Fluid Dynamics 2. A pipeline gradually enlarges from 300 mm in 12. Compute the flow rate in pipeline 3.

- Study of fluids in motion diameter at point A to 600 mm at point B. The a. 23.1 lit/sec c. 76.9 lit/sec
velocity at A is 4.6 m/sec, and the pressure at A b. 16.8 lit/sec d. 83.2 lit/sec
Three Basic Equations: is 270 kPa. Assuming that 1.2 m of head is lost
1. Continuity Equation between A and B, determine the pressure at B if 13. Compute the total head lost from A to D.
2. Energy Equation it be located 7.5 m lower in eleveation than A. a. 168.235 m c. 132.654 m
3. Momentum Equation a. 341. 7 kPa c. 234.6 kPa b. 232.961 m d. 311.320 m
b. 219.1 kPa d. 543.8 kPa
SITUATION
Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem SITUATION A hydroelectric power generating system is as shown.
Water enters through a 500 mm diameter inlet pipe Water flows from an upper reservoir to lower one
under a pressure of 15 kPa. It leaves through a 1000 passing through a turbine at the rate of 150 lit/sec.
mm diameter exhaust pipe with a pressure of 5 kPa. If The total length of the pipe connecting the two
the center of the outlet pipe is 3 m above the center of reservoir is 100 m. The pipe diameter is 250 mm and
the inlet pipe and 500 lit/sec of water passes a Hazen-William coefficient is 120. The water surface
motor(pump), elevations of reservoirs 1 and 2 are 197 m and 50 m
respectively.
3. Determine the velocity of flow in the exhaust
pipe.
a. 2.55 m/s c. 0.64 m/s
b. 1.15 m/s d. 0.28 m/s

4. Determine the head output supplied by the

pump.
a. 1.67 m c. 1.96 m
b. 2.73 m d. 3.32 m
Equation:
5. Determine the required energy in hp to be
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22 supplied to the motor if its efficiency is 85%.
h1 + + - HL - - - h2 = 0 a. 7.65 hp c. 10.8 hp 14. Determine the velocity of flow in the pipe.
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
b. 11.5 hp d. 12.9 hp a. 3.056 m/s c. 2.160 m/s
Note: b. 4.578 m/s d. 1.589 m/s
• Energy Grade Line (EGL) is always above 6. A venturi meter has an inlet diameter of 31 mm
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL). and a throat diameter of 19 mm. It has a mean 15. Compute the total frictional head lost in the pipe.
• EGL always goes down in the direction of pressure 753 kPa and 550 kPa at the large
flow. section and the throat respectively. Assuming a. 6.88 m c. 3.89 m
• Pressure at any point on the liquid below ideal flow condition, find the discharge through b. 8.43 m d. 4.78 m
HGL is +, while above the HGL is - . the venturi meter.
a. 10.4 lit/sec c. 6.2 lit/sec 16. Compute the power generated by the turbine in
• When pipe diameter is constant, EGL and
b. 5.3 lit/sec d. 9.4 lit/sec kilowatts.
HGL are parallel.
a. 210.6 kW c. 620.1 kW
SITUATION b. 360.1 kW d. 120.4 kW
Power on Pipe System
A 150 mm diameter horizontal Venturi meter is
installed in a 450 mm – diameter pipe. The deflection 17. A 1200 – mm –diameter concrete pipe 1800 m
Power = γ Q H
of mercury in the differential manometer connected long carries 1350 lit/sec from reservoir A, whose
from inlet to the throat is 375 mm. water surface is at elevation 50 m, and
Where:
discharges into two concrete pipes, each 1350 m
long and 750 mm in diameter. One of the 750 –
γ = unit weight of liquid
mm –diameter pipe discharges into reservoir B
Q = discharge or flow rate in which the water surface is at elevation 44 m.
H = head of liquid Determine the elevation of the water surface at
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 reservoir C into which the other 750-mm-
Efficiency = diameter pipe is flowing. Assume f = 0.02 for all
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
pipes.
𝑃𝑜 𝐻𝑜 a. 52 m c. 43 m
Efficiency = =
𝑃𝑖 𝐻𝑖 b. 47 m d. 36 m

Major Losses 7. Determine the discharge neglecting head lost. SITUATION

a. 171.2 lit/s c. 112.7 lit/s Crude oil having a density of 856 kg/m3 and absolute
Darcy-Weisbach Formula b. 217.1 lit/s d. 271.1 lit/s viscosity of 72 x 10-4 Pa-sec flows in a 75 mm
Given: f = friction factor diameter pipe 1250 m long at the rate of 0.12 m/s.
8. Compute the discharge if the head lost from the 18. What is the Reynold’s Number?
𝑳 𝒗𝟐
hf = f ( ) inlet to the throat is 300 mm of water. a. 1700 c. 1070
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
a. 576.1 lit/s c. 651.7 lit/s b. 2070 d. 700
𝑄2
b. 165.7 lit/s d. 117.5 lit/s
hf = 0.0826 f L (S. I.) 19. What is the friction factor?
𝐷5
9. What is the coefficient of discharge? a. 0.0598 c. 0.0958
𝑄2 a. 0.896 c. 0.689 b. 0.0859 d. 0.0684
hf = 0.0252 f L (English)
𝐷5 b. 0.968 d. 0.798
20. What is the head lost?
Manning’s Formula 10. An illegal connection was observed on a 300 – a. 0.371 m c. 0.173 m
Given: n = roughness coefficient mm diameter horizontal pipe having f = 0.02. b. 0.731 m d. 0.417 m
𝟏
Upstream from the connection two gages 600 m
V = 𝑹𝟐⁄𝟑 𝑺𝟏⁄𝟐 apart showed a pressure difference of 140 kPa. SITUATION
𝒏
Downstream from the connection two gages A 60 mm diameter pipe shown contains glycerin with
𝑸𝟐 show 600 m apart showed a pressure difference density of 1258 kg/m3 and an absolute viscosity of
hn = 10.29 n2 L of 116 kPa. How much water is being stolen due 1.49 Pa-sec flowing at 8.5 m3/hr.
𝑫𝟏𝟔⁄𝟑
to illegal connection?
Hazen-Williams Formula a. 16.79 L/s c.18.24 L/s
Given: C = Hazen-William pipe coefficient b. 14.29 L/s d. 15.08 L/s

𝑸 𝟏.𝟖𝟓
hc = L[ ] SITUATION
𝟎.𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟓𝑪𝑫𝟐.𝟔𝟑 A pipe network consists of pipeline 1 from A to B, then
at B is connected to pipelines 2 and 3, where it
Minor Losses merges again at joint C to form a single pipeline 4 up
Due to bends, contraction, expansion, etc. to D. Pipelines 1, 2 and 4 are in series connection
whereas pipelines 2 and 3 are parallel to each other.
𝑽𝟐
hminor = k The rate of flow from A to B is 100 lit/sec and use f = 21. Determine the direction of flow.
𝟐𝒈
0.02 for all pipes. a. A to B c. Water is steady
k = coefficient of minor losses Pipelines Length(m) Diameter(mm) b. B to A d. None of these
1 3,000 200
1. A closed conduit with 25 cm diameter is 2 2,200 300 22. Determine the type of flow.
connected to a 20 cm diameter pipe. If the 3 3,200 200 a. Critical flow
velocity at the second pipe is 4 m/sec, what is 4 2,800 400 b. Subcritical flow
the velocity at the first pipe? c. Laminar flow
a. 2.56 m/s c. 6.25 m/s 11. Compute the flow rate in pipeline 2. d. Turbulent flow
b. 1.15 m/s d. 0.28 m/s a. 23.1 lit/sec c. 76.9 lit/sec
b. 16.8 lit/sec d. 83.2 lit/sec

HYDRAULICS ENGR. L. MCFARLAND

23. What is the head loss in the pipe system? ORIFICE SITUATION
a. 20.21 m c. 27.47 m Two vertical cylindrical tank, one is 5 m in diameter
b. 30.26 m d. 26.78 m CONSTANT HEAD and the other is 8 m in diameter are connected by a
short tube having a cross-sectional area of 0.004 m2
OPEN CHANNELS Open Flow with C = 0.6 located at the bottom portion when the
𝑣2 tube is closed, the water surface in the smaller tank is
Chezy’s Formula From velocity head hv = 10 m higher than that in the bigger tank.
2𝑔
39. Determine the discharge in the tube immediately
V = C√𝑹𝑺 Vt = √2𝑔ℎ after it is opened.
a. 33.6 lit/sec c. 6.33 lit/sec
V = velocity of flow 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 b. 56.2 lit/sec d. 2.65 lit/sec
R = hydraulic radius Coefficient =
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝐴 40. Determine the time elapsed for the water surface
R= 𝑤
𝑃𝑤 in each tank to be at the same level.
Coefficient of Velocity
S = slope of EGL a. 3087 sec c. 8400 sec
C = flow coefficient 𝑽𝒂 b. 4800 sec d. 7830 sec
Cv =
𝑽𝒕
Manning’s C Va = Cv√𝟐𝒈𝒉 41. Determine the time elapsed for the difference in
the water surface to be 4 m.
𝟏
C= 𝑹𝟏⁄𝟔 Coefficient of Contraction a. 3087 sec c. 8400 sec
𝒏 b. 7803 sec d. 4800 sec
𝑨𝒂
𝟏 CC =
V= 𝑹𝟐⁄𝟑 𝑺𝟏⁄𝟐 𝑨𝒕 WEIRS
𝒏 Over flow structures built across an open channel for
𝝅 the purpose of measuring or controlling the flow of
n = roughness coefficient Aa = Cc At = Cc ( 𝑫𝟐 )
𝟒
liquids.
24. A rectangular channel (n = 0.015), 10.67 m wide Coefficient of Discharge
Rectangular Weir
is to carry water at a flow rate of 99.6 m 3/sec.
The slope of the channel is 0.0087. Determine 𝑸𝒂
C=
the depth of flow. 𝑸𝒕
a. 0.72 m c. 1.4 m
b. 2.14 m d. 1.0 m Qa = C Ao √𝟐𝒈𝒉

25. An earth canal carries water at a depth of 1.5 m. Submerged Condition

The canal is 6 m wide on the bottom and has
side sloped 2 horizontal and 1 vertical. Use n = Va = Cv√𝟐𝒈𝒉
0.025 and S = 0.0002. Compute the discharge
Q a = 2.95CL𝑯𝟑⁄𝟐
by Manning’s Formula.
a. 7.95 m3/sec c. 0.59 m3/sec Qa = C Ao √𝟐𝒈𝒉
If C (coefficient of discharge) is not given
b. 1.23 m3/sec d. 1.19 m3/sec
FALLING HEAD Use:
Francis Formula
26. A trapezoidal channel has a base width of 6 m
and the sides sloped at 350 from horizontal. Open Flow
What will be the depth of water when the flow Q a = 1.84L’𝑯𝟑⁄𝟐
rate is 40 m3/sec. Use S = 0.00512 and n = − 𝟐𝑨
t= [√𝒉𝟐 − √𝒉𝟏 ]
0.014. 𝑪𝑨𝒐 √𝟐𝒈
a. 2.14 m c. 1.74 m L’ = L (suppressed weir)
b. 3.49 m d. 1.13 m Submerged Condition L’ = L – 0.1H (single contraction)
L’ = L – 0.2H (double contraction)
SITUATION −𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
An open channel is to be designed to carry 1.5 m3/sec t= ( ) [√𝒉𝟐 − √𝒉𝟏 ] Triangular Weir(V-Notch)
𝑪𝑨𝒐 √𝟐𝒈 𝑨𝟏 +𝑨𝟐
at a slope of 0.007. The channel material has an n
value of 0.012. SITUATION
27. Find the depth of flow for a most efficient A liquid discharged from a container through a circular
rectangular section. orifice having a diameter of 10 mm that is located 5 m
a. 0.52 m c. 0.61 m from the liquid surface.
b. 1.13 m d. 0.74 m 34. Compute the theoretical discharge through the
orifice. Ɵ
28. Find the depth of flow for a most efficient Q a = 2.36C 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑯𝟓⁄𝟐
a. 0.78 L/s c. 0.87 L/s 𝟐
triangular section. b. 0.92 L/s d. 0.29 L/s If C (coefficient of discharge) is not given:
a. 1.46 m c. 0.73 m Ɵ = 90 o
b. 1.19 m d. 0.52 m 35. If the container is accelerating upward to half of
gravity, compute the theoretical discharge. Q a = 1.4 𝑯𝟓⁄𝟐
29. Find the depth of flow for a most efficient a. 0.59 L/s c. 0.95 L/s
trapezoidal section. b. 0.65 L/s d. 0.56 L/s
a. 1.14 m c. 0.54 m Trapezoidal Weir
b. 0.73 m d. 1.65 m 36. If Cc = 0.65 and Cv = 0.95, compute the actual
discharge.
SITUATION a. 0.84 L/s c. 0.76 L/s
A rectangular channel that is 1.2 m deep and 5.4 m b. 0.67 L/s d. 0.48 L/s
wide slopes at 0.02. Use roughness coefficient, n =
0.013. 37. A large closed cylindrical steel tank 4 m high
30. Find its discharge. with its bottom on a level ground contains two
a. 62.3 m3/s c. 52.3 m3/s layers of liquid. The bottom layer is water 2 m
b. 72.3 m3/s d. 42.3 m3/s deep. The top layer is occupied by a liquid Qa = Qrectangular + Qtriangular
whose specific gravity is not known, to a depth of
31. Find the savings in excavation per meter length 1 m. The air space at top is pressurized to 16 Time to discharge liquid, t
if the said channel will be placed by the most kPa. A 50-mm-diameter orifice with Cv = 0.98 is Constant Head
efficient rectangular section. situated one meter from the bottom of the tank.
a. 3% c. 4% The jet from the orifice hits the ground 3.5 m 𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
b. 5% d. 6% t=
horizontally away from the vena contracta. 𝑸
Determine the specific gravity of the liquid at the
SITUATION top layer. Vtotal = total volume of liquid that passes through the
Water flows at the rate of 12 m3/s, at a depth of 1.5 m, a. 0.56 c. 1.19 weir at time, t
in a 10 m wide irrigation canal. Assume uniform flow b. 2.67 d. 0.95 Falling Head
and use n = 0.035.
38. An open cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 10 𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑑ℎ
Q=- =-
32. Calculate the value of the specific energy. m high contains 4 m of oil (s = 0.80) and 6 m of 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
a. 1.74 J/N c. 1.65 J/N water. An orifice 100 mm in diameter is located
b. 1.53 J/N d. 1.81 J/N at the bottom of the tank with Cc = 0.90 and Cv = 42. Find the width of the channel at the back of a
0.98. Find the time to discharge all the contents. suppressed weir using the following data. H =
33. Compute the boundary shearing stress at the a. 43.17 min. c. 40.92 min. 28.50 cm, d = 2.845 m and Q = 0.84 m3/s.
walls. b. 39.79 min. d. 44.29 min Consider the velocity of approach and Use
a. 3.77 Pa c. 7.33 Pa Francis Formula.
b. 4.66 Pa d. 5.11 Pa a. 6m c. 3 m
b. 5m d. 4 m

HYDRAULICS ENGR. L. MCFARLAND

43. A rectangular weir one meter high and one end Critical Depth, dc
contracted is installed in rectangular channel 2.5
m wide. Determine the rate of discharge for a Rectangular section
head of 0.8 m
a. 3.19 m3/sec c. 3.29 m3/sec 𝒒𝟐
b. 3.08 m3/sec d. 2.42 m3/sec = 𝒅𝒄𝟑
𝒈

44. A symmetrical trapezoidal weir with side slope of Non – Rectangular Section
2H:4V has a waste water flowing it. If the head is
0.75 m and the crest length is 2 m with C = 0.60 𝑸𝟐 𝑨𝟑
(for rectangle), C = 0.62 (for triangle), determine =
𝒈 𝑩
the discharge.
a. 2.30 m3/sec c. 0.36 m3/sec SITUATION
b. 2.66 m3/sec d. 2.44 m3/sec Water from a reservoir flows through a non-rigid pipe
600 mm in diameter with a velocity of 2 m/s is
45. A rectangular spillway controls reservoir 4.6 completely stopped by a closure of a valve situated
hectares in area. The permanent crest is at 600 m from the reservoir. The pipe has a thickness of
elevation 75 m. If the water can be drawn from 20 mm. Bulk modulus of water is 2.20 x 109 N/m2 and
elevation 76.5 to 75.5 m in 42 minutes, modulus of elasticity of pipe is 1.4 x 1011 N/m2.
determine the length of the spillway in meters. 49. Compute the velocity of sound in water.
Use Francis Formula. a. 1222.8 m/s c. 2221.8 m/s
a. 6.12 m c. 9.61 m b. 8221.2 m/s d. 1282.2 m/s
b. 11.86 m d. 16.18 m
50. Determine the roundtrip time for the pressure
46. A V-notch weir is located or cut at one end of a wave to travel through the pipe length.
tank having a horizontal square section 10 m by a. 0.98 sec c. 1.2 sec
10 m. If the initial head on the weir is 1.2 m and b. 0.89 sec d. 0.57 sec
it takes 375 seconds to discharge 100 m3 of
water, what could have been the vertex angle of 51. Calculate the water hammer pressure due to
the weir. Use C = 0.60. instantaneous closure of valve.
a. 52.1O c. 105.2O a. 2.446 MPa c. 6.244 MPa
b. 21.5O d. 15.0O b. 4.426 MPa d. 3.795 MPa
47. A jet of water flowing at the rate of 0.12 m 3/sec SITUATION
hits a vertical building wall horizontally at close Water is flowing at a depth of 1.5 m in a 3-m-wide
range with a force of 7000 N. Determine the rectangular channel having n = 0.013 and S = 0.0009.
diameter of the jet in mm. 52. What is the stage of flow?
a. 51 mm c. 89 mm a. Subcritical c. Supercritical
b. 115 mm d. 200 mm b. Laminar d. Turbulent
48. Water, issuing vertically from a nozzle having a 53. Determine the critical depth.
diameter of 25 mm, flows out under a head of 30 a. 0.94 m c. 2.86 m
m if C = Cv = 0.98, determine at what constant b. 3.04 m d. 0.58 m
height could the jet of water support a load of
200 N vertically from the nozzle tip? 54. Determine the critical slope.
a. 13.9 m c. 31.2 m a. 0.0324 c. 0.00423
b. 23.8 m d. 17.1 m b. 0.00324 d. 0.0423
Velocity of Sound/Pressure Wace (Celerity, C) 55. A triangular channel carries a discharge of 15
m3/sec having a side slope of 1:1. Compute its
Rigid Pipe critical velocity.
a. 3.25 m/s c. 4.56 m/s
k b. 5.32 m/s d. 6.45 m/s
c=√
ρ

Non-Rigid Pipe

k
c=√ Dk
ρ(1+ )
Et

Round Trip Time

2L
T=
C

Pressure Increase (Water Hammer Pressure)

When:
tc ≅ 0 (instantaneous/sudden closure)

P = ρvc
When:
tc ≤ T (rapid closure)

P = ρvc
When:
2L
P = ρv( )
tc

tc > T (slow closure)

k =bulk modulus of elasticity of fluid

E = modulus elasticity
t = pipe thickness
v = velocity of flow

NON – UNIFORM FLOW

Froude Number, FN
𝑽
FN =
√𝒈𝒅

Criteria
FN < 1 -subcritical
FN = 1 -critical
FN > 1 -supercritical

HYDRAULICS ENGR. L. MCFARLAND