INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from

one person to another.
- Keith Davis

Communication is the process of exchange of information, ideas and emotions

with the help of words, letters, symbols and messages which bring about
common nnderstanding and response. The term 'communication' is derived
from the Latin word 'communicare' which means to impart, to participate, to
share or to make common.

Elements of the Communication Process

Communication is a continuous process which has the following elements:

1. Sender: The person who wishes to send the information or idea to others
is known as the sender or communicator or speaker.
2. Receiver: The person who receives the information or for whom the
information is meant is called the receiver or addressee.
3. Message: The subject matter of communication (information, ideas,
instructions, orders, suggestions, etc.) which is meant to be transmitted
to the receiver forms the message.

4. Communication symbols: The sender organizes his/her ideas mto suitable

symbols like letters, words, sounds, gestures,etc and uses them to
communicate his/her message.

5. Communication channels: The modes (mail sen·ice, telecommunication

system, etc.) which help the sender to transmit the intended message and
the receiver to receive the idea are known as the comnumication channels.
6. Feedback: The response or return message from the receiver to the sender
after receiving and understanding the message is known as the feedback.
-"' I fNTERFACE

The Communication Cycle

The conununication cycle consists of interconnected stages which are as

follows:

1. Generation of an idea: The communication cycle begins when an idea,

thought, feeling or a piece of information comes to the mind of the sender
and he/ she wishes to transnut it to someone else.
2. Encoding: lt is the process of putting the generated idea into suitabJe
symbol.;; or signs so that the idea. is represented for the purpose of
transmission

3. Message: The idea encoded by the communicator in suitable signs and

symbols fom1S the subject matter of communication which is called the
message.

4. Channel and Media: The message thus formed is sent to the receiver
through suitable channel and media.

5. Decoding: It is the process of interpreting the meaning of the message

by the receiver or listener. It means interpretation and understanding of
\\~hat has been said in the m.e ssage.

Encoding Decoding Receiver

Feedback

THE COMMUNICATION CYCLE

Importance of Communication

C ommumca · t·ion 1·s an essential process that underlies all our everyday.
interactions. The importance of communication lies in the fact that through it
 COMMUNICATION; THEORY AND TYPES I s

behavior is modified, change is effected, information is made more productive

and goals are achieved. Communication binds people together. It improves
the morale of employees in an organization. It helps in proper planning of
events and respons1b11ities and proper co-ordination among employees. lt
forms the basis for any kind of decision making. It also builds n1utual trust
and confidence.

Theories and Models of Communication

Communication has been studied by many linguists, sociologists, psychologists

and many theories have evolved. A modeJ or theory can be applied to real
communication situations to enable our understanding of the communication
process. Some important theories and models of communication are:

---➔
Occasion

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

1. Aristotle's One-Way Model of Communication

Aristotle proposed the first model of communication as a one-way process,

flowing from sender to receiver. According to this model, communication
consists of three basic components - a senderJ a receiver and a message.
Aristotle _states that successful persuasion takes place when a sender uses the
right techniques to give the right message to the right audience. He strongly
emphasized the need for the sender to consider the features of the audience
like their age, mood and temperament. Aristotle's model is important in spite
of its simplicity because it forms the basis of the later models of
communication.
6 I INTERFACE

Noise
Sender
(Source)
l Signal
Recipient

Message .

-J
.Message Signal

-l Enco'ding· Channel Dc--coding

SHANNON-WEAVER THEORY

--------
2. Shannon: Weaver Theory
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver gave a theory of communication where
they added the concept of encoding noise and feedback to the process of
communication. This model of communication, also known as the Mathematical
Model of Communication, has the following five main components -
Information Source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver and Destination. The
information source produces the message. The transmitter encodes the
message into proper symbols and signals for transmission. The channel carries
the signals from the transmitter to the receiver. The receiver decodes the
signals according to the level of understanding. The destination is the final
consumer of the m.essage. Later, Shannon and Weaver introduced another
important component to the process of communication - the noise source
vvhich interferes with the message in the channel. Shannon and Weaver also
realized the importance of the sign theory which stated that the message
should not be sent to the receiver in the raw form. Rather it should be encoded
in a form which is acceptable for the receiver.

3. Schramm' s Theory
In his theory of communication, Schramm includes the elements of sender,
receiver, encoding, channel, decoding and feedback. According to this theory,
the process of communication follows a circuitous path.

4. Newcomb Theory
According to this theory, communication takes place because of the reactions
 COMMUNICATION:THEORYANDTYPES 17

of individuaJs to each other and the topics discussed. Newcomb states that
the main factors in the communication process are receiver and the meaning
associated with the words stated.

s. Watlawick - Beavin - Jackson Theory

This theory states that communication takes place as a result of behavior of
the interactants. Their behavior is dependent on the relationship between
the individuals and it varies from individual to individual. A new elen1ent
called metacommunication is added to this theory of communication. This
theory was the first to propose that communication is a two-way process.

6. David Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication

David Berlo proposed that there are four basic components in the process of
communication -Source, Message, Channel and Receiver. All these components
are interrelated. The effectiveness of the Source depends on its communication
skills, attitude, knowledge, social and cultural context. The message is the
content or matter of communication. The channel is the medium through
which the message is sent to the receiver. The receiver's communication skills,
attitude, knowledge, social and cultural context also plays a crucial role in
the effectiveness of the communication process. Later, Berlo added the
component of feedback to the process of communication. According to David

Encodes Decodes
Source Message Channel Receiver

Communication Content Cc·mm -IJll 1tlon

Skills
Heanng <;JQlls

( Attitudes ) ( Elements ] ( Seeing ] ( Attitudes )

( Know ledge ] [ Treatment ) ( Touching ) ( Knm, ledge J

Social System ( Structure ] ( Smelling ) ~c1al Sy ste

( Culture J ( Code ) ( Tasting ) ( Culture ]

BERLo's SMCR MooEL oF CoMMUNrcATJON

8 \ INTERFACE

Berlo, a piece of communication is like a bucket in which bits of in£ormation

drawn from many sources are dumped on the receiver. As such this theory
of communication is called Bucket Theory of Communication.

7. Indian Communication Theory

Bharat Muni, an Indian sage, terms 'sadharanikaran' as the key process in

communication. He says that it takes place between' sahridayas' - people whose
hearts are attuned to each other. In order to be a 'sahridayas', the sender and
the receiver need to have a common culture, common learning and be adapted
to each other. 1bis theory emphasizes the receiver's mental conditioning by
which he/ she can be in tune with the message. According to Indian
communication theory, communication is a mental search for meaning whose
aim is self-knowledge, freedom and reaching the truth. •

Types of Communication

Communication can be categorized according to the following:

1. Medium: Verbal and nonverbal communication
2 Channel: Formal and informal communication
3. Level: Interpersonal, intrapersonal and group communication

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Communication which uses words or languages is known as verbal

communication. m order to express our thoughts through a language we
have to arrange our words into various parts of speech in a proper sequence
according to the rules of grammar and syntax. Verbal communication can be
further divided into - Oral Communication and Written Comn1unication.

Oral Communication

When a message or idea is conveyed orally, that is, through speech, it is

known as oral communication. Examples of oral communication include face
to face conversations, telephone calls, group discussions etc.
 COMMUNICATION:THEORY AND TYPES 19

Advantages
1. Time saving: Oral communication is immediate and does not need time
for dictation, typing and mailing ac:: needed in written conununication.
2. Inexpensive: Oral communication is economical since it does not involve
the expenses of stationery and mailing.
3. Effective tool of persuasion and contTol: OraJ conununication gives a
personal touch which helps in resolving conflicts and disputes.
4. Flexible and spontaneous: During oral communication the speaker has
the scope to modify the message according to the feedback of the audience.
5. Suitable for group communication: Oral communication is the most
suitable mode of comn1un1cation when comnumicating with groups at
meetings, conferences, assen1blies, etc.

□ Activity

The cartoon below shows a conversation between a husband and

a wife. Create a similar dialogue in the blank space provided.

© Brian Crane
 10 I INTERFACE

6. Promotes goodwill: Oral con1munication promotes friendly interpersonal

relations ..md helps to create goodwill.

Limitatious

1. Low retention: Oral communication when unrecorded cannot be retained

for a long time.
2. No legal validity. Unrecorded oral messages do not have legal validity.
3. Greater chances of misunderstanding: Oral communication made without
proper planning and organization of thoughts has greater chances of being
misunderstood and confused.
4. Difficult to trace: Unrecorded oral communication is unreliable since the
source cannot be easily traced and it becomes difficult to fix responsibility
for mistakes.
5. Cannot be referred to in future: Generally oral communication is not
recorded and so it cannot be referred to in the future.
6. Dependent on listener's attentiveness: Oral communication relies on the
listener's interest and receptivity in order to be effective.

Written Con1111.unication

Communication through ,;,vritten words is known as written communication.

vVritten communication includes letters, memos, reports, email etc.
Advantages

1. Accurate and precise: Written communication is made with great care

after serious planning and organizing. So, it is more accurate and precise.
2. Creates permanent record: Written communication becomes a permanent
record of the organization which can be used for future reference.
3. Legal evidence: Written records are accepted as legal evidences in the
courts of law.

4. Wide access: Written messages can be communicated to a large and

scattered audience at a reasonable cost and with great speed.
5. Promotes the goodwill of the organization; Prompt and efficient written
 COMMUNICATION: THEORY AND TYPES 111

communication promotes the goodwill of the organization.

6. Helps in fixing responsibility: Since written communication is preserved,
it helps in fixing responsibility.
Limitations

1. Expensive: Written con1IDunkation is expensive because it consun1es

valuable time of the executives and the cost of stationery, postage, typing,
etc. makes it an expensive affair.
2. Time consuming; Written communication consumes a lot of time in
preparation of the message, typing and mailing it through the proper
channel.
3. Inflexible: Immediate clarification of written communication is not possible
and it cannot be changed according to need.
4. No immediate feedback: The response from written communication is
normally received after a long time.
5. Creates huge paperwork and files: Traditional written communication
involves heaps of papers and files. However, electronic modes of written
communication do not create such problems.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Non-verbal communication refers to the exchange of ideas through the medium

of gestures, body language, facial expressions etc. In fact, only 7% of our
everyday communication is verbal while 38% is conveyed through our voice
inflections and 55% through our body language. Thus, 93% of communication
is non-verbal in nature. Non-verbal communication is both unstructured and
spontaneous. It can help qualifyf complement, contradict or expand the verbal
message. By careful observation of body language, facial expressions and
vocal characteristics, we can decipher the speaker's intended message.

Ele1nents of Non-Verbal Communication

1. Kinesics

Kinesics refers to the study of non-verbal conmmnication through physical

 12 I INTER.FACE

body movements. Om· body langu,1ge is often involuntary and can be a useful
cue to accessing the sender's psychological state. For example, arms crossed
over the chest suggests that th.e person is either defensive or in disagreement
\.Vith the ideas and opinions of the other comn.1unicator.

Kinesics can in\'oh·e the following physical qualities:

i) Appearance: Even though appearances are known to be deceptive, a lot

can be perceived about a person by the way they present themselves. For
instance, if a person comes to the workplace in an unkempt, casual appearance,
the employers might think that he/ she is not serious about his/her professional
responsibilities. Therefore, one must always present himself/herself with the
the prevalent culture of the work place.

ii) Posture: The manner in which a person holds their shoulders, neck or
back is referred to as posture. Postures are often indicative of a person's
attitude and opinions. For example:

• Head duck means that one is shirking from responsibility or

avoiding work.
• Hands placed on hips suggest that the person is angry or
irritated.
• A slumped posture usually signifies low spirits.

iii) Gestures: Gestures are hand movements perforraed to complement verbal

communication and make it more engaging. Gestures vary across cultures
and may lead to miscommunication. For example, while clapping may show
appreciation, slow claps are used as a gesture of sarcastic disapproval.

Some common gestures include:

• Tapping fingers while communicating suggests that a person is

anx10us.
• Showing up one's palm suggests that the person has nothing to
hide.
• Pointing one's finger at a person or object performs a locative
function.
 COMMUNICATION:THEORYANDTYPES i 13

D Activity
l. Discuss what the following actions indicate in a conversation.

a) Avoiding eye contact

b) Crossed arms
c) Smiling often
2. During a meeting between you and a teacher, he or she moves a
chair from behind the desk and asks you to sit down to discuss
something. You could interpret this non-verbal communication
to mean:

a) He or she is trying to conclude this meeting quickly.

b) He or she is distracted.
c) He or she is ready to listen to you attentively.

iv) Facial expressions and eye contact: Facial expressions are responsible for
conveying feelings and emotions and indicate a person's attitude towards
the topic of conversation. Eyes play an important part in complementing facial
expressions. While a continuous and stable eye contact suggests sincerity and
involvement in the communication, a wandering eye suggests distraction and
guilt.

2. Proxemics

Proxemics is the study of space between the sender and the receiver. A lot
can be observed about the relationship between the sender and the receiver
by studying their proximity or distance from one another.
In 1966, Edward T. Hall identified four distinct zones within the
communication space. These are as follows:

i) Intimate zone: TI1e intimate zone extends to a radius of 18 inches. This

zone is only for family members and very close acquaintances. Touch
forms an important element of communication in this zone.
ii) Personal zone: Personal zone, lying beyond the intimate space, extends
14 J INTERFACE

from a radius of 1.5 to 4feet. This zone is for close friends and colleagues.
It is a relaxed and casual zone.

iii) Social zone: Social zone extends from a radius of 4 to 12 feet. This space
is organizational in nature and negotiations take place within the social
zone.

iv) Public zone: Public zone extends beyond the radius of 12 feet and extends
to 25ft. Oral communication and paralanguage play an active role in this
zone which is usually characterized by mass address.

3. Chronemics

Chronemics is the study of the element of time and its role in the
communication process. Chronemics plays an important role in suggesting
one's professionalism and efficiency. However, the importance of time varies

Public Space
25ft

Social Space
12ft

Personal Space
4ft

Intimate
Space
1.5ft

EDWARD T. H Au's SPATIAL Z oNES

 COMMUNICATION. THEORY AND TYPES 115

across cultures and organizations. While strong emphasis is laid on punctuality

in a business environment, the same may not be applicable in a domestic
environment.

4. Bapties

Bapties is the language of touch. It is subject to gender and cross-cultural

variation. In the east, touching is closely related with displays of intimacy.
While people in the West shake hands, in the East, people prefer to bow.

5. Paralanguage

Paralanguage, derived from the words, 'para' and 'language' means 'beyond
language'. It refers to vocal features which assist the manner of exchange in
communication. Paralanguage consists of the following elements:

1) Vocalization: Vocalization of words involves:

a) Volume Variation: The amplitude of sound reveals the emotional state
of the speaker. While a whisper indicates secrecy, a louder voice suggests
anger or assertion.
b) Speed: Speedy deliverance should not be confused with fluency. Huni.ed
speech suggests nervousness while slow and relaxed delivery promotes
better understanding and reduces the risk of miscommunication.
c) Pitch variation: Pitch refers to the shrillness of sound. Pitch variation
makes communication dynamic. Low pitch variation indicates stability
while high pitch variation suggests a volatile emotional state.
d) Silence and pauses: Silence and pauses in communication help the listener
to understand better by providing necessary time to receive and decode
messages thus promoting effective communication.

2) Word Stress: Meaning of sentences may vary because of stress laid on

different words in the same sentence.

For example,
Is this how you live?
Is this how you live?
16 \ INTERFACE

Is this how you li\·e?

ls this how you live?

3) Inflections: Inflections are the regional or cultural variations attached to

utterances. For example, British English differs greatly from Indian English
on account of accent and variety of speech.

·.~

Ut-\1'E,1'.4=/rf\ND.
:t OW1.."i SfEl'lt:.
EM6UGotf\

4) Non-fluencies: Non-fluencies are utterances such as aumm", "err", "oh'',

0
okay" etc. which act as fillers in conversation. Some non-fluencies are helpful
and give the receiver time to grasp the meaning of the sender while an excess
could make the speaker sound anxious or non-serious and might as well
irritate the receiver.

6. Sign Language

Sign language is constitutive of symbols specific to communicative groups

and usually signifies a universal meaning. Signs can be categorised into

a) Audio Signs: Conch shells

Door bells
Race whistle

b) Visual Signs: Traffic signal

Highway signals
Graphs and maps
 COMMUNICATION: THEORY AND TYPES 117

c) Audio-VisuaJ Signs: Advertisements

Documentaries
Mobile GPS Service

f I/;
A
f, B
, C D E F G

\ • 2\ " ~ I
H J K L M

4 g· ,{I 1'I f
N 0
' p Q R s

; • ~ i 1'wi
T u V w X y z
SIGN LANGUAGE

fORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION

Formal communication refers to the exchange of ideas and information with

a degree of formality. This communication usually takes place in professional
and corporate environments. The flow of formal communication is organised
and patterned. It follows organisational hierarchy and functions within the
sphere of authority and responsibility. It is credible and documented. This is
an expensive means of communication and due to excess formality,
18 l INTERFACE

communication is often slowed down.

Informal Communication or Grapevine refers to the exchange of ideas
and inforn1ation which carries a degree of familiarity. This form oi
communication is more casual, relaxed and spontaneous. It follm.vs no
particular chain of communication and is usually used in domestic and personal
spaces. Grapevine can often be used for spreading rumors and gossip, since
it is difficult to trace the source of the information.
Formal and informal communication can flow in a variety of
configurations, as illustrated on the next page.

INTRAPERSONAL, INTERPERSONAL AND GROUP COMMUNICATION

lntrapersonal communication is the com1nunication taking place within the

mind of the individual. Clear intrapersonal communication serves many
important functions, such as resolving self-doubt, helping one make decisions
and process emotions, and so on. We come to a better understanding of
ourselves and our thoughts through "self-talk" or intrapcrsonal
comn1unica tion.
Interpersonal communication is the exchange of information or ideas taking
place among two or more individuals. It includes the use of verbal and non-
verbal language, as vtell as listening and writing skills.
Group communication is the inreraction taking place among two or more
persons to influence each other. Formal group conuuunication takes place m
n1eetings, conferences, teams etc. Informal group conm1unication takes place
spontaneously when people in societies meet for parties, marriages, etc.

Miscommunication and Barriers to Communication

Communication is the process of sending information and understanding

from sender to the receiver. When the information in the mind of the sender
is not passed on and not understood exactly by the recei\·er, it is called
miscommunication. It may take place at the level of the comnumicator or at
the level of the receiver or at the medium. The hurdles or the problems '"'hich
do not allow the message to reach the target audience properly are called
barriers to communication.
 COMMUNICATION· THEORY AND TYPES I 19

@
•
©
®
@ All 01.111.nd
Chain (Start)

\Vhl'el

'I l',1tlcrn

Prob.::i bility
Single strand (e,tch tells the other)
(euch rclntfomly ll"lls others)

Cluster (some tell selected others)

Gossip (one tells all)

COMMUNICATION NElWORKS
20 ! INTERFACE

Egypt· ..Be
patient" Italy: ..Whal do
you mean?·

\
Greece: •That's I
just perfect!"
L__"_ _ _ _)

PERSONAL BARRIERS

The barriers or hurdles at the personal level which prevent effective

communication are as follows:
1. Emotions: Emotions like extreme happiness., extreme pain and extreme
anger do not allow effective communication.
2. Closed mind: Prejudices and firm beliefs lead to closed mind which
prevent the free flow of communication.
3. Status block: Status consciousness of both superiors and subordinates
do not allow free and effective communication.
4. State of health: Unhealthy mental and physical state leads to improper
communication.
5. Poor communication skills: Poor communication skills in speaking,
listening, writing and reading result in miscommunication.

SOCIAL BARRIERS

The social activities or the problems which do not allow effective

communication are known as social barriers to communication. Some of the
social barriers are:
 COMMUNICATION:THEORY AND TYPES 121

l. Cttltural differences: In international communication, the cultural barriers

become barrier to communication. The same symbols, words, body
movements convey different meanings to people from different cultures.
2. Group identification: The sense of belonging to a particular society,
culture, religion, caste, religion, etc., regulates the feelings of an individual.
Therefore, the ideas communicated may be accepted intellectuaJly or
rejected emotionally.
3. Interpretation of words: Some words have multiple meanings in different
societies. The context in which a word is used by a particular society may
not be understood equally in every society. This may lead to
miscommunication.
4. Wrong choice of medium: The media available to the sender for
transmission of a message is not suitable in every society. Wrong selection
of media by the communicator results in miscommunication.
5. Improper time: Different societies have different conceptions of time.
Communication made at a time unacceptable for a society turns out to be
a failure.

BUSINESS BARRIERS

Hurdles that prevent effective communication in a business organization are

called Business Barriers to communication. Some of the business barriers are:
1. Organizational rules and regulations: Rigid rules and regulations of an
organization restrict the flow of information among the various levels of
employees and become hindrance in the process of communiea ti.on. This
delays transmission of messages and discourages the employees to put
forward their innovative ideas.
2. Non conduction of staff meetings: In business houses where staff meetings
and conferences are not held regularly, free communication does not take
place. Here non conduction of meetings become a barrier to
communication.
3. Hierarchical relationship: In most business houses, hierarchical and
formal superior-subordinate relationships in the organizational structure
221 INTERFACE

do not enable free comnmnicdtion between subordinates and superiors.

4 _ Distance: Distdnce between different business houses becomes a barrier

to communication when it is greater and in the absence of proper channel
and n1edia.
s. Inadequate or overloaded information: Inadequate information and
oYerloaded information within and outside business houses prevents
effective communication.

Effective Communication

Barriers to communication can be overcome with planning and great efforts.

The strategies which can be taken for overcoming the barriers to
communication in order to n1ake communication more effective are:
1. Overcome perceptional barriers: We can overcome perceptional barriers
by becoming more alert and aware and through spiritua] exercises.
2. Effective listening: Proper and effective listening to the corrununicator
ensures free and open communication.
3. Create healthy and friendly environment: Communication becomes
effective when the environment is healthy and friendly.
4. Convey emotional contents of the message: The message should be
conveyed along with the emotional content in order to make effective
communication.
5. Use appropriate language: Using appropriate language and words
understandable for the receiver helps in making the communication
effective.

6. Use proper channel: Using appropriate channels of communication after

proper audience analysis helps in effective communication. The
communicator may choose a meeting, mail or telephone conversation,
depending on the messag;e to be conveyed.
7. Encourage open communication~ Organisations should encourage open
communication from subordinates to superiors for removing the
communication gap among the employees.
 COMMUNICATION· THEORY AND TYPES j 23

8. Ensure two way communication: Sound feedback from the receiver

ensures two way communication and is a requisite for effective
communication.
9. Make best use of body language: Positive body language blended with
proper voice modulation aids the effective transmission of a message.

7 C's OF COMMUNICATION

Effective
Conununication

SEVEN C,s OF COMMUNICATION

141 INTERFACE

The following general rules, widely known as the 7 C' s of comn1unication,

should be adhered to in order to make conunurucation more effective:

1. Clarity
The communicator must have clarity of thought and expression in order to
make the communication effective. To have clarity of thought, the
communicator should carefully consider the main purpose of communication,
the contents of the message and the medium of communication. For clarity of
expression, the communicator should use simple and easy words, short
sentences and avoid technical jargons and ambiguous words.

2. Courtesy
For effective communication, the communicator should be polite, considerate,
helpful, obliging, friendly and respectful in manners and action. Courtesy
can be shown by answering promptly, avoiding offensive expressions,
apologizing sincerely and showing gratefulness.

3. Correctness
Correct facts, grammatically correct language, correct style and correct tin1ing
are necessary for effective communication. For that the communicator should
convey accurate facts in a language that can be easily understood by the
receiver. The style of presentation should be according to the needs of the
audience and the message should be conveyed in time.

4. Completeness

Effective communication requires completeness of facts in all respects. To

ensure con1pleteness, the cornrnwucator should check five 'W' and one 'H'
questions, i.e. who, what, where, when, why and how. It helps in ensuring
inclusion of the entire information. While replying to an enquiry or query,
the communicator should ensure that all the questions raised are answered.

5. Conciseness

Concise and brief communication is always effective. For that, the

communicator should properly organize the message by including only the
relevant facts and avoiding repetitions.
 COMMUNICATION: THEORY AND TYPES j 25

6. Concreteness

Concrete and specific expressions help in making the conm,unication effective.

The communicator should never make abstract or vague expressions.

7. Consideration

When the communicator focuses on the needs of the audience and shows
consideration for them, the communication becomes effective.

□ Activity
Watch Charlie Chaplin's 'The Immigrant' and try to infer the
exchange by identifying non-verbal means of communication.
Link: https:/ /www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3PbTzarsvc

Questions

1. What is communication?

2. What are the elements of communication?

3. Discuss the importance of communication.
4. What are the different types of communication?
5. What is verbal communication?
6. What is non-verbal communication?

7. What are the different models of communication?

8. What are the barriers to communication?

9. How can one overcome the barriers to communication?

10. Define: Intra-personal communication, Inter-personal communication,

Group Communication.