 400 MB of disc space becomes unusable. In the same way, if you store
data up to 2 GB in a single layer DVD, the balance 2.7 GB becomes unusable.
A CD uses a thin layer of an organic material to write the data and a DVD uses a silver
alloy or gold reflector to store the data. A laser beam produces heated and unheated
spots to burn the disc surface.
A CD capacity is 700 to 800 MB and the DVD capacity is 4.7 GB for a single layer DVD
and 8.4 GB for a double layer DVD. When data are stored in a CD/DVD, laser light
burns the surface with dots. In CD, the dots per inch are bigger and in DVD, the dots
per inch are smaller. So, the storage capacity differs even the size of a CD/DVD is
same.
Uses
● Recording music and
files which could be
used at home.
● Transferring data to
other devices.

Advantages
● CD-R and DVD-R are cheaper than RW discs.
● Once burnt, they behave like a ROM.

Disadvantages
● Need a separate drive to read.
● Recordable only once.
● If there is any scratch on the disc, data will not be read.

CD/DVD-RW

RW means “Re-Writable”. In CD-RW or DVD-RW, data can be read and write many
times. The recording layer uses a special phase-changing alloy to read and write data.
The alloy can switch between crystalline and non-crystalline phases by changing its
reflectivity to light depends on the laser beam power. Laser beam light can produce the
spots which can be read by a laser in the form of 0s and 1s.
Uses
● Used in recording files where the files needs to be
updated regularly.
● Can be used in CCTV recordings as the data needs to
be replaced quite often.

Advantages
● Cost effective as data can be erased and recorded many
times.
● Can be used to write different file formats.

Disadvantages
● Expensive than CD-R or DVD-R.
● Chances to erase the data stored in the disc accidently.

CD/DVD-ROM
In CD/DVD ROM, data can be read only which means you cannot edit or erase data
and also you cannot store data once it becomes ROM.
Uses
● CD-ROM are used to store Music, Computer games.
● Software companies use CD-ROM to store the software as it cannot be
altered or deleted.
● DVD-ROMs are used to store higher storage games, software, films
compared to CD-ROM storage.

Advantages
● Cheaper than hard disk drive systems.
● Can store more data than floppy disks.

Disadvantages
● Need a separate drive to read.
● The data transfer rate/ data access time is slower than hard disk.

Double Layer DVD

DVD uses double layering technology which has double storage capacity (8.4 GB) than
a normal DVD (4.7 GB). In double layering, there are two individual recording layers.
These two layers are joined together with a transparent polycarbonate spacer and a
very thin reflector is also sandwiched in between the layers. Read/Write of the second
layer is done by a red laser focusing at a fraction of a millimeter difference compared to
the first layer.

3.2.2 Blu-ray discs

Blu-ray discs are different from CD/DVD in the way they carry out read/write
operations. Blu-ray discs are read from or written to using a blu-ray optical storage
device.

● It uses a blue laser instead of red laser to read or write data.

● Since it uses blue laser, the ‘pits’ and ‘bumps’ are much smaller than the DVD
format. So, it can store more data than DVD.
● Blu-ray comes with a secured encryption method which is useful to prevent the
piracy and copyright issues.
● The data transfer rate for a blu ray disc is 36Mbps.
Uses
● Used to store high definition video files.
● Used in Home Video consoles ( Video games.)
● Used in taking backup of data from PCs.
● Used to store CCTV or Movie footages from Camcorders
.Advantages
● Since it has large storage capacity, can be used to transfer
large files.
● Data transfer and access rate is faster than other optical storage media.

Disadvantages

● Expensive than other optical storage media.

● Need a separate drive which is expensive to buy.
 ● Sometimes encryption problems may occur.
Comparison of Optical Disc Media

Parameters CD DVD Blu-ray

Storage Capacity 700 MB 4.7 GB - Single 25 GB - Single

Layer, 8.5 GB - Layer, 50 Gb -
Double Layer Double Layer

Laser Color Red Red Blue

Data transfer rate 1.41 Mbps 11.08 Mbps 36 Mbps

Recording track pitch 1.6 mm 0.74 mm 0.30 mm

Wavelength of laser 780 nm 650 nm 405 nm

Disc Construction Single 1.2 mm Two 0.6 mm Single 1.2 mm

polycarbonate layer polycarbonate polycarbonate
layers layer

3.3 Solid State Media and Devices

3.3.1 Floating gate and control gate transistors

Floating gate and control gate transistors use CMOS (complementary metal oxide
semiconductor) NAND technology. Flash memories make use of a grid; at each
intersection on the grid there is a floating gate and a control gate arranged as follows:

A dielectric coating separates the two transistors, which allows the floating gate
transistor to retain its charge (which is why the memory is non-volatile). The floating
gate transistor has a value of 1 when it is charged and a value of 0 when it is not. To
program one of these ‘intersection cells’ a voltage is applied to the control gate and
electrons from the electron source are attracted to it. But due to the dielectric coating,
the electrons become trapped in the floating gate. Therefore, we have control over the
bit value stored at each intersection.

3.3.2 Solid State Drive

Solid state drives are new generation of storage device used in computers. SSD
does not have any moving parts or spinning discs. SSD use flash memory which is
managed by the SSD controller to deliver the speed. A USB flash drive or thumb
drive is an example of SSD technology. They use NAND flash memories (millions of
transistors wired in a series on a circuit board), giving them the advantage of having
no mechanical moving parts and therefore immediate access to the data.

Uses
SSD used in many devices like tablet,
laptop, smart phone etc as it is much
thinner and lighter than HDD.
.Advantages
● Since there is no moving parts in
SSD, it last longer than HDD.
● Data access and transfer rate is
faster.
● SSD consumes less power and
heat.
● Lighter than HDD.
.Disadvantages
● SSD has smaller storage
capacity compared to HDD.
● Expensive than HDD.
● Slower writing speed on low-end
models.

3.3.3 Memory Stick/Pen Drive

Memory sticks or pen drives use solid state technology to store large amount of data.
They are connected to the devices through USB ports.

Uses
● Used to transfer files between computers and also used as backup device.
● Pen drives are also used as dongle (a security device) to prevent software
piracy.

.Advantages
● Portable and Small.
● Robust.
● Mostly plug and play ( No need of
additional software to connect this device).
● Not affected by magnetic fields.
.Disadvantages
● Since it is small in size, it is easy to
misplace.
● Chances to lose the data if not ejected properly.
● Cannot write-protect the data or files.

3.3.4 Flash Memory Card

Memory card can be inserted into a device which can read the card or allow data to be
written to the card. There are many available memory card formats, for example:

● XD card (Extreme Digital Card)

● SD card (Secure Digital Card)
● CFast cards (Compact Fast Card)

The XD card is a type of removable memory card

designed for use in digital cameras.

The SD card is a type of very small card with a

very high-capacity memory. SD cards are primarily
used in portable devices such as digital video recorders, digital cameras, audio players,
smart phones and tablets.

CFast cards are primarily used as removable memory for higher-end digital photo and
video Cameras.

Advantages
● Very compact and portable.
 ● Photos can be easily transferred from Camera to other devices.
● Robust.

Disadvantages
● Expensive per GB compared to HDD.
● Less capacity than HDD.
● Files might get corrupted if the card is not inserted properly in the card reader.

3.4 The future of storage devices

In recent times, the main method of transferring files between devices has become the
flash memory as CD/DVD has become obsolete and most of the computer systems
come with USB connectors and not internal CD/DVD drive. Many people now store their
music in the following methods:

● on hard disk drive systems

● in MP3 format in their personal devices
● on cloud as it can be accessed from anywhere

Many television sets are now set up as smart televisions helping people watch or listen
to music with a link to the internet using a wireless connection.

End of chapter questions

1. Tick whether the following are optical, magnetic or solid state

Optical Magnetic Solid State

DVD
Floppy disk
Pen drive
Portable HDD

2. Complete the following sentences related to optical storage device:

a. ………………………… stores high definition movies
b. …………………………. reads and writes the data simultaneously
c. ………………………….. can store data upto 800 MB
d. ……………………………. stores data upto 8.4 GB

3. Math the following

 Areas on a DVD surface where 1s and 0s are stored Memory Cards

Two individual recording layers sandwiched together to Pen drive

form a sign DVD

Technology that make use of floating gates and control Pits and lands
gates

Media that comes in SD, XD or CFast formats Dual Layering

Device that uses solid state memories and plugs into NAND
USB port of a computer

4. Indicate whether the following statement are true or false

True False
A magnetic tape is very thin strip of plastic coated with
magnetic layer
Hard Disk drives stores the data in a small chip
In optical disc data are stored in pits and lands
Storage capacity of a DVD is 800 MB
DVD and Blu-ray discs can be read by a DVD drive
Data stored in pen drive erases automatically if is removed
from the computer

5. Why magnetic tape drives are used for data backup? Give any two advantages and
disadvantages.

6. How does the Hard Disk Drive work?

7. Compare and contrast between Fixed HDD and Portable HDD

8. Compare CD, DVD and Blu-Ray

9. Explain Floating and Control gate transistors

10. State the uses of SSD along with its advantages and disadvantages

11. Differentiate between Pen drive and Memory Card

 Unit 4: Networks and the effects of using them

Learning Outcome
4.1 Network
○ Common network devices (NIC, Hub, Switch, Bridge and Routers)
○ Wi-Fi and Bluethooth
○ Cloud Computing
○ Intranet, Extranet and Internet
○ Network Types (LAN, WAN and WLAN)
4.2 Network Issues and Communication
○ Security (Password and Authentication)
○ Anti-malware
○ Electronic conferencing

4.1 Network
A network is two or more devices that connect together to exchange information. Network
allows sharing files, phones, videos etc from one device to other device or from one location to
another location.

Network size depends on the type such as Local network or Wider network. Computers on the
network use Telephone lines, Cables, Wi-Fi devices and Satellites to connect devices.

Advantages
• All the resources shall be shared via network (Example: Printer, Scanner)
• Cheapest method of communication such as Email, Video calls and chats etc
• Data can be accessed anywhere anytime

Disadvantages
• If the network fails, difficult to access the resources
• Initial setup cost is expensive
• Virus might spread easily via network
• Easy to hack the devices

4.1.1 Common network devices and terms

Network Interface Card(NIC)
A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware component of a computer system which is inbuilt
inside a computer. A physical address of each computer
called MAC address is stored in NIC. It is the unique
address to identify the device.

There are three types of NIC namely Ethernet NIC, Wireless

NIC and USB NIC. Ethernet NIC is either inbuilt with a
computer motherboard or a separate hardware attached to a slot in the motherboard. Wireless
NIC consists of a small antenna where the communication between computers is set up without
wires. An USB NIC shall be connected via USB ports and it is plug and play device. USB NIC
shall be removed easily from the computer and shall be connected with any device.

Media Access Control (MAC) address

MAC address is a unique 48 bit number which uniquely identifies a device when it is connected
to a network. MAC address is provided by the Network Interface Card manufacturer. It is also
known as Physical address of a device. MAC address is a 12 digit hexadecimal number (6 byte
binary number) represented by colon-hexadecimal notation (00: 0a: 83: b1: c0: 8e). First 6 digits
of MAC addresses identify the manufacturer and the second 6 digits are the unique serial
number of the device.

Internet Protocol (IP) address

Every device connected to the internet is given a Unique address called IP(Internet Protocol),
which is a set of rules governing the format of data sent over the local network or internet. There
are two versions of IP:IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is based on 32 bits and IPv6 uses 128 bits.

An IP address is provided by the Internet Service Provider when you apply for an Internet
connection. Every website URL is identified by its IP address. But, it is difficult to remember the
IP address for a website, hence website names are used.

Comparison of IP and MAC Address

IP Address MAC Address

IP address is used to locate the MAC address is used to identify the

device. device.

Can be changed. Cannot be changed.

Provided by the ISP. Provided by the NIC manufacturer.

The length of IPv4 is 32 bits. The length of The length of the MAC address is 48 bits.
IPv6 is 128 bits.

Data Packets
A data packet is a unit of data made into a single package that travels along a given network
path. Packet of data usually has a header with the following information
● The sender’s IP
● The receiver’s IP
● The sequence/identity number of the packet
● Packet size
● How many data packets make up the whole message.
Hub
A hub is a physical layer networking device which is
used to connect many devices or computers in a
wired network through LAN (Local Area Network). A
hub has many ports in which the devices are
connected together. Data packets are transmitted
from one of its ports and broadcast the data to all the
devices that are connected with the hub. So, the hub
is called “Dumb Device”. Data transfer rate is slow in hub and also the security level is very low.

Switch
Switch is an updated version of a hub and it is more efficient when compared to a hub. Like a
hub, the switch also has many ports and the
data is transferred to the devices through a
wired network called LAN (Local Area
Network). There is a table in Switch called
the lookup table, in which all the connected
device’s MAC addresses are registered.
Switch sends the data to the specific devices
or computers by identifying its IP/MAC
address. So, it is called a “Smart Device”.
Data transfer rate is faster and the security
level is high when compared to a hub.

A switch will have an empty table. The

computer’s MAC address is registered as
soon as the computers are connected with
the switch port using LAN cables. When data is transferred from one computer to another
computer, the switch will check the computer’s MAC addresses from the lookup table and send
the data to the specified computer. Using the lookup table, a network switch matches the MAC
address of an incoming data packet arriving at one of its ports, and directs it to the correct
device. The data will be sent to the particular device only. So, the data transfer rate will be much
faster than a Hub.

Note: A hub and switch are used to exchange data within their own local area networks. To
exchange data outside their own LAN, a device needs an IP address.

Bridge
A bridge in a network joins two separate LAN together to make
a single LAN. The network bridge enables the communication
between LANs and provides a way for them to work as a
single network with the same protocol. Bridges cannot be used to connect the devices with
internet.

Router
Router is used to join a LAN to the internet. It routes data packets from one network to another
based on IP addresses.

Router has a routing table that contains the IP addresses of all

the connected devices. When a data packet is received at one
of its ports, the router inspects the IP address and determines
whether the data packet is meant for its own network or an
external network, depending on which the data packet will be
sent either to the local switch or hub or to a different router.
The router does not need the MAC address as the data packet
will be sent by the router to the switch on the recipient local
network. The switch then uses its lookup table and sends the
data to the correct device.
The following diagram explains the data transmission via routers.

Steps to send data from Host A to Host B

• Data packets are sent from Host A to Router R1
• Router R1 checks the IP address and notes the data packets are not intended for any
device on network series 192.2.200.0 to 192.2.200.24
• The data packets are then forwarded to Router R2
• Router R2 checks the IP address in the series 192.9.202.0 to 192.9.202.24 and it
recognizes and matches to Host B
• Finally the data packets are forwarded to the Host B
Comparison of Router and Bridge
Router Bridge

Connects various types of networks together. Connects LANs together.

It scans a device’s IP address. It scans a device’s MAC address.

It has more than 2 ports. It has only 2 ports.

Connected networks will use different Connects networks together that use the
protocols. same protocol.
WiFi and Bluetooth

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is the wireless technology used to connect devices to the network. It is simply an internet
connection shared with many devices either in a small or business network system. A wireless
adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits the signal using an antenna. A wireless
device like a router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to the
internet using physical, wired Ethernet connection. This process also works in reverse which
means the router receives the information from the internet and translates it into a radio signal
and sends it to the wireless adapter.

Wi-Fi radio signal frequencies are measured in Gigahertz (GHz) and it uses the frequency 2.4
GHz or 5 GHz to transmit the data. Wi-Fi devices
communicate with each other with a set of standards.
It is classified under IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers) 802.11 standards, a non-
profitable organization created to certify the network
products.

Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology to transfer files
between devices in a short range. Bluetooth sends
and receives data with 2.45 GHz frequency and uses
79 different frequencies to transfer files. It is best suited in low-bandwidth applications like
transferring sound data via Bluetooth headset, sending files to print in a printer, transferring files
between smartphones etc. Bluetooth creates a secure Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
based on key encryption.
Comparison of WiFi and Bluethooth
WiFi Bluetooth

Wi-Fi uses 2.4, 3.6 and 5.0GHz Bluetooth use 2.4 GHz frequency to
frequency to transfer files. transfer files.

Maximum range is 100 meters. Maximum range is 30 meters.

Many devices can be connected Up to 7 devices can be connected.

depending on the Wi-Fi device used.

Uses Key mapping encryption to Use WEP (wireless equivalent

connect devices. privacy) and WPA (Wi-Fi protected
access) to connect devices.
Cloud computing (storage)
Cloud computing is a method of data storage where data is stored on remote servers. The same
data is stored in more than one server in case of maintenance or repair, so that the client can
access the data at any time. This is known as data redundancy.

There are three common cloud storage systems:

Public cloud - In this cloud the client and the cloud storage providers are from different
location. Data in this cloud is available for any user to access.
Private cloud - It is a model of cloud computing where the infrastructure is dedicated to a single
user organization. Only the authorized people can access the data in this cloud.
Hybrid cloud - This is a combination of the previous two environments. Some data are
available in private cloud and some data (less-sensitive or less-commercial) are available in
public cloud.

Advantages of cloud computing (storage)

● The data stored in the cloud can be accessed at anytime, anywhere by the client with an
internet facility.
● External storage devices are not required as it needs to be carried around by the client.
● Data can be easily recovered if stored in the cloud in case of data loss.

Disadvantages of cloud computing (storage)

● With unstable internet connection, the client will have the difficulty to access or download
the files.
● Security and privacy concerns of data.
● Extra storage space comes at a cost.
● The potential failure of the cloud storage company is possible, posing a risk on loss of
data.

Common Network Environment

Internet, Intranet, Extranet is the common types of network environment. This topic will be
covered in “Communication” chapter.

Network types
LAN (Local Area Network)
A group of devices connected together to make a
network connection in a small geographical area or a
location is called Local Area Network (LAN). A LAN can
be either a wired or wireless connection. In a wired
connection all the computers are connected with a
switch/hub using Ethernet cables. One of the switches
or hubs will be connected to a router to allow the LAN
to connect to external networks such as the internet. A
variety of devices can connect to LANs, including desktop, laptop, server, printer, IoT devices
etc. LAN is mostly used to share the files or data in a local network or from an outside network.
When you connect LAN with an outside network it becomes part of WAN (Wide Area Network).

Advantages
• Data shall be stored in a cenralised place and can be shared or can be taken the backup
easily
• Network administrator can monitor and control the networked devices easily
• Less chances for hacking or spreading virus as only the authorised people can access
the network

Disadvantages
• Initial setup cost is expensive
• If the network fails, it is difficult to access the files stored in the server
• If one device is affected by virus, then chances for spreading the virus to all the devices
• Security risk is high compared to stand alone computer

WAN (Wide Area Network)

WANs are used to connect two or more devices from long distances geographically. A WAN
may consist of connections to a company’s branches across the country. If many LAN
connections are joined together locally using a Router, then they form a WAN. Internet and ATM
are the examples for most commonly used WAN. WAN uses telephone or satellite to connect
devices. Companies prefer dedicated line or leased line for WAN as it is more secured and less
expensive.

Advantages
• WAN covers large geographical area
• Resources can be shared immediately
across places
• Business people can store their files in to
cloud storage using WAN

Disadvantages
• Initial setup cost is expensive
• Since it is public, more chances for hacking
• Maintenance cost is high (need to install security protection software like firewall)
• Need a stable internet connection

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

WLAN provides network access to the devices without cables via Wireless Access Point (WAP)
or wireless nodes. Access points are connected to the LAN with wires and the Access points
provide the network access to the devices without wires using high frequency radio waves
which transmit the signals from the LAN to the
devices. APs use spread spectrum technology
which supports the range up to 50 meters. Some
APs use Infrared signals to connect the short
range about 1 to 2 meters. APs transmit the data
between LAN and WLAN. Users receive the data
by connecting the AP through the Wi-Fi LAN
adapters which are built in their devices.

Advantages
• Less expensive compared to wired network
• Shall move around within the range as it does not connect the Ethernet cable
• Easy to add new devices with the network as no cabling work required
• Multiple devices shall be connected together to share the resources and other services
(Example wireless printer, scanner etc)

Disadvantages
• Less security compared to LAN (People can easily access the network)
• Data transfer rate is slower than LAN
• Chances for loss of signals due to some interference like physical obstacles
• Limited range (Can access the network only for few meters)

Comparison between Wireless and Wired Network

Wireless Networking Wired Networking

Increased mobility of devices as long as they Cabled networks lose the ability for the
are within the range of the APs. devices to be mobile.

No cabling, so there is a safety improvement Lots of wires can lead to a number of physical
and increased flexibility hazards like tripping over the wire, fire. etc

There is an increased chance of interference Chances of interference is less

from external sources.

4.2 Network issues and communication

Security issues regarding data transfer

Network security is a set of rules and configurations designed to protect the computer against
different threats and attacks such as hacking, phishing, pharming, spyware and viruses. These
topics will be covered in the chapter “Safety & Security”. When we access the internet we
should be very careful and should know what data needs to be accessed, what are the links to
be clicked. Sometimes, the links might redirect to the fake website and try to hack your account
details.
Authentication
Authentication techniques are used to ensure only authorized persons are allowed to gain
access to a network through their username & password, biometrics, swiping cards, two factor
authentication, Transaction Authentication Number (TAN) etc.

Username and password:

Username and password are used in many instances when accessing the internet. Some of the
services provided by the internet are Email access, online banking services, Social media
access. To keep our account safe, we need to create a strong password to protect the account
from hackers. Following are the ways to protect our account from hackers:

● Install anti-spyware software (it prevents our key strokes in devices)

● Change the password in a frequent interval (Banking website ask to change the
password at least in 3 months interval)
● Keep a strong password with mixed up of alphabets and special characters (Example for
a strong password: BjK@13P&@)
● Should avoid using the familiar names as passwords like nicknames, family members
name etc.

Security question: Users might be asked to type the answer for the secret question like mother’s
maiden name, favorite movie etc.

Personal image: Some banks require users to identify an image when they log in to their
websites.

Other Authentication Methods

Other than password, there are other types of authentication methods available such as zero
login, biometrics, magnetic strips, smart cards, physical tokens and electronic tokens.

Zero Login and biometrics

The Fast ID online (FIDO) Alliance and WWW consortium (W3C) announced a new technology
standard that allows user to login to the devices without typing the password. So, it has become
more secure to protect the personal data.

Zero login essentially relies on devices being smart and secure enough to instantly recognise a
user by number of features based on:
 biometrics
 behavioral patterns

The zero login system builds up a complex user profile based on the above two features. Finger
print recognition and face recognition are used in devices to unlock it. Behavioral patterns
include how you walk, typing speed, swiping the screen and so on. These behavioral patterns
coupled with biometric data can uniquely identify a person instead of supplying the password or
other security information.

Magnetic stripe cards

Magnetic strip cards have a small piece of magnetic strip on the back of the card. This magnetic
strip is made up of tiny magnetic particles on a plastic
film in which all the required information like ID
number, name, date of birth are stored. Details
stored in the strip are read when the card is
swiped through a card reader. Details on the
magnetic strip can be easily updated.

Some ID cards also use a holographic image

(hologram) card. This method is used to avoid any
forgery like making duplicate cards. Holographic
images change color or display as a moving object
when the image is viewed from different angles.
But, when we make duplicate hologram cards, it is not possible. So, these cards are more safe
and secure. Another form of security is to have a photographic image of the card user printed
onto the card surface.

Advantages
● Can be used for wide range of purposes (Example: door key cards, network access
cards, in vending machines)
● Magnetic cards can be deactivated remotely if the card is lost or stolen.

Disadvantages
● Less secure than other biometric methods as encryption method is not used in the cards
● The reader cannot read the details stored on the magnetic field if it is corrupted.

Smart cards
Contactless cards are used for authentication purposes. The chip on the card can store the data
which can be read from a distance without swiping the card. If the card is in a wallet or pocket,
the details of the card can be read using the RFID tag embedded in the card. The user can the
enter the PIN on the keypad to get the access.

Physical token
A physical token is a form of authentication in the form of a
physical, solid object. Physical token contains internal clocks and
when a PIN and other authentication details are entered, and
then a onetime password is generated. The code is shown on the
screen which keeps changing on a regular basis and usually
valid for less than a minute.
Example, while using online banking, a customer will be asked to provide some form of
authentication to prove who they are. In such cases, the customer inserts the debit card into the
top of the token device. The device will then ask the customer to press “Identity” if the card is
genuine. The one time password (usually a eight digit code) will be shown on the screen which
the customer can use to access the account.

There are two types of physical token:

A disconnected physical token: A separate device is used requiring the user to key in data
manually using a keypad.

A connected physical token: One time password is transmitted directly to the computer
through the USB connection.

Electronic tokens
Electronic tokens are software installed on a user’s device such as a smartphone. When a
website that the user requires an access, request for authentication, the user opens the app on
their smartphone. The app generates a onetime password which can be entered together with
other forms of authentication such as PIN, face ID.

Anti-malware Software
To remove the viruses, a good anti-malware or anti-virus software needs to be installed in
computers or devices. There are different types of antivirus
software designed for different types of operating systems
such as Windows, Linux, Mac, and Android. There are
many anti-virus software available in the market, but
almost all the software has the same features:

Real time scanning: Once the antivirus software is

installed, it runs continuously in the background of a
computer and monitor the system from virus attacks

Automatic updates: Since new types of viruses are

constantly being developed, antivirus software needs
frequent updates in order to track the new threats and quarantine or delete them.

Full system Scan: A full system scanning is required at least once in a week to keep the
computers more safe. For example, some viruses lie dormant and would only be
picked up by the full system scan.

Heuristic checking: This is the checking of software for types of behavior that could indicate a
possible virus; this is useful if software is infected by a virus not yet on the database

How to avoid viruses when we access the internet?

Viruses are mostly installed in computers without the user's knowledge when we access
websites. To avoid such issues, follow the instructions given below:

● Never open any unknown websites

● Check the website address starts with “https” or with padlock symbol
● When you receive any advertisement email with a URL link, do not click on the link.
Instead, copy the URL from the email and paste in the browser address bar. This helps
to avoid links to fake websites.
● Avoid opening unknown emails. Most of the viruses are spread through unknown emails.

Viruses from hardware devices

Other than website or email links, viruses spread through some hardware devices like pen drive,
memory card, Optical disks etc. When you insert any such devices in to the computer, run the
antivirus to check whether the devices are infected by a virus.

Electronic Conferencing
Three types of conferences are used to communicate with people from one location to another
location which are Video conferencing, Audio conferencing and Web conferencing.

Video conferencing
Video conferencing is an online communication method that allows users from different
locations to have face to face meetings without
traveling. This technology is useful for both personal
and business communications. Video conferencing
can be conducted for many purposes like company
meetings, job training sessions, online teaching,
online interview etc. To conduct a video conference
we need a strong internet connection so that the video
and audio quality will be good.

Hardware requirement:
● Webcams, Monitors, microphones and
speakers if we connect using computers.
● Devices like laptop, tablet and smartphone has all the hardware in built, so only the
device is required.

Software requirement:
● Should be configured beforehand using device driver software.
● CODEC (Coder-Decoder) is used to encode or decode the digital data stream to allow
data to be transmitted(encoded) and played (decoded) back. CODEC (compression-
Decompression) is used to compress the data before it is transmitted and then
decompress it again at the receiving conference room
Following points needs to be considered before the video conferencing begin:
● Time should be convenient to conduct the conference as different countries has different
time zone
● User must login to the video conferencing system to connect with people
● All the hardware needs to be checked whether it is working or not (Examples: Webcam,
Speaker, Microphone etc.)

Advantages
• Meetings can happen with a short notice time
• Travel cost are reduced as the participants can attend the meeting without leaving the
place
• Time can be saved as it is not required to go to the places to meet persons

Disadvantages
• Need a stable internet connection to avoid any time lagging in response or details when
talking
• Initial set up cost might be expensive (setting up of hardware and buying a software)
• It is difficult to conduct where the countries has different time zone.

Audio conferencing
Audio conference is a type of communication where two or more people use telephone calls to
participate in the meeting. Audio conferencing is also called as “teleconferencing” or “phone
conference” as the method uses telephone instruments to conduct the meeting.

Procedure to conduct audio conferencing:

● Two PIN numbers will be provided by the phone
company. One is a personal PIN which is used by
the audio conference organizer and another one
participant’s PIN which will be shared to all the
persons to connect with the conference.
● Organizer will contact all the participants and give
the PIN and time to join with the conference
● First the organizer starts the call and enters the
personal PIN to begin the conference and then all
the participants will join the conference by calling the same phone number and entering
the PIN which is shared to them.

Advantages
• Cheapest method when compared to video conferencing (only the telephone device is
required to conduct the meeting)
• Travel cost can be reduced as it is not required to organize a meeting in a particular
place
 • Meeting shall happen within short notice period

Disadvantages
• Only audio can be used in this method.
• It is outdated technology
• Difficult to conduct the conference for the countries with different time zone

VoIP (Voice over internet protocol)

Audio conferences shall also be conducted using a computer with internet facility through VoIP
(Voice over internet protocol). VoIP allows the organizer to create a group of people to take part
in the conference call and the members can be added easily by just dragging and dropping
them into the group. Also it is possible to add telephone numbers also to the group. The audio
quality is based on the internet bandwidth. The sound quality might not be good if the internet
connection is not stable.

Web conferencing
Web conferencing also called as webinar, is a type of online meeting that involves two or more
participants from different locations. Webinar provide
business meetings and seminars, lead
presentations, online education, online training and
offer direct customer support via remote access.

To participate in web conferencing, we need a

computer and high speed internet connection. A
link with passcode will be provided to the users to
participate in web conferencing. Also users can
download applications from websites and login to the
account to participate in web conferencing.

Advantages
• Documents such as text files, presentations, audio and video files can be shared
between users
• Participants shall post messages using chat option
• Participants shall leave and join the meeting anytime between the session

Disadvantages
• Need a stable and high speed internet connection
• Video quality depends on the webcam resolution
• May lead to social isolation (less chance to meet people)
 End of chapter questions
1. Six features of network devices are given in the table below. For each feature, tick (✓)
the appropriate box to indicate whether it refers to a router, hub or switch.

Feature Router Switch Hub

A device used to connect to a specific computer
A device used to connect internet
Data passes to all the computers in the network
Uses both MAC and IP addresses to enable data packets to
be sent to the correct devices on the network
Is also called as dump device
Is also called as smart device

2. Match the following:

Type of network that covers small area like within one building WAN

Data transfer rate is slow in the type of network Extranet

Type of network that covers large area like one place to Internet
another place

Extension of a network that can be controlled easily LAN

Type of network which is difficult to monitor and control WLAN

3. Complete the following sentences

a. …………………………………………. is a number which uniquely identifies a device

when it is connected to a network.

b. ………………………………..are devices that connect one LAN to another LAN that

uses the same protocol.

c. ……………………………. device transfer the data packets between devices based

on the IP address

d. …………………. and …………………….. offer wireless communication between

devices.

e. Bluethooth uses key encryption to create a secure …………………………………….

 f. An example of a strong password is ……………………………………………………….

g. …………………………………. builds up a complex user profile based on biometric

and behavioural patterns.

h. ………………………………… is a type of authentication in the form of physical, solid

object

i. ………………………….. conferencing done over the standard telephone network

j. ………………………………… conferencing use a link to connect the users

4. Differentiate between IP and MAC address

5. Compare and contrast between Hub and Switch

6. How does the data packets are transferred using a router?

7. Compare between bridge and router

8. Differentiate between Wi-Fi and Bluethooth

9. What do you mean by cloud computing? Explain the three types of cloud computing
storage system

10. Give any two advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing storage

11. There three network types generally used to transfer files between the devices either
locally or externally. Name and explain the three network types.

12. Compare between wired network and wireless network

13. Explain the features used in Zero login system

14. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Magnetic Strip Cards

15. Compare and contrast Physical tokens and Electronic tokens

16. What are the common features of a anti-virus software?

17. What are the hardware and software required to connect a video conferencing?

18. Give the advantages and disadvantages of video conferencing

19. Write the steps to connect audio conferencing

20. Explain web conferencing with a suitable example