1

संदेश
विद्यालयी विक्षा में िैवक्षक उत्कृष्टता प्राप्त करना केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन की सिोच्च िरीयता है । हमारे विद्यार्थी,
विक्षक एिं िै वक्षक नेतृत्व कताा वनरं तर उन्नवत हे तु प्रयासरत रहते हैं । राष्टरीय विक्षा नीवत 2020 के सं दर्ा में योग्यता
आधाररत अवधगम एिं मूल्ां कन संबन्धित उद्दे श्ों को प्राप्त करना तर्था सीबीएसई के वदिा वनदे िों का पालन , ितामान
में इस प्रयास को और र्ी चुनौतीपूर्ा बनाता है ।

केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन के पां चों आं चलिक लशक्षा एवं प्रलशक्षण संस्थान द्वारा संकवलत यह ‘विद्यार्थी सहायक
सामग्री’ इसी वदिा में एक आिश्क कदम है । यह सहायक सामग्री कक्षा 9 से 12 के विद्यावर्थायों के वलए सर्ी
महत्वपूर्ा विषयों पर तैयार की गयी है । केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन की ‘विद्यार्थी सहायक सामग्री’ अपनी गुर्ित्ता एिं
परीक्षा संबंधी सामग्री-सं कलन की वििेषज्ञता के वलए जानी जाती है और अन्य विक्षर् संस्थान र्ी इसका उपयोग
परीक्षा संबंधी पठन सामग्री की तरह करते रहे हैं । िुर्-आिा एिं विश्वास है वक यह सहायक सामग्री विद्यावर्थायों की
सहयोगी बनकर सतत मागादिान करते हुए उन्हें सफलता के लक्ष्य तक पहुं चाएगी ।

िुर्ाकां क्षा सवहत ।

लनलि पांडे
आयुक्त, केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन

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CONTRIBUTORS:
1. SH. AMIT KUMAR GUPTA, PGT MATHS, PM SHRI KV BARRACKPORE ARMY

2. MS. SURANJANA DEB, PGT MATHS, KV NO 2 KANCHRAPARA

3. SH. BIMAL KUMAR, PGT MATHS, KV BALLYGUNGE

4. SH. MRINAL SAHA, PGT MATHS, KV BARRACKPORE AFS

5. SH. PINAKI CHAKRABORTY, PGT MATHS, KV OF DUMDUM

6. SH. PRADIP KUMAR DAS, PGT MATHS, KV NO 1 ISHAPORE

7. SH. BISHAL KUMAR SHARMA, PGT MATHS, KV COSSIPORE

8. MRS. SOMA DAS, PGT MATHS, KV COMMAND HOSPITAL

9. SH. PINTU BANERJEE, PGT MATHS, KV FORT WILLIAM

10.SH. PRADEEP KUMAR, PGT MATHS, KV CRPF DURGAPUR

11.SH. DHARMENDRA KUMAR PRASAD, PGT MATHS, KV BAMANGACHI

12.SH. SUJIT BANERJEE, PGT MATHS, KV CMERI DURGAPUR

13.SH. BISWAJIT PATRA, PGT MATHS, KV NO 2 KHARAGPUR

14. SH. KRISHANU MONDAL, PGT MATHS, KV FORT WILLIAM

15.SH. SUMIT CHATTOPADHYAY, PGT MATHS, KV ADRA

16.MRS. ADITI PAUL BARMAN, PGT MATHS, KV PANAGARH

17.SH RAJU GOPAL KABIRAJ, PGT MATHS, KV GARDEN REACH

18.SH. SOUMITRA BAG, PGT MATHS, KV COSSIPORE

19.SH. TAPAS DAS, PGT MATHS, KV ALIPURDUAR JN

20.SH. AMIT GIRI, PGT MATHS, KV NO 2 SALT LAKE

3
 INDEX
S.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO

1. CURRICULUM 05 - 08

2. RELATION AND FUNCTIONS 09- 16

3. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 17 – 20

4. MATRICES 21 – 27

5. DETERMINANTS 28 – 36

6. CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABLITY 37 – 42

7. APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 43 - 50

8. INTEGRALS 51 – 61

9. APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS 62 – 71

10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 72 – 79

11. VECTOR ALGEBRA 80 - 94

12. THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 95 – 104

13. LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM 105 – 111

14. PROBABILITY 112 – 125

15. SAMPLE QUESTION PAPERS WITH BP & MS 126 - 196

4
 CLASS-XII
(2024-25)
One Paper Max Marks: 80
No. Units No. of Periods Marks
I. Relations and Functions 30 08
II. Algebra 50
10
III. Calculus 80
35
IV. Vectors and Three - Dimensional Geometry 30
14
V. Linear Programming 20 05
VI. Probability 30
08
Total 240
80
Internal Assessment
20

Unit-I: Relations and Functions

1. Relations and Functions 15 Periods

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and
ontofunctions.

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 15 Periods

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.

Unit-II: Algebra

1. Matrices 25 Periods

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a
matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operations on matrices: Addition and
multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and
scalar multiplication. Non- commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero
matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Invertible
matrices and proof of the uniqueness ofinverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

5
 2. Determinants 25 Periods
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of
determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency,
inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of
linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

Unit-III: Calculus
1. Continuity and Differentiability 20 Periods

Continuity and differentiability, chain rule, derivative of inverse trigonometric functions,

𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 sin−1 , cos−1 𝑥 and tan−1 𝑥, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and logarithmic
functions.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions
expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives.
2. Applications of Derivatives 10 Periods
Applications of derivatives: rate of change of quantities, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima
andminima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a
provabletool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as
well as real-life situations).

3. Integrals 20 Periods
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by
partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on
them
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 ±𝑎2 , ∫ √ , ∫ √𝑎2
−𝑥 2
, ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 ,
𝑥 2 ±𝑎2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

(𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐, ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐, ∫ √𝑎2 ± 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥, ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation
of definite integrals.

4. Applications of the Integrals 15 Periods

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in
standard form only)

6
 5. Differential Equations 15 Periods
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Solution of
differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous differential
equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑞 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 are functions of x or constants
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑞 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 are functions of y or constants
𝑑𝑦

Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

1. Vectors 15 Periods
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a
vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point,
negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a
scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical
Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of
vectors.
2. Three - dimensional Geometry 15 Periods
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector
equationof a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Angle between two lines.

Unit-V: Linear Programming

1. Linear Programming 20 Periods

Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, graphical

method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded or
unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial
constraints).

Unit-VI: Probability

1. Probability 30 Periods
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability,
Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean of random variable.

7
 MATHEMATICS (Code No. - 041)
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN CLASS - XII
(2024-25)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 80

S. %
Typology of Questions Total
No. Weightage
Marks

Remembering: Exhibit memory of previously learned material

by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers. 55
1 Understanding: Demonstrate understanding of facts and 44
ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting,
givingdescriptions, and stating main ideas
Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying
2 20 25
acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a
differentway.
Analysing :
Examine and break information into parts by identifying
motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to
support generalizations
Evaluating:
Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
3 information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set 16 20
of criteria.
Creating:
Compile information together in a different way by
combiningelements in a new pattern or proposing
alternative solutions
Total 80 100

1. No chapter wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters

2. Suitable internal variations may be made for generating various templates keeping the
overallweightage to different form of questions and typology of questions same.

Choice(s):
There will be no overall choice in the question paper. However, 33% internal choices will be
given in all the section.

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 20 MARKS

Periodic Tests ( Best 2 out of 3 tests conducted) 10 Marks

Mathematics Activities 10 Marks

8
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

KEY POINTS:-

1. RELATIONS:

● The set of all ordered pairs (a , b) of element 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 is called the cartesian product of set A
and set B and is denoted by A x B.
A x B = { (a,b); a∈ A , b∈ B}
● A relation R from A to B is a subset of A x B .
● Let A and B be any two non-empty finite sets containing m and n elements respectively,
i) number of ordered pairs in A x B is mn.
ii) total number of subsets of A x B is 2 mn.
iii) total number of relations from A to B is 2 mn.
● If there is no relation between the elements of a set or sets , then the relation is called empty
relation. R =∅ .
● A relation R in a set A is called universal relation , if every element of A is related to each of the
elements of A , R = A x A.
● A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if every element of A is related to itself. R is reflexive if
(a,a) ∈ R for every a 𝜖 A.
● A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation, if (a,b) ∈ R⇒ (b,a) ∈ R , a, 𝑏 ∈ A.

● A relation R on a set A is said to be a transitive relation, if (a,b) ∈ R and (b,c) ∈ R ⇒ (a,c) ∈ R.

● A relation which is reflexive, symmetric and transitive , is called an equivalence relation .
● Let R be an equivalence relation on a set A. Let a ∈ A. Then the set of all those elements of A which
are related to A is called equivalence class denoted by [a] or Cl {a}.

2. FUNCTIONS:
● Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then, a subset f of A x B is a function that associates each
element of A to a unique element of B.
● Let f : A→ B then the set A is called the domain of f and the set B is known as its co-domain. The set
of images of elements of set A is known as the range of f. Clearly Range is a subset of Co-domain.
● A function f : A→ B is a one-one function or an injection , if
f (x) = f(y) ⇒ x = y for all x,y ∈ A or

x ≠ y ⇒ f (x) ≠ f(y) for all x,y ∈ A

9
● A function f : A→ B is an onto function or a surjection, if range(f) = co-domain (f). So each element in
B must have atleast one pre-image in A.
● A function f : A→ B is a many-one function if there exists at least two or more elements of A having
the same f image in B.i.e.,
f (x) = f(y) but x ≠ y.
So many-one function cannot be injective.
● If f : A→ B is such that there exists atleast one element in co-domain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into. So into function can not be surjective.
● If a set A has m elements and set B has n elements, then the number of functions possible from A to
B is n m.
● If a set A has m elements and set B has n elements,
𝑛!
if n≥ m, then the number of injective functions or one-one functions is given by (𝑛−𝑚)! and

if n<m then 0.
● If a set A has m elements and set B has n elements, the number of onto functions from A to B is
∑𝑛𝑟 =1(−1)𝑛−𝑟 nCr rm ,if m≥ n and 0 , if m<n
● If there is a bijection between two sets A and B then both sets will have the same number of
elements. If n(A) = n(B) i.e., m = n, then the number of bijective functions = n!, if m ≠ n then 0.
● Algebraic operations on functions:
if f and g are real valued functions of x with domain set A and B respectively then
i) (f±g) = f(x) ± g(x) (domain is A∩B)
ii) (f.g) (x) = f(x). g(x) (domain is A∩B)
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
iii) (𝑔 )(x) = 𝑔(𝑥) (domain is A∪B and g(x) ≠ 0 )

iv) f=g if and only if A=B and f(x)=g(x) for all x in A.

Functions Domain Range

Algebraic functions:

i) x n (n 𝜖 N) R R, if n is odd

R+ U {0}, if n is even

ii) 1/ x n (n 𝜖 N) R – {0} R – {0}, if n is odd

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 R+ , if n is even

iii) x 1/n (n 𝜖 N) R, if n is odd R, if n is odd

R+ U {0}, if n is even R+ U {0}, if n is even

iv) 1/ x 1/n (n 𝜖 N) R – {0}, if n is odd R – {0}, if n is odd

R+ , if n is even R+ , if n is even

Trigonometric functions:

i) sin x R [ - 1 , + 1]

ii) cos x R [ - 1 , + 1]

ᴨ
iii) tan x R –(2k + 1)2 , k 𝜖 Z R

iv) cot x R–kᴨ,k𝜖Z R

ᴨ
v) sec x R –(2k + 1)2 , k 𝜖 Z ( - ∞ , - 1] U [1, ∞ )

vi) cosec x R–kᴨ,k𝜖Z ( - ∞ , - 1] U [1, ∞ )

Inverse Trigonometric
functions:

𝜋 𝜋
i) sin – 1x [ - 1 , + 1] [- 2 , 2 ]

ii) cos – 1x [ - 1 , + 1] [0, ᴨ]

𝜋 𝜋
iii) tan – 1x R (- 2 , 2 )

iv) cot – 1x R (0, ᴨ)

ᴨ
v) sec – 1x ( - ∞ , - 1] U [1, ∞ ) [0, ᴨ] – { 2 }

𝜋 𝜋
vi) cosec – 1x ( - ∞ , - 1] U [1, ∞ ) [- 2 , 2 ] – { 0 }

Exponential functions:

i) e x R R+

11
ii) e 1/x R–{0} R+-{1}

iii) a x , a > 0 R R+

iv) a 1/x , a > 0 R–{0} R+-{1}

Logarithmic functions:

i) log a x (a > 0, a≠1) R+ R

ii) log x a (a > 0, a≠1) R+-{1} R–{0}

Integral part or greatest

integer functions:

i) [x] R I

ii) 1/x R – [ 0,1) 1/n , n 𝜖Z– { 0 }

Fractional part functions:

i) { x } R [ 0 , 1)

ii) 1/ { x } R-Z (1, ∞ )

Modulus functions:

i) | x| R R+ U {0}

ii) 1/ | x| R - {0} R+

Signum function:

|𝑥| R { -1 , 0 , 1}
,x≠0
𝑥

0, x=0

Constant function:

f(x) = c R {c}

12
MCQ:

1. If a relation R on the set {1,2,3,4] be defined by R= {(1,2)}, then R is

a) Reflexive b) Transitive c) Symmetric d) None of these

2. Which of the following functions from Z to Z are one-one and onto?

a) f(x) = x3 b) f(x) = x+2 c) f(x)= 2x + 1 d) f(x) = x 2 + 1

3. The function f: R → R given by f(x) = cos x, x ∈ R is

a) one-one but not onto b) onto but not one-one

c) one-one and onto d) neither one-one nor onto

4. Greatest integer function f(x) =[x] is

a) one-one b) many-one c) both (a) & (b) d) none of these

5. The maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A = {1, 2, 3} are

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5

6. If R = {(x, y) : x2 + y2 = 4 ,x,y 𝜖 Z} is a relation of Z , then the domain of R is

a) {0,1,2} b) {-2 ,0,2} c) {-2, -1,1,2} d) { 1,2}

7. Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a family and a relation R defined as a R b if a is sister
of b. Then R is

a) symmetric but not transitive b) transitive but not symmetric

c) neither symmetric nor transitive d) both symmetric and transitive

8. Number of relations that can be defined on the set A = {a, b, c, d} is

a) 23 b) 44 c) 42 d) 216

9. Let R be the relation in the set Z of all integers defined by R = {(x, y): x – y is an integer}. Then R is

a) Reflexive b) Transitive c) Symmetric d) an equivalence relation

10.Let S be the set of all real numbers. Then the relation R = {(a, b): 1 + ab > 0} on S is

a) reflexive, symmetric but not transitive b) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric

13
c) reflexive, symmetric and transitive d) both symmetric and transitive but not reflexive

Assertion –reasoning:

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true but R is false

d) A is false but R is true.

11. Assertion(A): a relation R ={ |a-b|< 2 } defined on the set A ={ 1,2,3,4,5} is reflexive.

Reason(R): A relation R on the set A is said to reflexive if for (a,b) 𝜖 R and (b,c) 𝜖 R we have (a,c) 𝜖 R

12. Assertion(A): Let A= {2,4,6} , B={3,5,7,9} and defined a function f = { (2,3),(4,5), (6,7)} from A to B ,then f
is not onto.

Reason(R): A function f: A→ B is said to be onto, if every element of B is the image of some element of A
under f.

13. Assertion(A): The smallest integer function f(x) is one-one.

Reason(R): A function is one-one if f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x = y.

14. Assertion(A): The function f: R→ R, f(x) = |x| is not one-one.

Reason(R): The function f(x) = |x| is not onto.

Long questions:

15. If f : N → N be the function defined by f(x) = 4x3 +7, check whether f is a one-one and onto function or
not.

𝑥
16. show that the function f: R → { x𝜖 R : -1 < x <1 } defined by f(x) = , x𝜖 R is one-one and onto
1 + |𝑥|

function.

17. A function f: [ -4,4] → [0,4] , given by f(x)= √16 − 𝑥 2 . Show that f is an onto function but not one-one.
Further find all possible values of a, f(a) = √7

4 4 4𝑥 +3
18. Consider f : R – { - 3 } → R – { } given by f(x) = . show that f is one-one and onto .
3 3𝑥+4

19. Let A = {1,2,3,........,9} and the relation R on the set A x A defined by (a,b) R (c,d) ↔ a +d = b +c for all
(a,b),(c,d) ∈ A xA. Prove that R is an equivalence relation. Also find [(2,5)].
14
20. Show that the relation R on the set A ={ x ∈ Z ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 12} , given by R = { (a,b) : |a - b| is a multiple of
4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1.
Hint or Answer keys of Selected Questions

1–b 4-b 7-b 10 – a 13 - d

2–b 5-d 8-d 11 – c 14 - b

3–d 6-b 9-d 12 – d

17. 𝑎 = 3, −3

19. [(2,5)] = {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6),(4,7),(5,8), (6,9)}.

20. Transitive: (a,b) ∈ R ⇒ |a-b|=4k (multiple of 4)⇒(a – b) = ± 4k ...............(1)

(b,c) ∈ R ⇒ |b-c|=4m (multiple of 4) ⇒(b – c) = ± 4m ...............(2)

Adding (1) and (2) we get, a – c = ± 4(k + m), multiple of 4.

so, (a,c) ∈ R. Relation is transitive . The set of all elements related to 1= { 1, 5, 9}

Practice questions:
𝑥 −2
1. Let A = R – {3} and B = R- {1}. Find the value of a such that the function f: A→ B defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −3

is onto. Also , check whether the given function is one-one or not.

2. Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N x N defined by

(a , b) R (c,d) imply that ad(b+c) = bc(a+d).

Check whether R is an equivalence relation or not on N x N.

3. Show that the relation R on the set A of points in a plane, given by

R = { (P,Q) :Distance of the point P from the origin is same as the distance of the point Q from the origin},

is an equivalence relation. Further show that the set of all points related to a point P ≠ (0,0) is the circle
passing through P with origin as centre.

4. Show that f : N → N defined by

𝑛+1
2
, if n is odd and
f(n) ={ 𝑛 is many-one and onto function.
, if n is even
2

15
5. Test whether the relation R on Z defined by R = {(a,b): |a –b|≤ 5} is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
6. Show that the relation R in the set A={1,2,3,4,5}, given by R = {(a,b) : |a –b| is divisible by 2}, is an
equivalence relation . Show that all the elements of {1,3,5} are related to each other and all the elements
of {2,4} are related to each other , but no elements of {1,3,5} is related to any element of {2,4}.
7. Let R be the equivalence relation in the set A = {0,1,2,3,4,5} given by R ={ (a,b): 2 divides (a – b)}. Write
the equivalence class [0].
8. Let R = {(a, a3 ): a is a prime number less than 5} be a relation. Find the range of R.
9. Check whether the function f : N → N given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x -5 is one-one and onto or not.
10. If R = {(x, y) : x + 2y =8 } is a relation on N, then write the range of R.
1 1 𝑥
11. Check whether a function f : R → [− , ] defined as f(x) = is one-one and onto or not.
2 2 1 +𝑥 2

12. Let L be the set of all lines in XY plane and R be the relation on L defined as

R = { (L1,L2): L1 is parallel to L2} .

Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines related to the line y = 2x + 4.

13. Prove that a function f: [0,∞) → [-5, ∞) defined as f(x) = 4x2 + 4x – 5 is both one-one and onto.
4 4𝑥
14. Let f : R – { - 3 } → R given by f(x) = 3𝑥+4 . show that f is one-one and onto .

1 , if x > 0
15. Show that the signum function f: R→ R , given by , f(x) = { 0, if x = 0
−1 , if x < 0
is neither one-one nor onto.

16
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
KEY POINTS :
What is an Inverse Function?
If y=f(x) and x=g(y) are two functions such that f (g(y)) = y and g (f(y)) = x, then f and g are said to be inverse
of each other, written as g = f-1 and f =g-1.
If y = f(x) then x = f-1 (y)
The inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions written as cos -
1 x, sin-1 x, tan-1 x, cot-1 x, cosec-1 x, sec-1 x.
If y = sin x , then x = sin-1 y, similarly for other trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions are
written.

Domain & Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Functions Domain Range

𝜋 𝜋
sin-1 x [-1,1] [− 2 , 2 ]

cos-1 x, [-1,1] [0,𝜋]

𝜋 𝜋
tan-1 x R (− 2 , 2 )

cot-1 x R (0,𝜋)

𝜋
sec-1 x R – ( -1,1) [0,𝜋]−{ 2 }

𝜋 𝜋
cosec-1 x R – ( -1,1) [− 2 , 2 ]−{0}

You may note:

sin-1(sin 𝜃)=𝜃 , cos-1(cos 𝜃 )=𝜃 within the domain,
sin-1(-x)= −sin-1(x), cos-1(-x)=𝜋−cos-1(x), tan-1(-x)=−tan-1x.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin-1 x + cos-1 x= 2 , tan-1 x + cot-1 x = 2 , cosec-1 x + sec-1 x = 2

MCQ WITH ANSWER

1. One branch of cos -1 x other than the principal value branch corresponds to:
𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
(a) [ 2 , ] (b)[𝜋, 2𝜋] − { 2 } (𝑐)(−𝜋, 0) (𝑑) [2𝜋, 3𝜋]
2

Ans . (𝑑)

17
 2. The principal value of cos-1(cos(-6800) is:
2𝜋 2𝜋 34𝜋 (𝑑)𝜋
(a) (𝑏) − (𝑐)
9 9 9 9

Ans. (a )
3. If cos-1 x- sin-1 x=0 , then the value of x is:
1 √3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) √2 (𝑑)
2

Ans. (c)
13𝜋
4. The value of cos-1(cos ( )) 𝑖𝑠:
6
13𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
(a) (b) (c) (d) 6
6 6 6

Ans.(d)
1 −√3
5. The value of sin-1(2)+2cos-1( ) 𝑖𝑠:
2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(a) (b)- 2 (c) (d)none of these
2 2

Ans. (d)

ONE MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

3𝜋 2𝜋
1. Find the value of sin−1(sin 5 ). Ans . 5

7𝜋 5𝜋
2. Evaluate cos−1(cos 6 ). Ans. 6

3. Which is greater tan1 or tan−11 . Ans. tan1> tan−11

2𝜋 2𝜋
4. sin−1(sin 3 )= , state true or false. Ans. False
3

5. Domain of function sin−1𝑥 is (-1,1), state true or false. Ans. False

1
6. If tan−1𝑥= sin−1 , then x is ___ . Ans. 1
√2

7. Find the value of cot(tan−1𝑎+cot−1𝑎) Ans. 0

Assertion- Reason Question

𝜋 𝜋
Assertion(A): Principal value branch of 𝑥 is [– , ]
2 2

Reason(R): In this branch the function is bijective

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A.
18
 (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans: (b)
THREE LEVELS OF GRADED QUESTIONS
Level I (Very Short Type Question)
−1 𝜋
1. Find the principal value of sin−1( 2 ) . Ans. - 6

√3 𝜋
2. Find the principal value of cos−1( 2 ) . Ans. 6

4𝜋
3. Find the principal value of tan−1(−√3) . Ans: 3
.

−1 𝜋
4. Find the value of tan−1(1)+sin−1( 2 ) . Ans: 12
.

𝜋
5. Find the value of tan−1(√3)−cot−1(−√3) . Ans:- 2.

−1
6. Find the value of sin(𝜋/3−sin−1( 2 ) . Ans: 1.

𝜋
7. Find the principal value of tan−1√3−sec−1(−2) . Ans:- 3.

Level II (SHORT TYPE QUESTION)

−1 −1 3𝜋
1. Find the value of tan−1(1)+cos−1( )+sin−1( ) Ans: 4
.
2 2

3 3 17
2. Find the value of tan { sin−1(5)+cot−1(2) } Ans: 6 .

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝜋
3. Write in simplest form: tan−1(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) Ans: 4- x.

3 8 84
4. Show that sin−1(5)+−sin−1(17)= cos−1(85)

√1+sin 𝑥 +√1−sin 𝑥 𝑥 𝜋
5. Prove that cot−1[ ]= 2 , 0 < 𝑥 <
√1+sin 𝑥− √1−sin 𝑥 2

2x 3𝑥−𝑥 3
6. Prove that tan−1 (𝑥)+tan−1(1−𝑥 2 )=tan−1( 1−3𝑥 2 )

Level III (Long Type Question)

𝜋
1. If sin−1(1−𝑥)−2sin−1𝑥= 2, find the value of x. Ans: x= 0, ½.

12 4 63
2. Show that sin−1 13+cos−15+tan−160= 𝜋

𝜋
3. If tan−1𝑥+tan−1𝑦+tan−1𝑧= 2 ,then show that xy+yz+zx=1

3 3 6
4. Prove that cos(sin−1 5+cot−1 2)= 5√13

19
5. Solve: cos(tan−1𝑥)=sin (cot−1 ¾) Ans : x= ¾.

3𝑥+4√1−𝑥 2
6. Simplify: sin−1 ( ) Ans: cos-1 ⅗ -cos-1 x.
5

𝑥 2 +1
7. Prove that sin[cot−1{cos (tan−1𝑥)}]=√(𝑥 2 +2)

8. If tan−1𝑎+tan−1𝑏+tan−1𝑐 = 𝜋 prove that a + b + c = abc

Case based Question
Two men on either side of a temple of 30 m high observe its top at the angles of elevation 𝛼 and 𝛽 respectively,

The distance between the two men is 40√3 m and the distance between the first person A and the temple is 30√3
m.
Answer the following questions using the above information.
2 1 √3
(i) ∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 = 𝛼 = (𝑎) ( ) (b) (2) (c) (2) (d) ( 2 )
√3
1 2 4 √3
(ii) ∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 = 𝛼 = (𝑎) ( ) (b) ( ) (c) ( ) (d) ( )
5 5 5 2
1 1
(iii) ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 𝛽 = (𝑎) ( ) (b) (2) (c) ( 3) (d) (√3)
2 √
π π π π
(iv) ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = (𝑎) (b) (c) (d)
4 6 2 3

Ans:. (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (d) (iv) (c )

20
 MATRICES

KEY POINTS:

Matrix: An ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.

Matrix Order: A matrix having m rows and n columns is read as a matrix of order m by n & written as m x n.

Row Matrix: A matrix of order having only one row and any number of columns.

Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column and any number of rows.

Square matrix: A matrix of order m × n is called square matrix if m = n.

Zero matrix: A = [aij]m×n is called a zero matrix, if aij = 0 for all i and j.

Diagonal matrix: A square matrix [aij]m×n is said to be diagonal, if aij = 0 for i ≠ j.

Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix A = [aij]m×n is said to be scalar, if aij = k for i = j for some real number k.

Unit matrix (Identity matrix): A diagonal matrix A = [aij]n is a unit matrix, if aij = 1 for i = j

Addition/Subtraction of Matrices

The order of two matrices should be same for addition or subtraction operations to be performed.

A = [aij]m x n and B = [bij]m x n

Then, A + B = [aij + bij]m x n

Properties:

• A+B = B+A (Commutative Property of Addition)

• (A+B) + C = A + (B+C)[𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
• k(A+B) = kA+ kB, where k is any scalar
• A + (-A) = O where O is zero matrix of same order

21
Scalar Multiplication: If A is a matrix of order mxn then scalar multiplication of A by a scalar k, which
is another matrix of order m x n denoted by

(kA), further if C=(kA), then cij =k aij. ,i=1,2,3,......m and j=1,2,3,......n.

𝟒 𝟖 𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟎
As for example if A =[ ] then 5A = [ ]
𝟕 𝟏 𝟑𝟓 𝟓

Matrix Multiplication- The product of two matrices A and B is defined if the number of columns of A is
equal to the number of rows of B. Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and B = [bjk] be an n × p matrix. Then the
product of the matrices A and B is the matrix C of order m × p. To get the (i, k)th element c of the matrix C, we
take the ith row of A and kth column of B, multiply them element-wise and take the sum of all these products.

If 𝐴 = [aij ] and B = [bij ] then AB = C = [cik ]m×p where cik = ∑nj=1 aij bjk
m×n n×p

Some properties of matrix multiplication

• AB ≠ BA (In general matrix multiplication is not commutative)

• (AB)C = A(BC) (Associative Property of Multiplication)
• A(B + C) = AB + AC (Distributive Property of Multiplication)

Transpose of a Matrix

If a matrix is obtained from any given matrix A, by interchanging rows and columns, it is called the
transpose of A and is denoted by A’ or AT.

If A = [aij]mxn and A’ = [bij]nxm then bij = aji, ∀i, j

Properties:

• (A')' = A.
• (kA)' = kA'
• (A + B)' = A' + B'
• (AB)' = B' A'

22
Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrix

1. A is a symmetric matrix if A′ = A.
2. A is a skew symmetric matrix if A′ = - A.

𝑎 ℎ 𝑔 0 1 −2
For example: A = [ ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 ] is a symmetric matrix and A =[−1 0 3 ] is a skew symmetric matrix
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐 2 −3 0

*Any square matrix can be represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix in an
unique way.i.e for any matrix A ,

A = ½ (A+AT) +½ (A-AT), where ½ (A+AT) is a symmetric matrix and ½ (A-AT) is skew

symmetric.

Inverse of Matrix:

If A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists another square matrix B of the same order m, such
that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and is denoted by A -1.

Example:

Similarly BA = I

Hence, B is the inverse of A or in other words,

B = A-1 and A is the inverse of B, i.e., A = B-1

23
Properties of Invertible Matrices

Let A and B be n×n invertible matrices (nonsingular). Then

• If A is non-singular, then so is A-1 and (A -1)-1 = A.

• If A and B are non-singular matrices, then AB is non-singular and (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1.
• If A is non-singular then (AT)-1 = (A-1)T.
• Inverse of a matrix if exists is unique.
MCQs (1 MARK QUESTIONS)
1. How many 2x2 order matrices can be formed with entries 0 and 1 only.
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 4 (d) 32
2. If the order of matrix A is m×p. and the order of B is p×n. Then the order of matrix AB is
(a) n × p (b) m × n (c) n × p (d) n × m
3. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then (I – A)3 + A is equal to
(a) I (b) 0 (c) I – A (d) I + A

4. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then (AB′–BA′) is a

(a) Skew symmetric matrix (b) Null matrix (c) Symmetric matrix (d) None of these

2 x−3 x−2
5. If A =[3 −2 −1 ]is a symmetric matrix then x is
4 −1 −5

(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 0

6. If A is a square matrix and if A is skew symmetric then which of the following is true.

(a)(A+AT) = O (b) (A - AT) = O (c) (AAT) = I (d) (A+AT) = I

1 3
7. If A= [ ] and A2 – kA – 5I = 0, then k =
3 4
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) None of these
2 −2
8. If matrix A =[ ] and A2 = pA, then the value of p is
−2 2

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -4 (d) 4

9. If the sum of all the elements of a 3 × 3 scalar matrix is 9, then the product of all its elements is:

(a) 0 (b) 9 (c) 27 (d) 729

24
 TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. If A and B are symmetric matrices, show that AB is symmetric, if AB=BA.

1 2 4 0
Let A = [ ] B= [ ] then show that (AB) ′ = B ′ A ′.
−1 3 1 5
sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2. A=[ ] then verify that AA’ =I
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sin 𝑥
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑘
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 0
5
3. If [ 2𝜋 2𝜋 ] =[ ],then find the least integral value of k.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 1
5

4. Consider the following information regarding the number of men and women worker in
three factories I, II and III.
Factory No Men Workers Women Workers
I 20 25
II 15 30
III 40 50

Represent the above information in the form of a 3 x 2 matrix. What does the entry in the second row and
second column represent?
5. If one given matrix A is both symmetric and also skew-symmetric, then find A.
6. What possible orders can a matrix have if it has 24 elements?
7. Prove that the principal diagonal of any skew symmetric matrix is zero.
8. Two schools A and B want to award their selected students on the values of Honesty, Hardwork
and Punctuality. The school A wants to award Rs. x each, Rs. y each and Rs. z each for the three
respective values to its 3, 2 and 1 students respectively with a total award money of Rs.2200.
School B wants to spend Rs.3100 to award its 4, 1 and 3 students on the respective values. The
total amount of award for one prize on each value is Rs.1200. Convert this problem in matrix
form.
4 0
9. If A =[ ] then express it as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 5

25
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I then find the simplified value of (A – I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7I.
2. In a legislative assembly election, a political group hired a public relations firm to promote its
candidate in three ways: telephone, house calls and letters. The cost per contact (in paise) is given
in matrix A as
40 Telephone
A = [100] house calls.
50 letters

The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given by B
telephone house calls letters
1000 500 5000 𝑋
B=[ ]
3000 1000 10000 𝑌
Find the total amount spent by the group in two cities X and Y.
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 0
3. If F(x)=[ sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0] then show that F(x)F(y)=F(x+y)
0 0 1
−8 5
4. Show that A = [ ] satisfies the equation A2 + 4A – 42I = O. Hence find A-1.
2 4
2 −1 5 2 2 5
5. Let A = [ ], B = ⌈ ⌉,C=[ ] . Find a matrix D such that CD – AB = O.
3 4 7 4 3 8
6. Suppose A is any 3×3 non-singular matrix and (𝐴 − 3𝐼)(𝐴 − 5𝐼) = 𝑂, where 𝐼 = 𝐼3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂 = 𝑂3. If 𝛼𝐴 +
𝛽𝐴-1=4𝐼, then what will be value of 𝛼 + 𝛽.
2 4 0 2 1 6
7. Find matrix A if, [ ]𝐴[ ]=[ ].
1 3 1 3 3 −2
3 2 −1 1 2 −1
8. Find The matrix X where [ ] X[ ] =[ ]
7 5 −2 1 0 4

3 1
9.If A = [ ], show that 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼 = 𝑂. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴−1 .
−1 2

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

−1 𝑎 2 1 −1 1
1. If A = [ 1 2 ] and A -1 = [−8 7 −5] then find the value of (a + x) – (b + y).
𝑥
3 1 1 𝑏 𝑦 3
2. A trust invested some money in two types of bonds. The first bond pays 10% interest and second
bond pays 12% interest. The trust received Rs. 2800 as interest. However, if trust had interchanged
money in bonds, they would have got Rs. 100 less as interest. Using matrix method, find the
amount invested by the trust. Interest received on this amount will be given to Helpage India as
donation.

26
 3. Find matrix A such that
2 −2 −1 −8
[ 1 0 ] A = [ 1 −2]
−3 4 9 22

ANSWERS(1 MARK QUESTIONS)

1.(b) 2. (b) 3.(a) 4.(a) 5(b) 6(a) 7(a) 8(d) 9.(a)

HINT FOR 2 MARKS QUESTIONS

3. K=2.

20 25
5. i) [15 30], ii) No of women workers in II factory is 30.
40 50

7. 1x24,2x12,3x8,4x6,6x4,8x3,12x2,24x1

8. A =-AT thus aij= - aji also for the diagonals aii=-aii ,so 2aii=0 or aii=0

3 2 1 𝑥 2200
9. AX = B, where A = [4 1 3] , X = [𝑦]& B = [3100] , solving x = 300, y = 400 & z = 500.
1 1 1 𝑧 1200

HINT FOR 3 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. 8A-7I.
−4 51
4. A-1= 42 [ ].
2 8
−191 −110
5. D = [ ]
77 44
6. 8
−35 −18
−1
7. [ ]
4 25 10
−4 −3
8. [ ]
6 4
1 2 −1
9. 𝐴−1 = 7 [ ].
1 3

HINT FOR 5 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. AA-1 = I; then comparing the matrices and getting linear equations and solve, hence (a + x) – (b + y)
=3
2. ₹ 10000 and ₹ 15000
1 −2
3. [ ]
3/2 2
27
 DETERMINANTS
Conceptual notes:
▪ Every square matrix can be associated with a number (real or complex), is known as determinant.
▪ Determinant is a a real valued function whose domain is the set of all square matrix.
▪ For a square matrix A, its determinant is denoted by det (A) or |𝐴|.Here, |A| denotes determinant
value, not modulus of A.
▪ Matrix being an arrangement of numbers has no value, but determinant has a fixed value.
Determinants are not defined for non-square matrix.
𝑎11 𝑎12
▪ A Determinant corresponding to matrix A = [𝑎 ] of order 2× 2 is
21 𝑎22

𝑎11 𝑎12
|A|= |𝑎 𝑎22 | = 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21.
21

28
Multiple Choice Questions:

α −2 |A3 |
1. If for a matrix A= [ ], = 125, then the value of α
−2 α

(A) ±3 (B) −3 (C) ±1 (D) 1

x+1 x−1 4 −1
2. If | |=| |, then value of x =
x−3 x+2 1 3
(A) ±3 (B) -3 (C) ±2 (D) 2
16 𝑥 8 32
3. If | |=| | then the value(s) of 𝑥 is/are
𝑥 4 2 8
(A) 8 (B) −8 (C) ±8 (D) 32
4. If A is square matrix of order 3 x 3 such that |𝐴| = 4, then the value of |3𝐴| is
(A) 9 (B) 36 (C) 108 (D) None of these
5. If A is a square matrix of order 3 x 3, then |𝑘𝐴| is equal to
(A) 3𝑘 (B) 𝑘|A| (C) 𝑘 2 |A| (D) 𝑘 3 |A|

6. Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 x 3. The |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| is

(A) |A| (B) |A|2 (C) |A|3 (D) 3|A|

29
 7. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |𝐴| = −1 and |𝐵| = 3, then the value of the
determinant of 3AB is
(A) − 9 (B) −27 (C) −81 (D) 81
8. If A2 − A + I = O, then the inverse of A is
(A) A−2 (B) 1 − 𝐴 (C) O (D) A
9. The value of (𝐴−1 )𝑇 is
(A) (AT )−1 (B) A−1 (C) I (D) AT
10. If the value of a third order determinant is 12, then the value of the determinant formed by
replacing each element by its cofactor will be

(A) 12 (B) 24 (C) 144 (D) 1728

5−𝑥 𝑥+1
11. For what value of 𝑥, the matrix [ ] is singular?
2 4
(A) 𝑥 = 0( B) 𝑥 = 1 (C) 𝑥 = 2 (D) 𝑥 = 3
𝑘 1 −3 1
12. For what value of k, the matrix [ ] will be the adjoint of the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] ?
2 −3 2 5
(A) 𝑘 = −3 (B) 𝑘 = 1 (C) 𝑘 = 2 (D) 𝑘 = 5

Assertion-Reasoning Questions:
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Choose
the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of a.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
1
(i) Assertion (A): If A is a square matrix of order 3 x 3, such that |A| = 9, then |A¯¹| = 9.
1
Reason (R): For a square matrix A of order n x n, |A¯¹|=|𝐴|.
𝑎11 𝑎12
(ii) Assertion (A): Δ = |𝑎 𝑎22 | = 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 𝐴12 ,
21

where 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , is element of a determinant and 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is cofactor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 .

𝑎11 𝑎12
Reason (R): For Δ = |𝑎 𝑎22 | , 𝑎11 +𝐴21 + 𝑎12 +𝐴22 = 0
21

(iii) Assertion (A): Points (1, 7), (3, 5)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4, 4) are collinear.

Reason(R): Area of the triangle formed by the points (1, 7), (3, 5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4, 4) is 0.

30
 𝟐 𝟑 1
(iv) Assertion(A): A= [ ] and A-1=kA then k= 19
𝟓 −𝟐
1
Reason(R) : |A-1| = |A|

Case Based Questions:

1. Two schools A and B want to award their selected students on the values of Honesty, Hard work
and Punctuality. The school A wants to award Rs. x each, Rs. y each and Rs. z each for the three
respective values to its 3, 2 and 1 students respectively with total award money of ₹ 2200. School B
wants to spend Rs. 3100 to award its 4, 1 and 3 students on the respective values (by giving the
same award money to the three values as school A). The total amount of award for one prize on
each value is Rs. 1200.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

(a) Write the system of linear equation in variables x, y and z.

(b) Write the matrix equation represented by the above situation.
(c) Find the values of x, y and z.
OR
𝑥+𝑦
Find the value of .
𝑧

2. On his birthday Rahul decided to donate some money to the children of an orphanage home. If
there were 8 children less, everyone would have got Rs.10 more. Howeverif there were16 children
more,everyone would have got Rs. 10 less.Using matrix method find the number of children and
amount distributed by Rahul.

3. Gautam buys 5 pens, 3 bags and 1 instrument boxe and pays a sum of Rs.160. From the sameshop,
Vikram buys 2 pens, 1 bag and 3 instrument boxes and pays a sum of Rs.190. Also, Ankur buys 1
pen, 2 bags and 4 instrument boxes and pays a sum of Rs. 250.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Convert the given above situation into a matrix equation of the form AX = B.

31
(ii) Find A-1
(iii) Using A-1 find the cost of a pen, a bag and an instrument box.
4. A scholarship is a sum of money provided to a student to help him or her pay for education. Some
students are granted scholarships based on their academic achievements while others are
rewarded based on their financial needs. Every year a school offers scholarships to girl children and
meritorious achievers based on certain criteria in the session 2023-24, the school offered monthly
scholarship of Rs. 3000 each to some girl students and Rs. 4000 each to meritorious achievers in
academics as well as sports. In all 50 students were given the scholarships and monthly expenditure
incurred by the school on scholarship was Rs180000.

Based on the above information answer the following questions.

a. Express the given information algebraically using matrices.
b. Check whether the system of matrix equations so obtained is consistent or not.
c. Find the number of scholarships of each kind given by the school using matrices.
d. Had the amount of scholarship given to each girl child and meritorious student been interchanged,
what would be the monthly expenditure incurred by the school?
5. In a city there are two factories A and B. Each factory produces sports clothes for boys and girls.
There are three types of clothes produced in both the factories, type I, II and III. For boys the
number of units of types I, II and III respectively are 80, 70 and 65 in factory A and 85, 65 and 72 are
in factory B. For girls the number of units of types I, II and III respectively are 80, 75, 90 in factory A
and 50, 55, 80 are in factory B.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

32
i) Total units of type I produced for boys? ii) Total production of each type for boys? iii) Total production
of each type for girls?

6. Three schools DPS, CVC and KVS decided to organize a fair for collecting money for helping the
flood victims. They sold handmade fans, mats and plates from recycled material at a cost of Rs. 25,
Rs.100 and Rs. 50 each respectively. The numbers of articles sold are given as
School /Article DPS CVC KVS
Handmade fans 40 25 35
Mats 50 40 50
Plates 20 3) 40

Based on the information given above, answer the following questions:

(i)What is the total money (in Rupees) collected by the school DPS?
(ii) What is the total amount of money (in Rs.) collected by schools CVC and KVS?
(iii)What is the total amount of money collected by all three schools DPS, CVC and KVS?
(iv)If the number of handmade fans and plates are interchanged for all the schools, then what is the total
money collected by all schools?
(v)How many articles (in total) are sold by three schools?

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

(i) If A is a 3 × 3 invertible matrix, then what will be the value of k if det(𝐴−1 ) = (det 𝐴)𝑘 .
8 0
(ii) If for any 2× 2 square matrix A, 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = [ ], then write the value of |𝐴|.
0 8
3 −1
(iii) If |𝐴| = 3 and 𝐴−1 = [ − 5 2 ] find A.
3 3

2 5
(iv) Find 𝐴−1 if 𝐴 = [ ].
1 3
2 𝑝 −3
(v) A square matrix A is invertible if A is non-singular. Now if A=[0 2 5 ] then for which value of p, A-1
1 1 3
exists?
Short Answer Type Questions:

2 3
(i) If 𝐴 = [ ] be such that 𝐴−1 = 𝑘𝐴, then find the value of k.
5 −2

1 3 3
(ii) If A = [1 4 3], then verify that 𝐴. (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = |𝐴|I.
1 3 4

33
 2 3
(iii) Verify A(adj. A) =(adj. A)A = (det A). I for A =[ ]
−4 −6

(iv) The monthly incomes of two brothers Sirish and Srijan are in the ratio 3:4 and the monthly
expenditures are in the ratio 5:7. Each brother saves Rs. 15000 per month. Using matrix find their monthly
income.

Long Answer Type Questions:

1 2 2
(i) If A = [2 1 2], find 𝐴−1 and hence prove that 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = 𝑂.
2 2 1

(ii)The sum of three numbers is 2. If we subtract the second number from twice the first number, we get 3.
By adding double the second number and the third number we get 0. Represent it algebraically and find
the numbers using matrix method.

(iii) Solve the following system of equations, using matrices:

2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
+ 𝑦+ = 4, - 𝑦+ 𝑧 = 1 and + 𝑦- =2
𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 𝑥 𝑧

1 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

(iv)If A = [ ] then show that A’A-1 = [ ]
−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

−4 4 4 1 −1 1
(v)Determine the product [−7 1 3 ] [1 −2 −2] and use it to solve the following system of
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
equations:

x– y + z = 4, x – 2y – 2z = 9, 2x + y + 3z = 1

(vi)An amount of Rs 5000 is put into three investments at the rate of interest of 6%, 7% and 8% per annum
respectively. The total annual income from these investments is Rs 358. If the total annual income from
first two investments is Rs 70 more than the income from the third, find the amount of each investment by
the matrix method.

0 1 1
𝐴2 −3𝐼
(Vii) Find 𝐴−1 if 𝐴 = [1 0 1] and show that 𝐴−1 = 2 .
1 1 0

Self-practice requisitions

4 + 3𝑘 3
(i) The matrix [ ] is singular matrix, for k equal to
1 + 2𝑘 2
(a) 0 (b) −1 (c) 1 (d) no value of k
34
 6 −2
(ii) The values of x for which | | = 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 are
2 4
(a) −2,14 (b) 2, −14 (c) −2, −14 (d) None of these

(iii) Three vegetable shopkeepers A, B and C are using polythene bags. Handmade bags which are prepared
by old age home workers and newspapers' envelope as carry bags. It is found that A, B and C are using (20,
30, 40), (30, 40, 20) and (40, 20, 30) polythene bags, handmade bags, and newspaper envelopes
respectively. The shopkeepers A, B, and C spent 250, 270 and 200 on these bags respectively.
Based on the above information answer the following:
(a) What is the cost of one handmade bag?
(b) What is the cost of one polythene bag?
(c) Which vegetable shopkeeper is better, based on the social condition?
OR
Which vegetable shopkeeper is better, based on the environmental condition?
(iv) Raja purchases 3 pens, 2 pencils and 1 mathematics instrument box and pays 41 to the shopkeeper.
His friends, Daya and Anil purchases 2 pens, 1 pencil, 2 instrument boxes and 2 pens, 2 pencils and 2
mathematical instrument boxes respectively. Daya and Anil pays 29 and 44 respectively.
Based on the above information answer the following
(a) Find the cost of one pen.
(b) Find the cost of one pen and one mathematical instrument box.
(c) Find the cost of one pencil and one mathematical instrumental box.
OR
Find the cost of one pen, one pencil and one mathematical instrumental box.
(v) If A is a square matrix satisfying 𝐴′ 𝐴 = 𝐼, then write the value of |𝐴|.
(vi) If A is a square matrix satisfying A𝐴′ = I, then write the value of |A|.
(vii) If A is a 3 × 3 matrix, |𝐴| ≠ 0 and |3𝐴| = 𝑘|𝐴|, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 find the value of k.
2𝑥 0 1 0
(viii) If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐴−1 = [ ], find the value of x.
𝑥 𝑥 −1 2
3 −4
(ix) For 𝐴 = [ ] write 𝐴−1 .
1 −1
1 1 1
(x) Show that for the matrix 𝐴 = [1 2 −3], 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 5𝐴 + 11𝐼 = 0. hence, find 𝐴−1 .
2 −1 3

35
Answer-Key for the Multiple Choice Questions:

1)(𝐴) ± 3 2) (d) 2 3) (C) ±8 4) (C) 108 5) (D) 𝑘 3 |A| 6) (B) |A|2

7) (C) −81 8) (B) 1 − 𝐴 9) (A) (AT )−1 10) (C) 144 11) (D) 𝑥 = 3 12) (D) 𝑘 = 5

Answer-Key for the Assertion-Reasoning Questions:

(i) (a) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)
Answer-Key for the Case Based Questions: ,

1) x=300,y=400,z=500. 2) 𝑥 = 32, 𝑦 = 30. 3) 𝑥 = 10, 𝑦 = 20, 𝑧 = 50. 4) x=20,y=30.5. (i)165, (ii) 437,(iii)
430 6. (i) Total money collected by the school DPS is Rs. 7000, (ii) Rs.14000, (iii)Rs.21000, (iv) Rs.21000,
(v) 330.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

2
1 3 −5 −8
3
(i)k=-1 (ii) |𝐴| = 8 (iii)3 [ 5 ] (iv)[ ]. (v) p≠ .
3 −1 2 5
3

Answer-Key for the Short Answer Type Questions:

1 −6 −3
(i) 𝑘 = 19. (iii) 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ], det A=0. (iv) Rs.30000 & Rs.15000.
4 2

Answer-Key for the Long Answer Type Questions:

−3 2 2
1
(i) 𝐴−1 = 5 [ 2 −3 2 ] (ii)x = 1, y = – 2, z = 2 (iii) x=2 ,y=3,z=5 (v) x =3, y = -2 & z =-1.
2 2 −3

(vi) x=1000, y=2200,z=1800

𝐴2 −3𝐼
(Vii) 𝐴−1 = .
2

Answer-Key for the self-practice questions:

1
(i) (d) no value of k (ii) (a) -2,14 (iv) x=2, y=15, z=5. (v) |A|=±1 (vii)K = 9. (viii) x= 2.

−3 4 5
1
(ix) 𝐴−1 = 11 [ 9 −1 −4]
5 −3 −1

36
 CONTINUITY& DIFFERENTIABILITY
KEY POINTS:
⮚ A function f is said to be continuous at x = a if
Left hand limit = Right hand limit = (value of the function at x = a)
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = f (a)
i.e. x→a− x→a +

lim f ( x) = f (a)
i.e. x →a

⮚ Properties of continuous function:

1. If f and g are two continuous functions at a point a, then

(i) f + g is continuous at 𝑎 (ii ) f – g is continuous at 𝑎

𝑓
(iii) f.g is continuous at 𝑎 (iv) 𝑔 is continuous at 𝑎 , provided 𝑔(𝑎) ≠ 0

(v)the composition functions 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑜𝑓 are continuous at 𝑎.

2. Every polynomial function is continuous

3. Modulus function (|𝑓|) is continuous.
4. sin x and cos x are continuous in R.
5. tan x, cot x, sec x, cosec x are continuous in R except the points where these functions are undefined.
6. Every logarithmic and exponential function is a continuous function.
⮚ A function is said to be differentiable at x = a, if
f (a − h) − f (a ) f (a + h) − f (a )
lim = lim
Lf (a) = Rf (a) i.e h →0 −h h →0 h

⮚ Rule
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
(ku) = k𝑑𝑥 (𝑢 ± 𝑣) = ± 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(u.v) = 𝑢 v+𝑣 𝑢 ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

⮚ Formulae
𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑛 𝑑 1
(i) (xn) = n xn – 1, ( ) = − 𝑥 𝑛+1 , 𝑑𝑥 (√𝑥) = − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 √𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(ii) (x) = 1 (iii) (c) = 0, c ∈ R
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(iv) (ax) = ax log a, a > 0, a ≠ 1. (v) (ex) = ex.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(vi) (logax) = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎, a > 0, a ≠ 1, x>0 (vii) (log x) = 𝑥, x > 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

37
 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(viii) (loga| x |) = , a > 0, a ≠ 1, x ≠ 0 (ix) (log | x | ) = 𝑥, x ≠ 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(x) (sin x) = cos x, ∀ x ∈ R. (xi) (cos x) = – sin x, ∀ x ∈ R.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(xii) (tan x) = sec2x, ∀ x ∈ Domain. (xiii) (cot x) = – cosec2x, ∀ x ∈ Domain.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(xiv) (sec x) = sec x tan x, ∀ x ∈ Domain. (xv) (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x, ∀ x ∈ Domain.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
(xvi) (sin-1x) = √1−𝑥 2. (−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1) (xvii) (cos-1x) = √1−𝑥 2. (−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
(xviii) (tan-1x) = 1+𝑥 2, ∀ x ∈ Domain (xix) (cot-1x) = 1+𝑥 2, ∀ x ∈ Domain.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
(xx) (sec-1x) = ∀ x ∈ Domain (xxi) (cosec-1x) = ∀ x ∈ Domain
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 𝑥
(xxii) (| x |) =|𝑥|, x ≠ 0
𝑑𝑥

⮚ Differentiation of Implicit Function- If two variables are expressed by some relation the one is called
implicit function of the other.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
To find 𝑖𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑘, (k is a constant) differentiating both side w.r.t x, then collect all the and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

find this.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
For Example : 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥𝑦) ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥𝑦) (𝑥𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⟹ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥𝑦) (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) ⟹ − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥𝑦) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥𝑦)
⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥𝑦)

⮚ Logarithmic Differentiation: Logarithmic Differentiation are used for differentiating of functions which
consists of the product or quotients of a number of functions and/or the function is of type [𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑔(𝑥) .
Method – If 𝑦 = [𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑔(𝑥) , by taking log and using properties of log, we get
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓(𝑥), differentiating both side w.r.t x , we have
1 𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥). 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦[𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥). 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]

⮚ Parametric Form : Sometimes we come across the function when both x and y are expressed in terms
of another variables say t i.e., 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑡)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝜓 (𝑡). This form is called parametric form and t is
called parameter.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡

38
 QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. The function f(x) = [𝑥] is continuous at
(a)4 ( b ) -2 ( c) 1 ( d ) 1.5
3𝑥 − 5, 𝑥 ≤ 5
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = {
2𝑘, 𝑥 > 5 ,
is continuous at x=5 then k is
( a ) 5 ( b ) 10 ( c ) 15 (d) 20
𝑑𝑦
3. If y = log tan √𝑥 then the value of is
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 √𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 √𝑥
(a)2 (b) ( c ) 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 √𝑥 (d)
√𝑥 √𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 √𝑥 2√𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. If y = ( cos x2 )2 then is
𝑑𝑥

( a ) -4 x sin 2x2 ( b ) – x sin x2 ( c ) -2 x sin 2x2 ( d ) - x cos 2x2

𝑑𝑦
5. If y = cot-1( x2 ) then the value of is
𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 2𝑥 −2𝑥 −2𝑥
( a ) 1+𝑥 2 (b) (c) (d)
√1+4𝑥 1+𝑥 4 √1+𝑥2

𝑑2 𝑦
6. If x = t2 and y = t3 then 𝑑𝑥 2 is equal to
3 3 3 3𝑡
(a)2 (b) (c) (d)
4𝑡 2𝑡 2

7. Derivative of x2 w.r.t x3 is
1 2 2 3𝑥
(a)𝑥 (b) (c) (d)
3𝑥 3 2
𝑘𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
8. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { |𝑥|
3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is
(a) – 3 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) any real number
9. The set of all points where the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + |𝑥| is differentiable, is
(a)(0, ∞) (b) (−∞, 0) (c) (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) (d) (−∞, ∞)
10. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥|𝑥|𝑖𝑠 ∶
(a) continuous and differentiable at x = 0
(b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(c) not continuous but differentiable at x = 0
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 0

39
In the following questions (11 - 14), a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
11. Assertion(A) : f(x) = [𝑥] not continuous at x = 2
Reason(R) : f(x) = [𝑥] not differentiable at x = 2
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−4
12. Assertion(A) : The value of x for which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4 is not

continuous at – 4 and 1.
𝑔(𝑥)
Reason(R) : The value of x for which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥) is not continuous given by

ℎ(𝑥) = 0
13. Assertion(A) : If 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) is continuous at x = a, then 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are separately continuous.
Reason(R) : Any function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at x = a if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)

14. Assertion(A) : |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| is a continuous function.

Reason(R) : If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are both continuous functions, then 𝑓(𝑥)𝑜𝑔(𝑥) is also
continuous.

2-MARKS QUESTIONS
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
,𝑥 ≠ 0
15. If the function𝑓(𝑥) = { 8𝑥 2
𝑘, 𝑥=0
is continuous at x=0 then find the value of k.
16. Find the value of m, for which the function
𝑚(𝑥 2 − 𝑥), 𝑥 > 0
𝑓0(𝑥) = {
cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≤ 0
is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
17. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 3| 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, is continuous but not differentiable at 𝑥 = 3.
𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1
18. If 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
then show that f is not differentiable at x = 1
19. For what value of k is the following function is continuous at x=2
2𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 2
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑘, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
3𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2

40
 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦)
20. If 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑦) = 0, then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

3-MARKS QUESTIONS
𝑑𝑦
21. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 then find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
22. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 , then prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 )2 − 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 −1
23. If 𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥)2
1
24. Differentiate (√1−𝑥 2 ) 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 )

3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑖𝑓𝑥 < 1

25. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 11 𝑖𝑓𝑥 = 1
5𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1
is continuous at x = 1, find a and b.
−1 −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
26. If x=√𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡, y=√𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡. Show that =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

5-MARKS QUESTIONS
𝜋 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
27. If 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡), 0 < 𝑡 < 2 , find 𝑑𝑡 2 , 𝑑𝑡 2 and 𝑑𝑥 2 .
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
28. If y=(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) 2. Show that (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2.

4-MARKS QUESTIONS (CASE BASED)

29. The use of electric vehicles will be curb air pollution
in the long run. The use of electric vehicles is
increasing every year and estimated electric vehicles
in use at any time t is given by the function V:
1 5
𝑉(𝑡) = 5 𝑡 3 − 2 𝑡 2 + 25𝑡 − 2, where t represents

the time and t = 1, 2, 3,….. corresponds to year 2001,2002,2003,…respectively.

Based on the above information , answer the following questions
(i) Can the above function be used to estimate the number of vehicles in the year 2000? Justify.
(ii) Is the function continuous? Justify.
(iii) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve at t = 3,( i.e derivative V w.r.t time t at t=3)
30. A potter made a vessel, where the shape of the pot is
based on 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 3| + |𝑥 − 2|,
where f(x) represents the height of the pot.
(i) When x > 4 what will be the height in terms of x?
(ii) Will the derivative vary with x?
41
 𝑑𝑦
(iii) What is 𝑑𝑥 at x = 3 ?

(iv) if the potter is trying to make a pot using

the function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], will he get pot or not ? Justify.

SOLUTION
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 √𝑥 −2𝑥 3
1) ( d ) 1.5 2)( a ) 5 3)( d ) 4)( c ) -2 x sin 2x2 5)( c ) 6)( b )
2√𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 √𝑥 1+𝑥 4 4𝑡
2
7)( b ) 8)(a) – 3 9)(c) (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) 10)( a ) 11) (b) 12)(a)
3𝑥

13)(d) 14) (a) 15) K= 1 16) no value of 𝑚 exists 17) continuous but not
differentiable at 𝑥 = 3. 18) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. 19) k=5.

21) Let y= ( cos x ) + ( sin x )

sin x cos x

y = v + u (let) , proceed now

22) Given, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 Taking log on both sides, we get 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, now differentiate
𝑥
23)x√1 + 𝑦 = −𝑦 √1 + 𝑥 ; square it, simplify and bring 𝑦 = − and then differentiate.
1+𝑥
1
24) 25) 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2
2

−1 𝑡 +𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 𝑡 )/2
26) Here 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑎𝜋/4 Differentiating both side w.r.t x, we have

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑡
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦. 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 27) Here =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡
77
29) (i) no. (ii) Since the function is polynomial, hence it is continuous. (iii) 5

30) (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 4 (ii) derivative varies with x (iv)pot is not possible.

42
 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

KEY POINTS:

RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES

𝑑𝐴
1. The rate of change of area of a circle(A) with respect to radius ‘r’ = 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝐴
As we know that area of circle (A) = 𝜋𝑟 2 , 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝐴
2. The rate of change of area of a circle(A) with respect to time ‘t’= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
As we know that area of circle (A) = 𝜋𝑟 2 , = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
3. The rate of change of volume of a cube (v) with respect to time ‘t’ = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑥
If edge of cube is 𝑥, then V= 𝑥 3 and so = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
dS
4. The rate of change of surface area of a cube (S) with respect to time ‘t’ = dt
dS 𝑑𝑥
If edge of cube is 𝑥, then S= 6𝑥 2 and dt = 12 𝑑𝑡

5. The perimeter P of a rectangle (of length 𝑥 and breadth 𝑦) = 𝑃 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, the rate of change of perimeter with respect to time ‘t’, = 2 ( 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡

6. The area A of a rectangle (of length 𝑥 and breadth 𝑦)= 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, the rate of change of area with respect to time ‘t’ = = 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4
7. The volume of a sphere (V) = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 ,( r is the radius of sphere)
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
Therefore, the rate of change of the volume of a sphere (V) with respect to time ‘t’= = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

8. The surface area of a sphere (S) = 4𝜋𝑟 2 ,( r is the radius of sphere)

𝑑𝑆
Therefore, the rate of change of the surface area of a sphere (S) with respect to time ‘t’= =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
8𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑡
1
9. The volume of a cone of radius ‘r’ and height ‘h’= 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑑𝑉 2 𝑑ℎ
Therefore, the rate of change of the volume of a cone (V) with respect to time‘t’= = 3 𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

10. The marginal cost at a given value , of the total cost C (𝑥) in Rupees associated with the production
of 𝑥 units = 𝐶′(𝑥)
11. The marginal revenue at a given value , of the total revenue R (𝑥) in Rupees received from the sale
of 𝑥 units of a product = 𝑅′(𝑥)

43
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

DEFINITION (A)
Let I be an interval contained in the domain of a real valued function, then
1. f is said to be increasing function, if 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥2 ) for all 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ I
2. f is said to be strictly increasing function, if 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⟹ f(x1 ) < f(x2 ) for all 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ I
3. f is said to be decreasing function, if 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥2 ) for all 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ I
4. f is said to be strictly decreasing function, if 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥1 ) > 𝑓(𝑥2 ) for all 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ I
DEFINITION (B)
Let f be continuous function on [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏), then
1. f is said to be strictly increasing in [𝑎, 𝑏] if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for each 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏).
2. f is said to be strictly decreasing in [𝑎, 𝑏] if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for each 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏).
3. f is said to be constant function in [𝑎, 𝑏] if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 for each 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏).

Note: If a function f is strictly increasing on (𝒂, 𝒃) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐧 (𝐛, 𝐜) , then f is neither
increasing nor decreasing on (𝐚, 𝐜)

PROCESS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS

ALGORITHM 1: For strictly increasing function

Step I Let 𝑥1 < 𝑥2

Step II Find 𝑓(𝑥1 )

Step III Find 𝑓(𝑥2 )

Step IV Show that f(x1 ) < f(x2 )

ALGORITHM 2: For strictly decreasing function

Step I Let 𝑥1 < 𝑥2

Step II Find 𝑓(𝑥1 )

Step III Find 𝑓(𝑥2 )

Step IV Show that f(x1 ) > f(x2 )

ALGORITHM 3: For increasing function

Step I Obtain the function and let it as 𝑓(𝑥)

44
Step II Find 𝑓′(𝑥)

Step III observe if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0

ALGORITHM 4: For decreasing function

Step I Obtain the function and let it as 𝑓(𝑥)

Step II Find 𝑓′(𝑥)

Step III observe if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0

TO FIND THE INTERVAL IN WHICH FUNCTION IS INCREASING OR DECREASING

ALGORITHM 5: For increasing function

Step I obtain the function and let it as 𝑓(𝑥)

Step II Find 𝑓′(𝑥)

Step III Put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 and solve the in-equation.

ALGORITHM 6: For decreasing function

Step I obtain the function and let it as 𝑓(𝑥)

Step II Find 𝑓′(𝑥)

Step III Put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 and solve the in-equation

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Maximum value of a function: Let 𝑓 (𝑥) be a real valued function defined on[𝑎, 𝑏]. Then 𝑓(𝑥) is said to
have maximum value in [𝑎, 𝑏] if there exist a point ‘c’ in [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝐟(𝐱) ≤ 𝐟(𝐜) for all 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏].

Minimum value of a function: Let 𝑓 (𝑥) be a real valued function defined on[𝑎, 𝑏]. Then 𝑓(𝑥) is said to
have minimum value in [𝑎, 𝑏] if there exist a point ‘c’ in [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝐟(𝐱) ≥ 𝐟(𝐜) for all 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏].

LOCAL MAXIMA AND LOCAL MINIMA

A function 𝑓 (𝑥) is said to attain a local maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if there exists a neighbourhood (𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿)

of a such that 𝐟(𝐱) < 𝐟(𝐚) for all ∈ (𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿), 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎.

A function 𝑓 (𝑥) is said to attain a local minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if there exists a neighbourhood (𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿)

of a such that 𝐟(𝐱) > 𝐟(𝐚) for all ∈ (𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿), 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎.

45
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA

WORKING RULE

Step I obtain the function and let it as 𝑓(𝑥)

Step II Find 𝑓′(𝑥)

Step III Put𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0, to get the values of 𝑥 (Known as CRITICAL POINTS)

Step IV observe the behavior of function at critical points say c

𝑥 Take a value slightly < c Take a value slightly > c Nature of point
Sign of 𝑓′(𝑥) + 𝑣𝑒 −𝑣𝑒 Maximum
Sign of 𝑓′(𝑥) −𝑣𝑒 +𝑣𝑒 Minimum
Sign of 𝑓′(𝑥) + 𝑣𝑒 + 𝑣𝑒 Neither maximum nor
minimum
Sign of 𝑓′(𝑥) −𝑣𝑒 −𝑣𝑒 Neither maximum nor
minimum

NOTE: When 𝒇′ (𝒄) = 𝟎, but 𝒇′(𝒙) does not change sign as we move from left to right through p, then f
has a point of inflexion at 𝒙 = 𝒄.

SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR FINDING MAXIMA AND MINIMA AT A POINT

WORKING RULE

Step I obtain the function and let it as 𝑓(𝑥)

Step II Find 𝑓′(𝑥)

Step III Put𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0, to get the values of 𝑥 (Known as CRITICAL POINTS)

Step IV Find 𝑓′′(𝑥)

Step V Find 𝑓′′(𝑥) at required Critical point/points i.e c

Step VI If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) at c i.e 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) < 0 , then f has maxima at c and maximum value of function is 𝑓(𝑐).

Step VII If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) at c i.e 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) > 0 , then f has minima at c and minimum value of function is 𝑓(𝑐).

46
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
1. If the rate of change of area of a circle is equal to the rate of change of its diameter , then
its radius is
2 1
(i) unit (ii) unit
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
(iii) unit (iv) 𝜋 unit
2
2. If the radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.5 cm/s, then the rate of increase of its
circumference is
(i) 𝜋 cm/sec (ii) 2𝜋 cm/sec
1 1
(iii) 𝜋 cm/sec (iv) 𝜋 cm/sec
2 4

3. The radius of a circular plate is increasing at the rate of 0.01 cm/sec. The rate of increase of
its area when the radius is 12 cm, is
(i) 144𝜋𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 (ii) 2.4𝜋𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
(iii) 0.24𝜋𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 (iv) 0.024𝜋𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
4. The radius of a sphere is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/s . The rate at which the volume
of the sphere increases when radius is 15 cm is
(i) 12𝜋𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠 (ii) 180𝜋𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠
(iii) 225𝜋𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠 (iv) 3𝜋𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠
5. The interval on which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 5 is decreasing is
(i) (−1, ∞) (ii) (−∞, −2)
(iii) (−2, −1) (iv) [−1,1]
6. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 is increasing in the interval
(i) (−∞, 0) (ii) (0, ∞)
(iii) 𝑅 (iv) (0,1)
7. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 27𝑥 + 5 is increasing when
(i) 𝑥 < −3 (ii) |𝑥| > 3
(iii) 𝑥 ≤ −3 (iv) |𝑥| ≥ 3
8. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 is strictly increasing at
(i) (−∞, ∞) (ii) (0,2)
(iii) (2, ∞) (iv) (−∞, 0)
9. If the sides of a square are decreasing at the rate of 1.5 cm/s, the rate of decrease of its
perimeter is
(i) 1.5 cm/s (ii) 6 cm/s
(iii) 3 cm/s (iv) 2.25 cm/s
10. The rate of change of surface area of a sphere with respect to its radius ‘r, when r= 4 cm is
47
 (i) 64𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑐𝑚 (ii) 48𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑐𝑚
(iii) 32𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑐𝑚 (iv) 16𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑐𝑚
ANSWERS (MCQ)

1) (ii) 2) (i) 3) (iii) 4) (ii) 5) (iii) 6) (iii) 7) (ii) 8) (ii) 9) (ii) 10) (iii)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. A spherical ball of salt is dissolved in water in such a manner that the rate of decrease of volume at
any instant is proportional to the surface. Palak claims that the radius of salt ball is decreasing at a
constant rate.
Is Palak’s claim right? Show steps to justify your answer.
2. The volume of a cube is increasing at a constant rate. Show that the increase in surface area is
inversely proportional to the length of edge of the cube.
3. The amount of pollution content added in air in a city due to 𝑥 diesel vehicles is given by 𝑃(𝑥) =
0.005𝑥 3 + 0.02𝑥 2 + 30𝑥.
Find the marginal increase in pollution content when Ravi uses 3 diesel vehicles.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
1. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = is strictly increasing or decreasing.
𝑥
𝑥 2
2. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + 𝑥 on the

interval [1,2]
3. Find the values of 𝑥 for which 𝑦 = [𝑥(𝑥 − 2)]2 is an increasing function.
1
4. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 , x∈
9
[−2, 2]
𝜋
5. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2 )

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

1. It is given that f(x) = x 4 − 62x 2 + ax + 9 attains local maximum value at 𝑥 = 1. Find the value of
‘a ‘, hence obtain all other points where the given function 𝑓(𝑥) attains local maximum or minimum
values.
2. The perimeter of a rectangle metallic sheet is 300 cm. It is rolled along one of its sides to form a
cylinder. Find the dimensions of the rectangular sheet so that volume of the cylinder so formed is
maximum.

48
 3. A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a square and
the other into a circle. What should be the length of the two pieces so that the combined area of
the square and circle is minimum?

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

1. In order to set up a rainwater harvesting system, a tank to collect rainwater is to be dug. The tank
should have a square base and a capacity of 250𝑚3 . The cost of land is Rs. 5000 per 𝑚2 and cost of
digging increases with depth and for the whole tank, it is 40000ℎ2 ,where h is the depth of the tank in
meters. 𝑥 is the side of the square base of the tank in meters.
Based on above information, answer the following questions
(i) Find the total cost C of digging the tank in terms of 𝑥.
𝑑𝐶
(ii) Find 𝑑𝑥

(iii) (a) Find the value of 𝑥 for which cost C is minimum.

OR
(b) Check whether the cost function 𝐶(𝑥) is expressed in terms of 𝑥 is increasing or not,
where 𝑥 > 0.

2. Read the following passage and answer the question given below.

The relation between the height of the plant (𝑦 in cm) with respect to its exposure to the sunlight is
1
governed by the following equation 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 ., where 𝑥is the number of days exposed to

the sunlight for 𝑥 ≤ 3.

(i) Find the rate of growth of the plant with respect to the number of days exposed to the sunlight.
(ii) Does the rate of growth of the plant increase or decrease in the first three days? What will be
the height of the plant after 2 days?

SELF PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. A cylindrical tank of radius 10 m is being filled with wheat at the rate of 314 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟. Then the depth
of the wheat is increasing at the rate of
(a) 1 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 (b) 0.1 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 (c) 1.1 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 (d) 0.5 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 [1]
2. A circular disc of radius 3 cm is being heated. Due to expansion its radius increases at the rate of 0.05
cm/s. Find the rate at which its area is increasing when radius is 3.2 cm. [2]
3. The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are decreasing at the rate of 3 cm/s. How
fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are equal to the base? [2]
49
4. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥), 𝑥 > 0 is always an strictly increasing function in
𝜋
(0, 4 ). [3]
3 4 36
5. Find the intervals in which 𝑓(𝑥) = 10 𝑥 4 − 5 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5
𝑥 + 11is strictly increasing or strictly

decreasing. [3]
1
6. Find the intervals in which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥3 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 is increasing or decreasing. [3]

7. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides , open at the top is to be constructed so that its
depth is 2 m and volume is 8 𝑚3 . If building of tank costs Rs. 70 per square meters for the base and Rs.
45 per square meter for sides. What is the cost of least expensive tank? [5]
8. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semi circular opening. The total perimeter of
the window is 10 m. find the dimension of the window to admit maximum light through the whole
opening. [5]

50
 INTEGRALS
IMPORTANT POINTS:
𝒑(𝒙) 𝒑(𝒙) 𝒓(𝒙)
1. ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔 𝒑(𝒙) ≥ 𝑑𝑒𝑔 𝑔(𝒙) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ {𝒒(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)} 𝒅𝒙

𝒒(𝒙) = 𝑸𝒖𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓(𝒙) = 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓

2. Idea to apply Substitution method
For the function of type 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) , 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇(𝒙) , 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒇(𝒙) , 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) or any
trigonometric/ITF, put 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒕 and solve.
3. Use rationalization method for the following functions:
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
; ; ; ; ; ; and
𝟏 ± 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏 ± 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟏 ± 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏 ± 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 ± 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 ± 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 ± 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 ± 𝟏

Apply trigonometric identity, divide separately and integrate.

4. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
Let f be continuous on [𝑎 , 𝑏] . If F is any antiderivative for f on [𝑎 , 𝑏] , then
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎) .
5. PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
𝑏 𝑏
(i) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑎
(ii) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
(iii) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
(iv) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
(v) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(vi) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
(vii) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ={ 0
0 , 𝑖𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
(viii) ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ={
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

51
52
 MCQ
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Q1 ∫ sec-1 x dx = ?

a) x sec-1 x + log |x + √𝑥 2 − 1| + C b) x sec-1 x + log |x - √𝑥 2 − 1| + C

c) x sec-1 x + log |x + √𝑥 2 − 1| + C d) x sec-1 x - log |x + √𝑥 2 − 1| + C

1
Q2 Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then, ∫−1[𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
−1 =

1
a)2 b)-1 c) 0 d) 2

Q3 ∫ ex secx(1 + tanx)dx is equal to

(a) ex cosx + c (b) ex secx + c
(c) ex sinx + c (d) ex tanx + c
Q. 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 ( 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑥𝑥
(a) 𝑥 𝑥 logx + C (b) +C (c) 𝑥 𝑥 + C (d) 𝑥𝑥 + 1 + C
log 𝑥

Q. 5 ∫ 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to

(a) sin x+C (b) cos x+C (c) –cos x+C (d) –sin x+C
Q. 6 ∫cot²x dx equals to
(a) cot x – x + C (b) cot x + x + C (c) –cot x + x + C (d) –cot x – x + C
Q. 7 ∫ 𝑒𝑥 (log 𝑠i𝑛𝑥 + cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
(a) 𝑒𝑥 log 𝑠i𝑛𝑥 + C (b) 𝑒𝑥 cot 𝑥 + C (c) 𝑒𝑥 tan 𝑥 + C (d) 𝑒𝑥 (log cos𝑥 - cot 𝑥) + C
Q. 8 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)
∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 is equal to where θ is constant

(a) 2(sin x + x cos θ) + C (b) 2(sin x – x cos θ) + C

(c) 2(sin x + 2x cos θ) + C (d) 2(sin x – 2x cos θ) + C
Q.9 If ∫ sec²(7 – 4x)dx = a tan (7 – 4x) + C, then value of a is
(a) 7 (b) –4 (c) 3 (d) −1/4
1
Q. 10 The anti-derivative of √𝑥 + equals …..
√𝑥
1 2 1
(a) 3 𝑥 1⁄3 + 2𝑥1/2 +C (b) 3 𝑥 2⁄3 + 2 𝑥1/2 +C
3 2 1
(c) 2 𝑥 3⁄2 + 2𝑥1/2 +C (d) 3 𝑥 3⁄2 + 2 𝑥1/2 +C

Q. 11 (10𝑥 9 +10𝑥 log𝑒 10)

∫ 𝑑𝑥= …….
𝑥 10 +10𝑥

(a) 10𝑥 − 10𝑥 +c (b) 10𝑥 + 10𝑥 +c (c) (10𝑥 + 𝑥10 )−1 + 𝑐 (d) log(𝑥10 + 10𝑥 )+c

53
Q. 12 sin2 x− cos² x
∫ 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
sin² x cos² x

(a) tan x + cot x + C (b) tan x + cosec x + C (c) − tan x + cot x + C (d) tan x + sec x + C
Q. 13 𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑥)
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

(a) − cot(𝑒𝑥 𝑥 ) + 𝑐 (b) tan(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐 (c) tan(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐 (d) cot(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐

Q. 14 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 +1) = …….
1 1
(a) log|𝑥| − 2 log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑐 (b) log|𝑥| + 2 log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑐
1 1
(c) − log|𝑥| + 2 log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑐 (d) 2 log|𝑥| + log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑐

Q. 15 ∫ √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1 2
(a) 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 + log(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐 (b)3 (1 + 𝑥 2 )3⁄2 + 𝑐
2
2 𝑥2 1
(c) 3 𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )3⁄2 + 𝑐 (d) √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 log(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
2 2
3
Q. 16 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2
(a) 3 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 (b) 3 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 (c) 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 (d) 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

MCQ
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
𝜋
Q. 1 √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫0 2 dx =…
√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

(a) 𝜋/2 (b) 𝜋/3 (c) 𝜋/4 (d) 𝜋

1
Q. 2
∫ |1 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
−1

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) 1

Q. 3 1 2+𝑥
∫−1 log (2−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯

(a) e (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2

Q. 4 𝜋⁄2
∫0 log(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
(a) 𝜋⁄4 log 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (b) 𝜋⁄8 log 2 (c) 0 (d) 𝜋⁄8 log 8
Q. 5 𝜋⁄2
∫−𝜋⁄2 𝑥 2022 sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯

(a) 2022/2021 (b) 2021/2022 (c) 1 (d) 0

𝑎 𝑎
Q. 6 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −2020, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
(a) 0 (b) −2020 (c) 2020 (d) 1
Q. 7 5
∫−5|𝑥|𝑑𝑥 = ⋯

54
 (a) 0 (b) 25/2 (c) 25 (d) 50
Q. 8 𝜋 2 ⁄4 sin √𝑥
∫0 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

(a) 2 (b)1 (c) 𝜋 (d) 𝜋/2

Q. 9 𝜋⁄2
∫0 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯

(a) 0 (b) e (c) e-1 (d) 𝑒 𝜋⁄2

1 𝑑𝑥
Q. 10 ∫0 1+𝑥 2

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 𝜋⁄2 (d) 𝜋⁄4

Q. 11 𝜋⁄4
∫0 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) ½ (d) 𝜋⁄2
3 𝑑𝑥
Q. 12 ∫0 9+𝑥 2

(a) 𝜋⁄12 (b) 𝜋⁄2 (c) 𝜋⁄4 (d) 𝜋

Q. 13 𝑒2 𝑑𝑥
∫𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) log2 (d) 1

2
Q. 14 ∫0 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(a) 𝜋 (b) 2𝜋 (c) 𝜋/2 (d) 𝜋/4
1
Q. 15 If ∫0 (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑘)𝑑𝑥 = 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) 4
SHORT – ANSWER QUESTIONS
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Q. 1 Integrate
𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥
with respect to x.
√𝑥

Q. 2 Evaluate: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Q. 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ∫ 3 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥

Q. 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)2
𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6𝑥
Q. 5 Evaluate: ∫ 3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝑥

Q. 6 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥

Q. 7 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

Q. 8 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
Evaluate: ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 1
3𝑥 + 2
Q. 9 Evaluate: ∫ (𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− 1) (2 𝑥 + 3)

55
Q. 10 Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Q. 11 Integrate √1 − 4 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 with respect to x.
Q. 12 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate:∫ √𝑥 2
+ 4 𝑥 + 10

Q. 13 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥 2 − 6 𝑥 + 13

Q. 14 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate:∫ √6
− 4 𝑥 − 𝑥2

Q. 15 (3 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 + 2)2

SHORT – ANSWER QUESTIONS

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
4 𝑥
Q. 1 Evaluate: ∫2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 1

Q. 2 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
Evaluate: ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2

Q. 3 𝜋/4
Evaluate: ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Q. 4 If ∫0 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 8 , then find ‘a’.
1
Q. 5 Evaluate: ∫−1 𝑥17 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Q. 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
Evaluate: ∫02 1 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜋
Q. 7 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫0 2
1 + √𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
1
Q. 8 Evaluate: ∫0 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥
Q. 9 Evaluate: ∫2
8 √𝑥
𝑑𝑥
√10 − 𝑥 + √𝑥

Q. 10 Evaluate: ∫2
5 √𝑥
𝑑𝑥
√7 − 𝑥 + √𝑥
𝜋
Q. 11 √𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Evaluate: ∫𝜋3 1 𝑑𝑥
+ √𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
6
𝜋
Q. 12
Evaluate: ∫04 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Q. 13 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Evaluate: ∫02 1 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜋
Q. 14 3 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Evaluate: ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (3 ) 𝑑𝑥
+ 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
8
Q. 15 Evaluate: ∫2 |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥

56
 LONG – ANSWER QUESTIONS
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
𝑥
Q. 1 Integrate with respect to x.
(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)
1
Q. 2 Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑒𝑥

Q. 3 (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 25)

Q. 4 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
Find: ∫ √𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥 + 3

Q. 5 (5 𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate:∫ √𝑥 2
+ 4 𝑥 + 10

Q. 6 (𝑥 2 + 1)
Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 1)2

Q. 7 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( 1 )𝑑𝑥
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Q. 8 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 3 𝑥 2 + 13 𝑥 − 10

Q. 9 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 2 + 3)

Q. 10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)

Q. 11 1 − 𝑥2
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 (1 𝑑𝑥
− 2 𝑥)

Q. 12 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2
+ 1) (𝑥 2 + 4)

Q. 13 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate:𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥 8 + 1)

Q. 14 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Integrate 𝑒 𝑥 (1 ) with respect to x.
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Q. 15 1
Evaluate: ∫ {𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + } 𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2

LONG – ANSWER QUESTIONS

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
4
Q. 1 Evaluate: ∫1 |𝑥 − 1| +|𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3| dx.
𝜋
Q. 2 Evaluate: ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Q. 3 Evaluate: ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Q. 4 𝜋
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Q. 5 Evaluate: ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥|
𝜋
Q. 6
Evaluate: ∫02 (2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Q. 7 𝜋 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

57
 1
Q. 8 Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
Q. 9 𝜋/4
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫0 (√𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Q. 10 2 𝑥2
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫−2 1 𝑑𝑥
+ 5𝑥

ASSERTION – REASON: INTEGRALS

Each of these questions contains two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of
these questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct
answer. You have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason is a correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason is not a correct explanation
for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct.
Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
1
2 𝟏 𝟐
Assertion : ∫ x 𝑒 𝑥 dx =𝟐 𝒆𝒙 +c

Reason : To solve above integral put x2 = t.

2
Assertion : ∫ 3x2 (cosx3 + 8)dx = sin x3 + 8x3 + C

Reason : The above integration is solved using substitution method.

𝜋
3
Assertion : ∫02 √𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Reason : 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 makes the integrand in I as a rational function.
4 2 1 + 𝑥
Assertion : ∫−2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
− 𝑥
𝑎
Reason : If 𝑓 is an odd function, then ∫−𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
5 𝑑
Assertion : If the derivative of the function 𝑥 is (𝑥) = 1 , then the anti –
𝑑𝑥

derivative is ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑 𝑥𝑛 + 1
Reason : If ( ) = 𝑥𝑛 then the corresponding integral of the
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 + 1
𝑥𝑛 + 1
function is ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 , 𝑛 ≠ −1 .
𝑛 + 1

4. 𝑑
Assertion : If 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥) , then ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝐶 , where C

is an arbitrary constant.

58
 Reason : Process of differentiation and integration are inverse of each other.
5. Assertion : Geometrically, derivative of a function is the slope of the tangent
to the corresponding curve at a point.
Reason : Geometrically, indefinite integral of a function represents a family
of curves parallel to each other.
ANSWER KEY(MCQ INDEFINITE INTEGRALS)

1) (d) 2) (c ) 3) (c ) 4) (d) 5) (a) 6) (a) 7) (d) 8) (d) 9) (d) 10) (a) 11) (b) 12) (a) 13) (a) 14) (a) 15) (b)

ANSWER KEY(MCQ DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

1) (c) 2) (c ) 3) (b) 4) (c) 5) (d) 6) (b) 7) (c) 8) (a) 9) (c) 10) (d) 11) (c) 12) (a) 13) (c) 14) (a) 15) (c)

SHORT – ANSWER QUESTIONS

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
𝑎 𝑎
Q. 6 Use property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)
1
Q. 8 I =∫0 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑛
1 𝑎 𝑎
=∫0 (1 − 𝑥)(1 − (1 − 𝑥))𝑛 𝑑𝑥 ; use property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Q. 9 use property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Q. 10 𝑏 𝑏
We know that ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥,
5 √𝑥 5 √2+5−𝑥
𝐼 = ∫2 𝑑𝑥 ………………..(i) 𝐼 = ∫2 𝑑𝑥
√ 7−𝑥+ √𝑥 √7−(2+5−𝑥)+√2+5−𝑥
π π
Q. 11 3 dx 3 dx
I= ∫ π =∫ π
π π 1+√cot x
6 1+√tan( + −x) 6
6 3

𝜋
Q. 12 4 𝜋
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 {1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( − 𝑥)} 𝑑𝑥
0 4
𝜋
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
=∫04 𝑙𝑜𝑔 {1 + 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥}
𝜋 𝜋 𝑥+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Q. 13 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 2
∫02 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

Q. 14 a a a
Using log
b
=loga – logb and use 
0
f ( x)dx =  f (a − x)dx
0

Q. 15 8 5 8
𝐼 = ∫ |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥
2 2 5

59
 LONG – ANSWER QUESTIONS
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Q. 1 𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+2) = 𝑥−1 +(𝑥−1)2 +𝑥+2.

x = A(x-1) (x+2) +B(x+2) + C (𝑥 − 1)2

Q. 2 Put 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡
dx=𝑒 𝑥 ⟹ dx = dt/t 𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑡) 𝑡

Q. 3 Here we have all even powers of x, so let 𝑥 2 = 𝑦

𝑥 2 +1 𝑦+1
Let (𝑥 2 +4)(𝑥 2 +25) = (𝑦+4)(𝑦+25)
𝑦+1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑦+4)(𝑦+25) 𝑦+4 𝑦+25

Q. 4 x+2 =A (2x+2) +B.

Q. 5 𝑑
5𝑥 + 3 = 𝜆(𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10)) + µ

5𝑥 + 3 = 𝜆(2𝑥 + 4) + µ
Q. 6 𝑥 2 −1+1+1 𝑥 2 −1 2 𝑥−1 2
𝐼 = ∫( (𝑥+1)2
) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ((𝑥+1)2 + (𝑥+1)2 ) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = = ∫ (𝑥+1 + (𝑥+1)2 ) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Q. 7 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (
1
−
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥/2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥/2)
)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2 2 2

1 𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑐 2 ( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( )) 𝑑= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥/2) +
2 2 2

Q. 9 𝑑𝑡
On substituting 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 2xdx=dt 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑡+1)(𝑡+3)

Q. 10 𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝑐
Let (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥−1) =𝑥−1 + (𝑥 2 +1)

Q. 11 1 − 𝑥2
𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠
𝑥(1 − 2𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥
1−𝑥 2 1 2
− +1 − +1
2 𝐴 𝐵
= + 𝑥(1−2𝑥) = = + (1−2𝑥)
𝑥(1−2𝑥) 2 𝑥(1−2𝑥) 𝑥

Q. 13 On Multiplying and dividing by 𝑥 7 in numerater and denominater.

𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥
I= ∫ 𝑥 8 (𝑥 8 +1)
1 𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑥 8 =t ⟹ 8𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 /8 so I = 8 ∫ 𝑡(𝑡+1)
𝑥 𝑥
Q. 14 1+sin 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥 1 2 sin cos
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1+cos 𝑥 )dx =∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1+cos 𝑥 + 1+cos 𝑥 )dx =∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥/2 + 2 2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥/2
) dx
𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1/2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥/2 +tan 2 ) dx = 𝑒 𝑥 tan 2 + C

Q. 15 Put t = log 𝑥 then x=𝑒 𝑡 , dx=𝑒 𝑡 dt

LONG – ANSWER QUESTIONS

60
 DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Q. 1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|],
4 − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 1 < 𝑥 < 2
𝑓(𝑥) = [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|] = { 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 2 < 𝑥 < 3
3𝑥 − 6, 𝑖𝑓 3 < 𝑥 < 4
Q. 3 𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋−𝑥)
I=∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜋−𝑥)+𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋−𝑥)
𝜋
Q. 4 𝜋
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 …………(i)
𝜋
= ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ………………(ii) by using property
𝜋 𝜋
Adding (i) and (ii) 2𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Q. 5 𝑥 3 − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓𝑥 3 − 𝑥 ≥ 0
x3 − x = { , x3-x=0x = 0 and x = 1
−(𝑥 3 − 𝑥), 𝑖𝑓𝑥 3 − 𝑥 < 0
0 1 2
2
∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| dx =
−1
 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) dx +  - (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) dx +  (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) d = 11/4
0 1

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Q. 6 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
∫ (2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 0 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2 − 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥2
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 2 1 𝜋 𝜋
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
0 2 2 0 4 4 4
Q. 7 𝜋 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋−𝑥) 𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
I =∫0 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ………….(1) I =∫0 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋−𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 =∫0 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ………(2)
1
Q. 8
𝐼 = ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑡 −1 (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0
1 (1−𝑥)+𝑥 1 1
=∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {1−𝑥(1−𝑥)} 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Q. 9 𝜋/4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑡

I =∫0 (√𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Consider I 1 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 2
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
√1−𝑡
2

Q. 10 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑥2
Use property ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝐼 = ∫−2 1+5−𝑥 𝑑𝑥

ASSERTION – REASON 1) (a) 2)(a) 3)(a) 4) (d) 5) (b)

61
 APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION

SL MCQs (Solutions provided)

NO.
Q1. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, 𝑦 −axis and the line 𝑦 = 3 is:
9 9 9
a)2 sq. units b) 4 sq. units c) 3 sq. units d) 2 sq. units

Q2. The area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 between the ordinates
𝜋
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2 and the x-axis is:

a)2 sq. units b) 4 sq. units c) 3 sq. units d) 1 sq. unit

Q3. Area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , the x-axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = −2 and
𝑥 = −1 is:
15 15 17
a)−9 sq. units b) − sq. units c) sq. units d) sq. units
4 4 4

Q4. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝜋 is:
a)2 sq. units b) 4 sq. units c) 3 sq. units d) 1 sq. unit
Q5. If we draw a rough sketch of the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1 in the interval [1, 5], then

62
 the area under the curve between the lines 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 5 is:
32 16 32 16
a) 3 sq. units b) sq. units c) sq. units d) sq. units
3 9 9

Q6. Assertion-Reasoning:
Assertion (A): The area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line
3
𝑦 = 4 is 32 sq. unit

Choose the correct answer out of the following choices:

a. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.
MCQs (For self- practice)
Q7. The area of the region bounded by the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥-axis is:
1 9 9 4
a)5 sq. units b) 4 sq. units c) 2 sq. units d) 5 sq. units

Q8. Which of the following CLOSEST to the area under the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 ,
bounded by the x-axis and the lines 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = −2 ?
a)6 sq. units b) 8 sq. units c) 9 sq. units d) 12 sq. units
Q9. The area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 = 4 is:
4 8
a) sq. units b) sq. units c) 4√3 sq. units d) none of these
√3 √3

Q10. The area of the region made by the lines: |𝑥| + |𝑦| = 1 is
a)15 sq. units b) 2 sq. units c) 3 sq. units d) 4 sq. units
Q11. The area made by 𝑦 = |𝑥|, |𝑥| = 1 and x-axis is:
a)1 sq. units b) 2 sq. units c) 3 sq. units d) 4 sq. units
Q12. 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 1| and 𝑦 = 1 make a region with an area of:
a)0.5 sq. units b) 1 sq. units c) 2 sq. units d) 4 sq. units
Q13. The area of the region bounded 𝑦 = |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|, 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑥| = 𝜋 is:
2

a)1 sq. units b) 0.5 sq. units c) 2 sq. units d) none of these

63
Q14. The area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = √8 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = |𝑥| is:
3
a)𝜋 sq. units b) 1.5π sq. units c) 2π sq. units d) 2(𝜋 + 1) 𝜋 sq. units

Q15. The area bounded by the curves 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 is:

𝟐𝟎 32 16
a) 𝟑 sq. units b) sq. units c) sq. units d) none of these
3 3

Q16. The area between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is:

𝟏 1 1
a)𝟏𝟐 sq. units b) 6 sq. units c) 24 sq. units d) none of these

SA Type (Solution provided)

Q1. Find the area between the parabola 𝑦 2 = 6𝑥 and its latus rectum.
𝜋
Q2. Find the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 4 in the first quadrant.

Q3. Find the area bounded by the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0.

Q4. Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 4 and the x- axis in
the first quadrant.
Q5. Determine the area enclosed between the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and the x-axis.
SA Type (For self-practice)
Q6. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3
Q7. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3.
Q8. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Q9. Find the area enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 .
Q10. Sketch the graph of the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 and determine the area of
the region enclosed by the curve, x-axis and the lines 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 4.
LA Type (Solution provided)
Q1. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the lines 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 +
1 = 0, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 21 = 0 and 𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 9 = 0
Q2. Using integration, find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 and the line 3 + 2 = 1
9 4

Q3. Using integration, find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by
the 𝑥 axis, the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32.
Q4. Using integration, find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola 4𝑦 =
3𝑥 2 and the line 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 12 = 0.
Q5. 𝑎2
If the area bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑎𝑥 and the line 𝑦 = 4𝑚𝑥 is 12 sq.

units, then using integration, find the value of 𝑚.

64
 LA Type (For self-practice)
Q6. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
and 𝑦 = |𝑥|
Q7. Find the area of the region {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 ≤ |𝑥|}
Q8. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the curves
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3
Q9. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the parabolas 𝑦 2 =
4𝑎𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑏𝑦.

Q10. Using integration,find the area of the region bounded by the curve |𝑥| + |𝑦| = 1

Case Study Based Type

Q1. 𝑥2 𝑦2
A mirror in the shape of an ellipse represented by 9 + 4 was hanging on the
wall. Arun and his sister were playing with ball inside the house, even their
mother refused to do so. All of sudden, ball hit the mirror and got a scratch in
𝑥 𝑦
the shape of line represented by 3 + 2 = 1.

Based on the above information answer the following

(i)Assertion(A): The point of intersection of ellipse and scratch (straight line) are
(4, 2) and (3, 0)

Reason(R): The point(s) where the lines intersect is called intersection point.

Choose the correct answer out of the following choices:

a. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.

d. A is false but R is true.

2 9
(ii)Find the value of 3 ∫0 √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

3 𝑥
(iii)Find the value of 2 ∫0 (1 − 3)𝑑𝑥

65
 (iv)Area of the smaller region bounded by the mirror and scratch is:

𝜋 𝜋
a)3 ( 2 + 1) 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 b) ( 2 + 1) 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝜋 𝜋
c) (2 − 1) 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 d) 3 ( 2 − 1) 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Q2. Look at the shaded region on the graph and answer the following questions:

(i)The shaded region is bounded by the lines:

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

b. 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

c. 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2

d. 𝑥 = |𝑦 − 2| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2

(ii) which of the following is not a corner point of the bounded region? (self-
practice)

a. (0, 2) b. (2, 0) c. (4, 2) d) (2, 4)

(iii) The area A of the shaded region is given by

4 2 4
a) 𝐴 = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 (2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫2 (𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥

4 2 4
b) 𝐴 = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 (𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫2 (2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

4 2 4
c) 𝐴 = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫2 (2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

4 2 4
d) 𝐴 = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

66
 (iv) The area of the shaded region is: (self-practice)

a. 2 sq. units b) 4 sq. units c) 6 sq. units d) 8 sq. units

Q3. A farmer has a field in the shape of a circle, in which he wishes to grow four
varieties of vegetables as shown below:

(i) Evaluate: ∫ √8 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.

(ii) What is the area of the first quadrant of the field? (self-practice)
(iii) Using integration, find the area of the field.

ANSWER KEY (MCQs)

1) (b) 2) (d) 3) (d) 4) (a) 5)(a) 6) (d) 7) (c ) 8) (c ) 9) (b) 10) (b)

11) (a) 12) (b) 13) (c) 14) (c) 15) (c) 16(a)

LA Type (with solutions)

Q1.

3 3
4𝑎 = 6 → 𝑎 = 2 So, the equation of the latus rectum is 𝑥 = 2
3/2 3/2
So, the area of the shaded region = 2 × ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2 × ∫0 √6𝑥𝑑𝑥
Q2.

π/4 π/4
Required area of the shaded part= ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)]0 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔√2

67
Q3.

Line 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 intersect the coordinate axes at 𝐴(0, −2) and 𝐵(−2, 0)

−2 −2
So, the area of the shaded part= |∫0 |y|dx| = |∫0 |(−2 − 𝑥)|dx| = |4 − 2| = 2

Q4.

3 4
4 4 𝑥2 4 28
Req. area= ∫1 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 2√𝑥𝑑𝑥 =2[ 3 ] = 3 [8 − 1] = sq. units
3
2 1

Q5.

𝒚 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 → 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = −𝑦 → (𝑥 − 2)2 = −(𝑦 − 4) which represents a

downward parabola with the vertex at (2, 4)
4
4 4 4𝑥 2 𝑥3 32
Req. area= ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = [ − ] = 3 sq. units
2 3 0

SA Type (Self-Practice answer key)

Q6.

3 3
Req area=2 ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 2√𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 8√3 sq. units

Q7.

3 3 𝑦2 9
Req area=∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 = 4 sq. units
4

68
Q8.

2 2 32
Req area= 2 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫0 (4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = sq. units
3

Q9.

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 → 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
4 4
Req area= 4 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = π𝑎2 sq. units

Q10. 𝒚 = √𝑥 + 1 → √𝑥 = 𝑦 − 1 → (𝑦 − 1)2 = 𝑥 which represents a right-hand

parabola with the vertex at (0, 1)

4 28
Req area= ∫0 (√𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = sq. units.
3

LA Type (with solutions)

Q1.

3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 … (𝑖) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 21 = 0 … (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 9 = 0 … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

Solving (i) and (ii), (ii) & (iii), (iii) & (i), we get respectively 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = 6 and 𝑥 = 1.
3 6 6
The required area is ∶= ∫ 𝑦𝑖 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑥
1 3 1

1 3 1 6 1 6
= ∫ (3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (−2𝑥 + 21)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 + 9)𝑑𝑥
2 1 3 3 5 1

69
Q2.

𝑥2 𝑦2 2
+ = 1 … (𝑖) In first quadrant 𝑦 = 3 √9 − 𝑥 2
9 4

𝑥 𝑦 −2
+ = 1 … (𝑖𝑖) ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥+2
3 2 3
3 3 2 3 3 −2
Area = ∫0 𝑦𝑒 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑦𝑙 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫0 √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 ( 3 𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

Q3.

2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (4√2) … (𝑖)
Solving(i) and (ii), we get 𝑥 = ±4 In first quadrant 𝑥 = 4

4 4√2 4 4√2 2
area = ∫0 𝑦𝑙 𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 𝑦𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 √(4√2) − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Q4. 4𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 … (𝑖)
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 12 = 0 … (𝑖𝑖)

Solving(i) and (ii), we get 𝑥 = −2,4

4 4 4 3 3 4
Area = ∫−2 𝑦𝑙 𝑑𝑥 − ∫−2 𝑦𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−2 (2 𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫−2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Q5.

𝑦 2 = 16𝑎𝑥 … (𝑖) 𝑦 = 4𝑚𝑥 … (𝑖𝑖)

𝑎
Solving(i) and (ii), we get 𝑥 = 0, 2
𝑚
The required area is ∶
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑚2
=∫ 𝑦𝑝 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑙 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4√𝑎√𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑚𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0

70
 LA Type (Self- Practice with answer key)
Q6. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 … (𝑖) 𝑦 = |𝑥| … (𝑖𝑖)
1 1
Solving(i) and (ii), we get 𝑥 = −1,0,1 , 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 [∫0 𝑦𝑙 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑦𝑝 𝑑𝑥]

Q8. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 … (𝑖)
𝑦 = 𝑥 … (𝑖𝑖)
3 3
Area = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 0

Q9.
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 … (𝑖)
𝑥 2 = 4𝑏𝑦 … (𝑖𝑖)
1
Solving(i) and (ii), we get𝑥 = 0, (64𝑎𝑏 2 )3
1 1
(64𝑎𝑏 2 )3 (64𝑎𝑏 2 )3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 𝑦𝑖 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑥
Q10. |𝑥| + |𝑦| = 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑠 ∶
1 1
= 4 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0

CASE BASED STUDY TYPE

Q1. (i) (d) A is false but R is true
2 3 2 3 2 1 9 𝑥 3
(ii) 𝐼 = 3 ∫0 √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫0 √32 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [2 √9 − 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (3)]
0
3
3 𝑥 𝑥2
(iii) 𝐼 = 2 ∫0 (1 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑥 − ] =3
6 0
2 9 3 x 3𝜋 𝜋
(iv) Area= 3 ∫0 √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫0 (1 − 3) dx]= − 3 = 3 ( 2 − 1) sq. units
2

Q2. (i) (c) Equation of three lines are 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2

(ii) self-try (iii) (a) (iv) self-try
Q3. (i) ∫ √8 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
= √8 − 𝑥 2 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
2 2√2
(ii) Self-try
2√2
(iii) Area of the field=4 × ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 4 × 2𝜋 = 8𝜋 sq. units

71
 CHAPTER: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Basic Concepts

Definition: An equation involving derivative (derivatives) of the dependent variable with respect to
independent variable (variables) is called a differential equation.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
Example: 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 , (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥 2 = sin 𝑥 etc.

Order of a differential equation:

Order of a differential equation is defined as the order of the highest order derivative of the dependent

variable with respect to the independent variable involved in the given differential equation.

Differential Equation Order

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3 Order is 2
+ ( ) = 10 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Order is 3
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
+ ( ) = √1 +
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 Order is 1

Degree of a differential equation:

The degree of a differential equation is defined only when a differential equation is polynomial equation in

derivatives, i.e., y′, y″, y″′ etc.

By the degree of a differential equation, when it is a polynomial equation in derivatives, we mean

the highest power (positive integral index) of the highest order derivative involved in the given
differential equation.

Differential Equation Degree

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3 Degree is 1
+ ( ) = 10 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Degree is 2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
3
+ ( ) = √1 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

It is not in polynomial form so we have to square both

72
side
2
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
⟹( 3+( ) ) =1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now it is a polynomial Equation.
If we expand the LHS we get that the highest power in
𝑑3 𝑦
will be 2.
𝑑𝑥 3

𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 Degree is 1
2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Degree is 1
+ 2 ( ) − +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
CASE WHEN THE DEGREE OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION CAN’T BE DEFINED

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⟹ In this case the equation is not represented as a polynomial equation in its derivatives. So, the degree is
not defined.

Note: Order and Degree ( if defined) of any differential equation are always positive integers.

General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation

Solution of differential equations is the relation between the variables of a differential equation that
satisfies the given differential equation. All the solutions of a differential equation are obtained by
integrating the differential equation.

Note: A differential equation generates a family of curves that satisfies it. For an example:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 & 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

So, we observe that by solving a D.E we get a family of curves.

General solution:

The solution which contains arbitrary constants is called the general solution (primitive) of the differential
equation.

Particular solution:

The solution free from arbitrary constants i.e., the solution obtained from the general solution by giving
particular values to the arbitrary constants is called a particular solution of the differential equation.

73
Methods of Solving First Order, First Degree Differential Equations
• Method of variables separation
• Homogeneous differential equations
• Linear differential equations
Method of variables separation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑦)𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑔(𝑥)
Then Integration

Homogeneous differential equations

𝑑𝑦
A differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be homogenous if F(x, y) is a homogenous

function of degree zero.

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
• To solve a homogeneous differential equation of the type 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔 (𝑥 ) we substitute 𝑦 =

𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
• To solve a homogeneous differential equation of the type 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = ℎ (𝑦) we substitute 𝑥 =

𝑣𝑦
Linear differential equations
Form Description Type Integrating Solution
Factor
𝑑𝑦 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 Linear in y 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑞 𝑦 × 𝐼𝐹 = ∫(𝑞 × 𝐼𝐹) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟
𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 Linear in x 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑞 𝑥 × 𝐼𝐹 = ∫(𝑞 × 𝐼𝐹) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟
𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦

74
 MIND MAPPING OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

PROBLEMS ON DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

MCQ
1. 𝑑𝑦
The degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 𝑥 is –

a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) undefined
2. 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
The degree of the differential equation 𝑥𝑦 + (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 is –
𝑑𝑥 2

a) 2 b) 1 c) 0 d) undefined
′
3. The degree of the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 2 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 0 is –
a) 2 b) 1 c) 0 d) undefined
4. 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 200
The order of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 3 + − 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 10 is –
𝑑𝑥 2

a) 2 b) 1 c) 0 d) 3
5. 𝑑2 𝑦
The sum of the order and degree of the differential equation = cos 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 is –
𝑑𝑥 2

a) 2 b) 1 c) 4 d) 3
6. The degree of the differential equation
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 2 ) + (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 1 = 0 is

75
 a) 2 b) 1 c) 3 d) undefined
7. 𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 2
The general solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 is –
𝑥3
a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑐 c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + +𝑐 d)
3
𝑦3 𝑥3
𝑦+ =𝑥+ +𝑐
3 3

8. 𝑑𝑦
The integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is –

a) 𝑒 𝑥 b) 𝑒 2𝑥 c) 𝑒 −𝑥 d) 𝑒 𝑦
9. The integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 is –
1 2 1
a) 𝑥 b) 𝑒 𝑥 c) 𝑦 d) 𝑦

10. The general solution of the differential equation 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 is –

a) 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐 b) 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 c) 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐 d) 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐
11. The general solution of the differential equation log (𝑑𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 is –
𝑑𝑥

a) 4𝑒 3𝑥 + 3𝑒 −4𝑦 = 7 b) 𝑒 3𝑥 + 3𝑒 −4𝑦 = 7 c) 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 4𝑒 −4𝑦 = 7 d) 4𝑒 3𝑥 − 3𝑒 −4𝑦 = 7

12. The general solution of the differential equation 𝑦 𝑑𝑥−𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is –
𝑦

a) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 b) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑦 2 c) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 d) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2
13. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 2
The sum of the degree and order of the differential equation = √1 + ( ) is –
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) undefined
1
14. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 3 2 2
The sum of the degree and order of the differential equation √1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) = (𝑐 𝑑𝑥 2 ) is –

a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) undefined
15. The degree of the differential equation 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + √𝑎2 𝑝2 + 𝑏 2 , (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 𝑑𝑦)is –
𝑑𝑥

a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) undefined
16. 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
The degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2 + 3 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 log (𝑑𝑥 2 ) –

a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) undefined
17. The general solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)2 is –
𝑑𝑥

a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) = 𝑥 + 𝑐 b) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = tan 𝑐
c) tan 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑐 d) 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑐
18. The general solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑦 = 1
is –
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥+𝑦)

𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
a)𝑦 = sec ( )+𝑐 b) 𝑦 = tan ( )+𝑐 c) tan 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑐 d) 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑐
2 2

76
19. If m is the order and n is the degree of the differential equation 𝑦 ′′′ + 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = sin 𝑦, then
𝑚𝑛 is –
a)2 b) 3 c) 1 d) 9
20. The order of the differential equation (𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 is –
a)2 b) 4 c) 1 d) 9
VSA
2 marks each
1. 𝑑𝑦
Solve: (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 2𝑥 + 2 log|𝑥 − 1| = log 𝑦 + 𝑐]

2. Solve: 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 − 𝑥 = log|𝑥| − log|𝑦 − 1| + 𝑐]

3. Solve: √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: (𝑦 + √1 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑐]
4. 𝑑𝑦 1 √1+𝑥 2 −1
Solve: √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: √1 + 𝑦 2 + √1 + 𝑥 2 + 2 log | | = 𝑐]
√1+𝑥 2 −1

5. 𝑦2
Solve: (𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: log 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − = 𝑐]
2

6. 𝑑𝑦
For the differential equation 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 + 2). Find the solution curve passing

through the point(1, −1). [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 2 = log |𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 2)2 |]

7. 𝑑𝑦 1
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 cot 2𝑥 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: log 𝑦 = 2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐]
1
8. Solve: 𝑥(𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: |𝑥 | = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 ]

9. 𝑑𝑦 1 1 tan 𝑥−cot 𝑥
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑥 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) +𝑐]
√2 √2

10. Solve: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑑𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑥 = tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) − sec(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑐]

𝑑𝑥

11. 𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 + √1−𝑥 2 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐]

12. Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (1,1) whose differential equation
is 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 ≠ 0) [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 = x 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥| +𝑐]
13. Solve: 𝑑𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)2 [ 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:
4𝑥+𝑦+1
= tan (2x + 2c)]
𝑑𝑥 2
−1 𝑦
14. Find the I.F. of D.E. (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ]
15. Solve: 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑦4
[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑥𝑦 = +𝑐]
4

SA(3 marks each)

1. Suppose the growth of a population is proportional to the number present. If the population
of a colony doubles in 25 days, in how many days will the population becomes triple?
[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 25 log 2 3]

77
2. 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
− 3𝑦 cot 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 ; 𝑦 ( ) = 2 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 2
3. (𝑥 − sin 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (tan 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 2𝑥 = sin 𝑦]
4. Show that the differential equation (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is a homogeneous
differential equation. Hence solve it. [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: x 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 ]
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
5. 𝑥
Solve: (1 + 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 = 𝑐]
𝑦

6. 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝜋 𝑦
Solve : 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 0, 𝑦(1) = [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: log|𝑥| = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )]
2

7. 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Solve: 𝑦 {𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) + 𝑦 sin (𝑥 )} 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 {𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 𝑥 cos (𝑥 )} 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: |𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )| = 𝑘, 𝑥 ≠ 0 &𝑘 > 0 ]
𝑥
8. Solve: 3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)3 = 𝑐 tan 𝑦]
9. Solve: (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) = (𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦); 𝑦(0) = −1 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦+1 ]
10. Solve: 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 −𝑥 [𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = (log 𝑥)2 + 𝑐 ]
𝑑𝑥

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS ON DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

11. In a college hostel accommodating 1000 students, one of the hostellers came in carrying
covid, and the hostel was isolated. The rate at which the virus spreads is assumed to be
proportional to the product of the number of infected students and remaining students.
There are 50 infected students after 4 days.

Based on the above fact answer the following questions.

i) If 𝑛(𝑡) denotes the number of infected students at any time t, then find the
maximum value of 𝑛(𝑡).
ii) Find the most general solution of the differential equation so formed in the
above situation. OR Find the value of 𝑛(4).
1 𝑛
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑖) 1000 𝑖𝑖) log | | = 𝜆𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑖𝑖) 𝑜𝑟 50
1000 1000 − 𝑛
12. It is known that, if the interest is compounded continuously, the principal changes at the

78
 rate equal to the product of the rate of bank interest per annum and the principal. Let P
denotes the principal at any time t and rate of interest be 𝑟% per annum.

Based on the above information answer the following questions.

i) At what interest rate will Rs. 100 double itself in 10 years.
ii) How much will Rs. 1000 be worth at 5% interest after 10 years?
OR
If the interest is compounded continuously at 5% per annum, in how many years
will Rs. 100 double itself? [Use ln2 = 0.6931; e0.5 = 1.648]
Answers: i) 6.931% ii) 1648 ii ) OR 13.862 years

ANSWER: MCQ

1. a) 2. b) 3. d) 4. d) 5. d) 6. d) 7. a) 8. c) 9. d) 10. c) 11. a)12. c) 13. c)

14. c) 15 b) 16 d) 17. a) 18 b) 19. b) 20. d)

79
 CHAPTER-10: VECTORS

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS TO BE REMEMBERED:

• Scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude like length, mass, time, temperature, work, etc.
• Vector is a quantity that has magnitude as well as direction like displacement, velocity, force,
weight, etc.

• ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
A directed line segment AB is a vector denoted as 𝐴𝐵
• Zero vector or null vector is a vector whose magnitude is zero and direction is undefined, i.e. whose
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗0
initial and terminal points are coincident.𝐴𝐴
⃗
𝒂
• ̂ ): a vector whose magnitude is unity, 𝒂
Unit vector (𝒂 ̂ = |𝒂⃗|

• Equal vectors: if two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ have same direction and equal magnitude, i.e. 𝑎=𝑏⃗
• Co-initial Vector: two or more vectors having the same initial point are called co-initial vectors.
• Collinear Vectors: two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to the same line,
irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
• Negative of a vector: a vector whose magnitude is the same as that of a given vector, but direction
is opposite that of it, is called negative of the given vector.

• Position Vector: vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝑃 having origin point O (0, 0, 0) as initial point and point P(x, y, z) as
terminal point is called the position vector of point P with respect to origin.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑂𝑃
Magnitude of 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

• Direction Cosines: as in figure, angle 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 made by the

vector 𝑟 with the positive directions of x, y and z-axes
respectively, are called its direction angles and the cosine values
of these angles i.e. 𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 and n=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 are
called direction cosines of vector 𝑟
• Direction Ratios : the coordinate of point P(as in above figure) may also be expressed as (lr, mr, nr).
The numbers lr, mr, nr are proportional to the direction cosines are called as direction ratios of vector 𝑟
and denoted as a, b, c.
NOTE: 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1 but 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ≠ 1 in general.

• ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐵𝐶
Addition of Vectors: in general, if we have two vectors 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ then to add them, they are

positioned so that the initial point of one coincides with the terminal point of the other. (as in figure)

80
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵
As 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ since 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = - 𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
So, we have, 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗0, this means that when the
sides of a triangle are taken in order, it leads to zero.

Parallelogram law of vector addition- if we have two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ represented by the two adjacent

sides of a parallelogram in magnitude and direction, then their sum 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ is represented in magnitude
and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram through their common point.

• Properties of vector addition:

(i)Commutative property : 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗+ 𝑎

(ii) Associative property :( 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + ( 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 )

• Components of a vector: if the position vector of point P(x, y, z) is

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = x𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ . This form of any vector is called its component form. Here x, y and z are called as the
𝑂𝑃
scalar components of 𝑟 and x𝑖̂, 𝑦𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑘̂ are called vector components of 𝑟.

• Vector joining two points: if P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and Q(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are any two points, then the vector

𝑃𝑄 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂ and the magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
joining P and Q is the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2
|𝑃𝑄

• Section Formula: Let P and Q are two points represented by the position vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and
𝑂𝑃 and 𝑂𝑄
point R divides PQ in m : n
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +𝑛𝑂𝑃
𝑚𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑛𝑂𝑃
𝑚𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
(i) Internally 𝑂𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
(ii) Externally 𝑂𝑅
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚−𝑛

• Scalar product of two vectors:

𝑎. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = |𝑎| | 𝑏 | 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗
• Vector product of two vectors:
⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑎| | 𝑏 | 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛̂ , where 𝑛̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗
𝑎× 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗
𝑎⃗.𝑏
• Projection of 𝑎 on ⃗⃗𝑏 is |𝑏 |

• Area of a parallelogram having adjacent side 𝑎 and ⃗⃗𝑏 is |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ | sq. unit

1
• Area of a triangle having vertices A,B and C is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 | sq. unit
2
2 2 2
• ⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝑎. 𝑏
|𝑎 × 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ | =|𝑎|2 +|𝑏⃗|

81
Q. NO ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. 1If 𝑎 =𝑖̂ +𝑗̂, 𝑏⃗ =𝑗̂ +𝑘̂, 𝑐 = ̂𝑘+𝑖̂ , find a unit vector in the direction of 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ – 𝑐

(𝑖) 𝑖̂ (ii) 𝑘̂ (iii) 𝑗̂ (Iv) 2𝑗̂

2. 2If |𝑎| = 2 , |𝑏⃗| = 3 and 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 2√5 then find the value of|𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|

(𝑖) ± 4 (ii) 4 (iii) −4 (Iv) √26

3. The value of 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 𝑖𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑥𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ = 3 𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ are

(i) 3,2,-2 (ii) 3,2,1 (iii) 3,2,2 (iv) -2,3,2

4. The area of parallelogram with adjacent sides as 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ 𝑖𝑠 is given by

1 1 1
(i) |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| (ii) |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| (iii) |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| (iv) |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|
2 4 8

5. The value of 𝜇 for which the vectors 3 𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ is parallel to 2 𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 𝜇𝑘̂ is

(i) 2/3 (ii) 3/2 (iii) 5/2 (iv) 2/5

6. The scalar projection of the vector 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ on 5𝑖̂ + 12𝑗̂ is

(i) 7/√14 (ii) 7/14 (iii) 3/13 (iv) 7/2

7. The vector having initial point and terminal points as (2,5,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−3,7,4) respectively
is (i) −𝑖̂ + 12𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ (ii) 5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ (iii) −5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ (iv) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂

8. Write the value of( 𝑖̂ x 𝑗̂) .𝑘̂ + ( 𝑗̂ x 𝑘̂). 𝑖̂ + ( 𝑖̂ x 𝑘̂ ). 𝑗̂

(i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3

9. If 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥 + 𝑎). (𝑥 − 𝑎 ) = 24, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝑥|is

(i) 16 (ii) 4 (iii) 2 (iv) 5

10. The projection of vector 𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦

⃗
𝑎⃗.𝑏 𝑎⃗×𝑏⃗ ⃗
𝑎⃗.𝑏 ⃗ ×𝑎⃗
𝑏
(i) |𝑎⃗| (ii) |𝑎⃗|
(iii) ⃗|
|𝑏
(iv) |𝑎⃗|

82
11. The scalar product of vector 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 between 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ is given by

(i) 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎||𝑏⃗|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (ii) 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎||𝑏⃗|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (iii) 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎||𝑏⃗| (iv) 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎||𝑏⃗|𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

12. Two vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are perpendicular to each other then

(i) 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 1 (ii) 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 0 (iii)𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = 0 (iv) None of these

13. The value of 𝜆 for which the vector 2 𝑖̂ + 𝜆𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ are perpendicular to
each other is

(i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 3/2 (iv) -5/2

14. The vector of 5 magnitude in the direction of 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ is

̂
𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +𝑘 ̂
𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +𝑘 ̂
𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +𝑘
(i) (ii) 5(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) (iii) (iv) 5 ( )
3 √3 √3

15. If 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂,𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and 𝑐⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ then 2𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ − 𝑐 =

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

16. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, 𝑂𝐵

If 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ then vector 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑠

(i)6𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ (ii) 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ (iii) 6𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ (iv) 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂

17. The value of (𝑖̂. 𝑖̂) + (𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂) + (𝑘̂. 𝑘̂) is

(i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 2+𝑘̂

18. If 𝜃 is the angle between vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ and |𝑎. 𝑏⃗| = |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|, then the value of 𝜃 is

(i) 0 (ii) 𝜋 (iii) 𝜋/4 (iv) 𝜋/2

19. Find the area of a parallelogram (in sq. units) having A(-1,1/2,4) , B(1,1/2,4) ,C(1,-1/2,4)
and D (-1,-1/2,4) as the vertices .

(i) 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) 4

83
 20. The position vector of the point which divides the line joining the points with position

vectors 2𝑎 − 3𝑏⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ in the ratio 3:1 internally is

⃗
3𝑎⃗−2𝑏 ⃗
7𝑎⃗−8𝑏 3𝑎⃗ 5𝑎⃗
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2 4 4 4

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

Q.NO. QUESTIONS
1 Find the unit vector in the direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 ,where P and Q are the points (1,2,3) and (4,5,6)
respectively.
2 Find the value of p for which 𝑎 = 3 ̂𝑖 +2𝑗̂ +9𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = ̂𝑖 +p𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ are parallel vectors.
3 If |𝑎| = √3 , |𝑏⃗| = 2 and 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 3 , find the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗
4 Find the projection of 𝑎 on 𝑏⃗ if 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 8 and 𝑏⃗ =2 ̂𝑖 +6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
5 If 𝑎 . 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 0 ,what can you conclude about the vector 𝑏⃗ ?
6 Find the value of x for which x ( ̂𝑖 +𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) is a unit vector.
𝜋 𝜋
7 If a unit vector 𝑎 makes angles with 𝑖̂ , 4 with 𝑗̂ and an acute angle 𝜃 with 𝑘̂ , then find 𝜃 .
3

8 Find the direction cosines of the vector ̂𝑖 +2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ .

9 Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are 4 ̂𝑖 -𝑗̂ - 3𝑘̂ and −2 ̂𝑖 + 𝑗̂ - 2𝑘̂
10 If two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are such that |𝑎| =2, |𝑏⃗| = 1 and 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 1, then find the value of (3⃗⃗⃗𝑎 -

5 𝑏⃗) . (2⃗⃗⃗𝑎 + 7 𝑏⃗) .

3 MARKS QUESTION

Q.NO. QUESTIONS
1 Find the value of 𝛾 if (2 ̂𝑖 +6𝑗̂ +14𝑘̂) x ( ̂𝑖 - 𝛾 𝑗̂ +7𝑘̂) = ⃗0
2 If 𝑎 = 2 ̂𝑖 +2𝑗̂ +3𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = − ̂𝑖 +2𝑗̂ +𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 3 ̂𝑖 +𝑗̂ are such that 𝑎 +𝛽 𝑏⃗ is perpendicular
to 𝑐 ,then find 𝛽
3 Find |𝑥| , if for a unit vector 𝑎 , (𝑥 - 𝑎 )( 𝑥 + 𝑎) =20.
4 If the points (-1 , -1, 2), (2 , m, 5) , and ( 3, 11, 6) are collinear, find the value of m.
5 If 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are unit vectors such that 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0 , find the value of 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎
6 Let 𝑎 = ̂𝑖 +4𝑗̂ +2𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = 3 ̂𝑖 -2𝑗̂ +7𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 2 ̂𝑖 -𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ . Find a vector 𝑑 which is

perpendicular to both 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ , and 𝑐 . 𝑑 =15

7 If |𝑎| =2, |𝑏⃗| =5 and |𝑎 x 𝑏⃗ | = 8 , find 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗
8 Find a vector of magnitude 9 , which is perpendicular to both the vectors 4 ̂𝑖 -𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and

84
 −2 ̂𝑖 + 𝑗̂ - 2𝑘̂
9 Find the values of x and y if the vectors 𝑎 = 3 ̂𝑖 + x𝑗̂ - 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2 ̂𝑖 +𝑗̂ + y 𝑘̂ are mutually
perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude.
10 Show that the vectors 2 ̂𝑖 -𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ - 3𝑗̂ -5 𝑘̂ and 3 ̂𝑖 - 4 𝑗̂ - 4𝑘̂ form the sides of a right
angled triangle.
4 MARKS QUESTION

Q.NO. QUESTIONS
1 Ginni purchased an air plant holder which is in the shape of a tetrahedron. Let A, B, C
and D are the coordinates of the air plant holder where A=(1,1,1), B=(2,1,3), C=(3,2,2)
and D=(3,3,4).

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . (ii) Find the vector 𝐴𝐶.

(i) Find the vector 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (iii) Find the area of ∆ABC. OR, Find

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
the unit vector along 𝐴𝐷

2 A plane started from airport situated at O with a velocity of 1200 km/h towards east.
Air is blowing at a velocity of 50 km/h towards north as shown in the figure. As a
result, for 2 hour, the plane travelled with the resultant velocity in direction OP as
shown in the figure. Then from P to R plane travelled 1 hour keeping velocity of 1200
km/h and finally landed at R.

85
 Based on the above information, answer the following questions (Take O as the
origin, 𝑖̂ along east and 𝑗̂ along north).

(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑃𝑅

Find the velocity vector along direction 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .

(ii) Find the position vector of point P.

(iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .OR Find the net direction of travel of plane

Find the unit vector along 𝑂𝑅
from O to R with east.

3 A pyramid shaped greenhouse is to be constructed in the form of a pyramid ABCD as

shown in the figure.

Let its angular points are A(0,1,2), B(3,0,1),

C(4,3,6) and D(2,3,2) and G be the point of intersection of the medians of ∆BCD.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Find the position vector of point G.

(ii) Find the unit vector along ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐺 .

(iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐶𝐵

Find the magnitude of the sum of 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .OR Find |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |.

4 Solar panels are to be installed on a slanting roof. A surveyor determines the

coordinates of the four corners of the roof where solar panels are mounted. Suppose
86
 the points are labeled as P(6,8,4), Q(21,8,4), R(21,16,10) and S(6,16,10).

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Find the scalar components of vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑄 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝑃.

(ii) Find a unit vector perpendicular to the surface of the roof.

5 A girl walks 3 km towards west to reach point A and then walks 5 km in a direction
30° east of north and stops at point

B. Let the girl starts from O (origin)

and take 𝑖̂ along east

and 𝑗̂ along north.

Based on the above information,

Answer the following questions.

(i) Find the scalar components of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 .

(ii) Find the unit vector along ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 .

ANSWERS (MCQ) :

1) (iii) 2) (ii) 3) (i) 4) (i) 5) (i) 6) (iII) 7) (iII) 8) (ii) 9) (iv) 10) (ii)

11) (i) 12) (ii) 13) (iv) 14)(iv) 15) (i) 16) (ii) 17) (iii) 18) (iii) 19) (i) 20) (iv)

87
 ANSWER: 2 MARKS QUESTION

Q.NO. QUESTIONS
1
1 The unit vector in the direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 is = ( ̂𝑖 +𝑗̂ +𝑘̂)
√3

2 1
3
3 𝜋
6
4 8
7
5 𝑏⃗ is any vector
6 1
±
√3

7 𝜋
3

1 2 3
8 , ,
√14 √14 √14

9 15
sq. units
2

10 0
ANSWER: 3 MARKS QUESTION

Q.NO. QUESTIONS
1 -3

2 8

3 √21

4 8

−3
5
2

1
6 (160𝑖̂ -5𝑗̂ +70𝑘̂)
3

7 6

8 −3𝑖̂ +6𝑗̂ +6𝑘̂

88
9 −31 41
x= , y = 12
12

10 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 0, so triangle is a right angled triangle.

ANSWERS OF 4 MARKS QUESTIONS

Q.NO. ANSWERS
1 (i) 𝐴𝐵 = (2 − 1)𝑖̂ + (1 − 1)𝑗̂ + (3 − 1)𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

(ii) 𝐴𝐶 = (3 − 1)𝑖̂ + (2 − 1)𝑗̂ + (2 − 1)𝑘̂ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

1 𝐴𝐷 2𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ +3𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂

(iii) Ar(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) = 2 √14 sq. units. OR Unit vector along ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = |𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
=
√17

2 (i) Velocity vector along ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝑃 = (1200𝑖̂ + 50𝑗̂) km/h.

Velocity vector along ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑅 = (1200 + 50)𝑗̂ = (1250𝑗̂) km/h.

(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1200𝑖̂ + 50𝑗̂) × 2 = 2400𝑖̂ + 100𝑗̂.

𝑂𝑃

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑅 = (2400𝑖̂+1350𝑗̂ ) = (2400𝑖̂+1350𝑗̂ ) =
Unit vector along 𝑂𝑅
16
𝑖̂ +
90
𝑗̂.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑂𝑅 150√337
√7582500 √337 √337

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑃
OR 𝑂𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑃𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2400𝑖̂ + 100𝑗̂) + (1250𝑗̂) = 2400𝑖̂ + 1350𝑗̂

1350 45
So, net direction of travel of plane from O to R with east = (2400) = ( 8 )

3 (3+4+2) (0+3+3) 1+6+2

(i) P.V. of G = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.
3 3 3

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐺 ̂
3𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +𝑘
(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
Unit vector along 𝐴𝐺 = .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝐴𝐺 √11

(iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐵
|𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √11. 𝑶𝑹 |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 | = √4 + 256 + 100 = √360 = 6√10.

4 (i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ are 15, 0, 0 & Scalar components of 𝑆𝑃

Scalar components of 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ are 0, 8, 6.

3 4
(ii) unit vector is − 5 𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂ .

5 (i) So, scalar components of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 are 2.5, 2.5√3.

5
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑖̂+√3𝑗̂) 1
(ii) Unit vector along ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
=2 25 75
= 2 (𝑖̂ + √3𝑗̂)
√ +
4 4

89
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Let 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + c𝑘̂. The value of c if |𝑎| = 5 is

(a)0 (b)2√3 (c) 1 (d)12

2. If 𝑎 = (2𝑖̂ – 4𝑗̂ +5𝑘̂) then the value of h so that h𝑎 may be unit vector is

1 1 1 1
(a)5 (b) (c)3√5 (d)5√3
√3

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ - 3𝑘̂) and A(1,2,-1) is the given point, then the coordinates of B are
3. If 𝐴𝐵

(a) (3,-3,4) (b) (3,3,4) (c) (-3,-3,-4) (d) (3,3,-4)

4. If |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = 4, 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 2, then |𝑎|2|𝑏⃗|2 =

(a)6 (b)20 (c)8 (d)2

2
5. If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two vectors of magnitude 3 and 3 respectively such that 𝑎×𝑏⃗ is a unit vector, then the

angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8

̂ + 2𝑘̂ that has a magnitude 9 is:

6. The vector in the direction of the vector 𝑎 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗

1
̂ + 2𝑘̂
(a) 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗 ̂ + 2𝑘̂)
(b)3 (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗

̂ + 2𝑘̂)
(c) 3(𝑖̂ − 2𝑗 ̂ + 2𝑘̂
(d)9 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗

7. The position vectors of the points A, B, C are 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ respectively.
These points :

(a) form an isosceles triangle (b) form a right triangle

(c) are collinear (d) form a scalene triangle

8. The projection of the vector 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ on 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ is:

√5 5 √5 √6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 √2 6 5

9. If 𝜃 is the angle between any two vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ , then |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = |𝑎. 𝑏⃗| when 𝜃 is:

𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
(a) 3 (b)4 (c) (d) none of these
3

90
10. If 𝑎̂, 𝑏̂, 𝑐̂ are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then value of |𝑎̂ + 𝑏̂ + 𝑐̂ | is:

(a) 1 (b) √2 (c) √3 (d) 2

11. The vector 𝑏⃗=3𝑖̂+4𝑘̂ is to be written as the sum of a vector 𝛼 parallel to 𝑎 =𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ and a

vector 𝛽 perpendicular to 𝑎. Then 𝛼 is:

3 2 1 1
(a) 2 (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ ) (b)3 (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ ) (c)2 ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ ) (d) 3( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂)

𝜃
12. 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two unit vectors and 𝜃 is the angle between them then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 =

1 1
(a)2 | 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ | (b) |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| c) |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| (d) 2 | 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗|

13. Let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, and 𝑐 are three unit vectors such that 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0 . Find 𝑎.𝑏⃗ + 𝑏.
⃗⃗ 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎

14. In the following questions (Q. No. 10) A statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choice as follows:
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.

b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.

d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

Assertion(A): The area of parallelogram with diagonals 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ |.

Reason(R): If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ represent the adjacent sides of a triangle, then the area of a triangle, then the area of

triangle can be obtained by evaluating |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ |.

15. Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of the vector 𝑎 = (5𝑖̂ - 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂).

16. If 𝑎 = x𝑖̂+2𝑗̂-z𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖̂-y𝑗̂+𝑘̂ are two equal vectors, then write the value of yx+5z.

17. Find a unit vector parallel to the sum of the vectors (𝑖̂+𝑗̂+𝑘̂) and (2𝑖̂-3𝑗̂+5𝑘̂ ).

18. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂, then find the value of |𝑎̂ − 𝑏̂ + 2𝑐̂ | .Find
direction ratio of the vector 𝑎̂ − 𝑏̂ + 2𝑐̂ .

19. The sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector. Show that the value of their difference is √3.

20. Show that the vector 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ is equally inclined to the axes 𝑂𝑋, 𝑂𝑌, 𝑂𝑍

91
21. If |𝑎 | = 10, |𝑏⃗ | = 1 and |𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ | = 6, then find |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ |

22. If 𝑎 = 3𝑖̂+4𝑗̂+5𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂+𝑗̂-4𝑘̂ , then express 𝑏⃗ in the form 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗1+𝑏⃗2, where 𝑏⃗1 is parallel to 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗2 is
perpendicular to 𝑎.

23. Using vector show that the points A(-2,3,5), B(7,0,-1), C(-3,-2,-5) and D(3,4,7) are such that AB and CD
intersect at P(1,2,3).

24. Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are given by vectors 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ −
7𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ .

25. Rohan is walking around a triangular park. The vertices of the park are given by the position vectors (-𝑗̂-
2𝑘̂), (3𝑖̂+𝑗̂+4𝑘̂) and (5𝑖̂+7𝑗̂+𝑘̂ ). Show that the park is in right triangular shape. Also find its other two angles.

26. Find the position vector of the point which divides the join of the points (2𝑎-3𝑏⃗) and (3𝑎-2𝑏⃗) in the
ratio, (i) internally, (ii) externally.

27. On the week days, every morning Piya first drops her son to his school and then she goes to her office.

Let her house, the school and the office are represented by the position vectors (-2𝑎+3𝑏⃗+5𝑐 ), (𝑎+2𝑏⃗+3𝑐 )

and (7𝑎-𝑐 ). Show that for any 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 the house, the school and the office are on the same straight path.

28. 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, and 𝑐 are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the vector 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 is

equally inclined to 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, and 𝑐.

29. Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are represented by the vectors 𝑑 1 = 3𝑖̂+𝑗̂-2𝑘̂ and 𝑑2
= 𝑖̂-3𝑗̂+4𝑘̂

CASE BASED QUESTION

30 Ishaan left from his village on weekend. First, he travelled up to temple. After this, he
left for the zoo. After this he left for shopping in a mall. The positions of Ishaan at
different places is given in the following graph.

92
 Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Find position vector of B
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in terms of 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂
(ii) Find the vector 𝐵𝐶

(iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Find the length of vector 𝐴𝐷
OR
⃗⃗ =4 j-3k, then find unit vector along 𝑀
If 𝑀 ⃗⃗

31 A building is to be constructed in the form of a triangular pyramid, ABCD as shown in

the figure.

Let its angular points are A(0, 1, 2), B(3, 0, 1), C(4, 3, 6) and D(2, 3, 2) and G be the
point of intersection of the medians of BCD.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Find the coordinates of point G are

(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Find the length of vector 𝐴𝐺
(iii) Find the Area of ∆ABC (in sq. units)
OR

(iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐴𝐶

Find the sum of lengths of 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .

ANSWERS: PRACTICE MATERIALS

1) (b) 2) (c) 3)(d) 4(b) 5) (c) 6) (c) 7) (a) 8) (c) 9(b) 10) (c) 11(a) 12) (a) 13(b) 14(c)

Q. ANSWER MARKS
NO
15 The direction ratios are (5, -3, 4)
5 −3 4 1 −3 4 2
∴ The direction cosines are = 5√2 , 5√2 , 5√2 = , ,
√2 5√2 5√2

93
16 ∴ yx+5z = (-2)3 + 5(-1) = - 8 - 5 = -13 2
17 ⃗
𝑎⃗+𝑏 ̂
3𝑖̂−2𝑗̂ +6𝑘 ̂
3𝑖̂−2𝑗̂ +6𝑘 3 2 6 2
The required unit vector = ⃗|
|𝑎⃗+𝑏
= = = 𝑖̂ - 7 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
√9+4+36 7 7 7

18 2 5 1 2
|𝑎̂ − 𝑏̂ + 2𝑐̂ | = √4 + 25 + 1 = √30 & 𝑑. 𝑟 = − .− ,−
√30 √30 √30

19 | 𝑎| = 1, |𝑏⃗| = 1, |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| = 1 2
2
(| 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗|)2 + (| 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| )2 = 2 {| 𝑎|2 + | 𝑏⃗| } = 4

(| 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| )2 = 3 or | 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| = √3
2
21 (| 𝑎. 𝑏⃗|)2 + (| 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| )2 = {| 𝑎|2 . | 𝑏⃗| } or (| 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| )2 = 64 or | 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = 8 2
3 4 13 9
22 𝑏⃗ =(- 𝑖̂ - 𝑗̂ - 𝑘̂) + ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ - 3𝑘̂) = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ - 4𝑘̂ is the required expression. 3
5 5 5 5

23 To prove P intersects ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷, show that A,P,B are collinear as well as 3

C,P,D. P is a common to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 and so ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 intersect at P.
24 Area = | 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = 15√2 Sq. units 3

25 Let the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C of the triangular park is 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ).(2𝑖̂+6𝑗̂ −3𝑘
(3𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ +6𝑘 ̂) 6+12−18
cos 𝜃 = |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ||𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
= = =0
7×7 49
π
∴ 𝜃 = 2 , Therefore, the park is in right triangular shape.
π π
The other two angles are 4 , 4 i.e., 45° and 45°
12 13
26 𝑎- 𝑏⃗ And −5𝑏⃗ 3
5 5

27 The position vectors of the house, the school and the office are 3

𝐴 = (-2𝑎+3𝑏⃗+5𝑐), 𝐵
⃗ = (𝑎+2𝑏⃗+3𝑐 ) and 𝐶 = (7𝑎-𝑐)

⃗ , 𝐶 are collinear for the required result

Now prove 𝐴 , 𝐵
29 area = 5√3 sq. units 3
4 3
30 (𝑖) 5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ (𝑖𝑖) 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ (iii)√85 units OR 𝑖̂ + 5 𝑗̂ 4
5

31 (i) (3, 2, 3) (ii) √11 units (iii) 3 √10 sq. unit OR 9.32 units 4

94
THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

95
CONCEPT MAPPING:

96
KEY POINTS:

Direction Cosines of a line:

A directed line 𝑙 passing through origin making angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 with 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 axes respectively are called
direction angles. Cosine of these angles namely cos 𝛼 , cos 𝛽 , cos 𝛾 are called direction cosines of the
directed line 𝑙. Direction cosines of a line are denoted by 𝑙, 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 where 𝑙 = cos 𝛼 , 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 ,
𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 . If 𝑙, 𝑚 and 𝑛 are the direction cosine of a line then 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛 2 = 1.
Direction ratios of a line:

Any three numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a line are called the direction ratios
of the line. Direction ratios of a line are denoted as a,b,c .

𝑎 𝑏
𝑙 = 𝑎𝑘, 𝑚 = 𝑏𝑘, 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑘, 𝑘 being a constant. 𝑙 = ± √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
; 𝑚 = ± √𝑎2
+𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝑐
and 𝑛 = ± √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
. The sign to be taken for 𝑙, 𝑚 and 𝑛 depend on the desired sign of 𝑘, either a

positive or negative. The direction ratios of the line segment joining the points P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and
Q(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) may be taken as 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 .

Skew lines: Skew lines are lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting. They lie in different
planes.

Equation of a line in Space

Equation of a line passing through a point and parallel to a vector:

• Vector form:- Let a line passes through a point with position vector 𝑎 and parallel to a vector 𝑏⃗ .Let
P be any point on this line with position vector 𝑟 . Then the equation of the line in vector form is

given by 𝑟 = 𝑎 +𝜇 𝑏⃗ ,where 𝜇 is some scalar.

 Cartesian form:- In cartesian form the equation of the line is given by

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
= = where the line passes through the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1) and a,b,c are
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

the direction ratios of the line.

Equation of a line passing through two points:

• Vector form:- Let a line passes through two points with position vector 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ .Let P be any point
on this line with position vector 𝑟 .Then the equation of the line in vector form is given by

𝑟 = 𝑎 +𝜇 (𝑏⃗ − 𝑎), where 𝜇 is a scalar.

97
 • Cartesian form:- Let the line passes through the points (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) and(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 ).Then the
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒛−𝒛𝟏
equation of the line is =𝒚 =𝒛
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏 𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 𝟐 −𝒛𝟏

Angle Between Two lines:

➢ The angle between the two lines

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑.𝑏
|𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑|
The acute angle 𝜃 between the lines 𝑟⃑ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑ ⃗⃗⃗⃑1 and 𝑟⃑ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑
𝑎1 + 𝜇𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑2 is given by
𝑎2 + 𝑘𝑏 cos𝜃 = |𝑏 1||𝑏2 |
1 2

And the obtuse angle between them = 𝜋 − 𝜃

Distance Formula:

1) Distance between the points (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) and (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 ) is given by

𝒅 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝟐

2) (a) The Shortest Distance between the Skew Lines 𝑟 = 𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏⃗1 and 𝑟 = 𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏⃗2 is given by

⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝒃 𝒃𝟐 ). (𝒂 𝒂𝟏 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅=| |
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝒃 𝒃𝟐 |

(b) The Shortest Distance between the Skew Lines

𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒛−𝒛𝟏 𝒙−𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝒚𝟐 𝒛−𝒛𝟐

= = and = =
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐

(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏 ) (𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 ) (𝒛𝟐 −𝒛𝟏 )

| 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 |
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
is 𝑑 = || |
√(𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑏1 𝑎2 )2 +(𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1 )2 +(𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑎1 𝑐2 )2 |

3) The distance between the parallel lines 𝑟 = 𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ and 𝑟 = 𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏⃗ is given by

⃗ × (𝒂
𝒃 𝒂𝟏 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅=| |
|𝒃⃗|

MCQ QUESTIONS

(3−𝑥) (𝑦+4) (2𝑧−6 )

1. If the cartesian equation of a line = = , write its vector equation.
5 7 4

(a) 𝑟 = (𝑖̂− 4𝑗̂+ 6𝑘̂) + 𝜇 (5𝑖̂+ 7𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂) (b) 𝑟 = (3𝑖̂− 4𝑗̂+ 3𝑘̂) + 𝜇 (−5𝑖̂+ 7𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂)
(c) 𝑟 = (3𝑖̂+ 4𝑗̂+ 3𝑘̂) + 𝜇 (−5𝑖̂+ 7𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂) (d) 𝑟 = (3𝑖̂− 4𝑗̂+ 3𝑘̂) + 𝜇 (5𝑖̂+ 7𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂)
2. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2, −3,4) on the y-axis.

98
 (a) (2,0,4) (b) (0,3,0) (c) (0, −3,0) (d) (−2,0, −4)
3. If a line makes angles 90° and 60° with the positive direction of 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes, find the angle which it
makes with positive direction of 𝑧 -axis.
(a) 𝜋/3 (b) 𝜋/4 (c) 𝜋/6 (d) 0
4. The distance of a point P (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) fom x-axis is

(a) √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (b) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (c) 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 (d)√𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2

5. Write direction cosines of a line parallel to z-axis.
(a) 1,0,0 (b) 0,0,1 (c) 1,1,0 (d) −1, −1, −1
(𝑥−2) (𝑦−1) ( 4−𝑧) (𝑥−1) ( 𝑦−4) (𝑧−5)
6. If the lines = = and = = are perpendicular, find the value of k .
3 1 𝑘 𝑘 2 −2

(a) -2/5 (b) -2/7 (c) 4 (d) 2/7

(𝑥−1) ( 𝑦+3) (𝑧+2)
7. The equation of a line is = = , find the direction cosines of a line parallel to the given
−2 3 6

line.
(a) −2/7, 3/7, 6/7 (b) 2/7, −3/7, − 6/7 (c) −2 , 3 , 6 (d) 2 , −3 , −6

8. Direction ratio of line joining (2, 3, 4) and (−1, −2, 1), are:
(a) (−3, −5, −3) (b) (−3, 1, −3) (c) (−1, −5, −3) (d) (−3, −5, 5)
9. The vector equation for the line passing through the points (–1, 0, 2) and (3, 4, 6) is:
(a) 𝑖 + 2𝑘 + 𝜆(4𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 4𝑘) (b) 𝑖 – 2𝑘 + 𝜆(4𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 4𝑘)
(c) −𝑖 + 2𝑘 + 𝜆(4𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 4𝑘) (d) −𝑖 + 2𝑘 + 𝜆(4𝑖 – 4𝑗 – 4𝑘)
10. If a line has direction ratios 2, – 1, – 2, determine its direction cosines:
(a) ⅓, ⅔, −⅓ (b) ⅔, −⅓, −⅔ (c) −⅔, ⅓, ⅔ (d) None of the above
MCQ ANSWERS
1) (b) 2) (c) 3) (c) 4) (d) 5) (b) 6) (a) 7) (a) 8) (a) 9) (c) 10) (b)
Assertion Reason Type Questions

In these questions, a statement of Assertion is followed by a statement of Reason is given. Choose the
correct answer out of the following choices:

(a) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but Reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but Reason is correct statement.
(𝑥−5) 𝑦+4 𝑧−6
1. Assertion: If the cartesian equation of a line is = = then its vector form is
3 7 2
99
 𝑟 = 5 𝑖 − 4 𝑗 + 6𝑘 + 𝜆( 3 𝑖 + 7𝑗 + 2𝑘 ).
Reason: The cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (–2, 4, –5) and parallel to the
(𝑥+3) 𝑦−4 𝑧+8 (𝑥+3) 𝑦−4 𝑧+8
line given by = = is = =
3 5 6 3 5 6

2. Assertion: The pair of lines given by⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝜆( 2 𝑖 + 𝑘 )and ⃗⃗𝑟 = 2 𝑖 − 𝑘 + 𝜐( 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 )

intersect
Reason: Two lines intersect each other, if they are not parallel and shortest distance = 0.
3. Assertion: If a line passes through a point whose position vector is 𝑎 = 𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 2𝑘 and is parallel to
𝑏 = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 then, its equation is
𝑟 = 𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 2𝑘 + 𝜇(2𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 3𝑘)
Reason: If a line passes through a point whose position vector is 𝑎 and is parallel to the vector 𝑏⃗ then,

its equation is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜇 𝑏⃗
12 −3 −4 4 12 3 3 −4 12
4. Assertion: The three lines with direction cosines , , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , ,
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

are mutually perpendicular.

Reason: The line through the points (1, –1, 2) and (3, 4, –2) is perpendicular to the line through the
points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
5. Assertion: The angle between the straight lines
𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧+3 𝑥−1 𝑦+2 𝑧−3
= = and = = is 90°
2 5 4 1 2 3

Reason: Skew-lines are lines in different planes which are parallel and intersecting.
ANSWERS(Assertion Reason Type Questions)

1) (c) 2) (a) 3)(a) 4)(b) 5(c)

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. If 𝛼, 𝛽, ϒ are the direction angles of a line, find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ϒ
2. Find the value of k so that the lines 𝑥 = −𝑦 = 𝑘𝑧 and 𝑥 – 2 = 2𝑦 + 1 = −𝑧 + 1 are
perpendicular to each other.
3. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the line passing through points (3, −2, −5) and (5, −4, 6).
4. Check whether the lines passing through (1, 1, 2) and (3,5,1) is parallel to the line through (4, 2, −1)
and (2, −2 , 0)
5. The points A (1,2,3), B (−1, −2, −3)and C (2,3,2) are the vertices of a parallelogram, then find the
equation of CD.

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 ANSWERS OF 2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−1
2. The lines are: 1 = −1 = 1/𝑘 and = = after applying condition k = 2
2 1/2 −1

3 𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧+5

Cartesian : = = Vector : 𝑟 = (3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂) + 𝜇(2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 11𝑘̂)
2 −2 11

4 Show that d.r. of lines are proportional

5 First find coordinates of 𝐷 𝑎𝑠 (4,7,8) then equation.

LONG ANSWER (TYPE 1) QUESTIONS (3 marks questions)

1) Find the equation of the line passing through the point P ( −1,3, −2 ) and perpendicular to the lines
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥+2 𝑦−1 𝑧+1
= = 3 and = =
1 2 −3 2 5
𝒙−𝟒 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛+𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛+𝟏𝟎
2) Find the acute angle between the two lines by = = by = =
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟓

3) Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
𝑟 = (1 − 𝑡) 𝑖 ̂ + (𝑡 − 2) 𝑗 ̂ + (3 − 2𝑡) 𝑘 ̂
𝑟 = (𝑠 + 1)𝑖̂ + (2𝑠 − 1)𝑗̂ − (2𝑠 + 1) 𝑘 ̂
4) Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) 𝑎𝑛d 𝑟 = 5𝑖̂ −
2𝑗̂ + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂). Find the point of intersection if exists.
5) Show that the points A (2, 3, – 4), B (1, – 2, 3) and C (3, 8, – 11) are collinear
6) The cartesian equation of a line is 6x – 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z – 2. Find the direction cosines of the line. Write
down the cartesian and vector equations of a line passing through (2, – 1, – 1) which are parallel to the
given line.
ANSWERS OF (LONG ANSWER TYPE 1) QUESTIONS (3 marks)
1. 𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧+2
Equation of required line is = =
2 −7 4
1
2 Using appropriate formula we get cos 𝜃 =2 =>𝜃 = 𝜋/3
8
3 Shortest distance, 𝑑 =
√29

4 The S.D. is 0 ∴ lines are intersecting.pt of intersection is (−1, −6, −12)

5 Show that direction ratios of AB and BC are proportional. That means AB is
parallel to BC. Hence, A, B, C are collinear points.

1 2 3
6 DR’s of the line are (1, 2, 3).∴ Direction cosines of the line are , ,
√14 √14 √14
𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧−1
Cartesian : = = 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: r = (2î + ĵ + k̂) + λ (î + 2ĵ + 3k̂)
1 2 3

101
 LONG ANSWER (TYPE 2 )QUESTIONS (5 marks questions)

𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
1) (a) Find the image of the point (1,6,3) in the line:1 = =
2 3

(b) Also, find the length of the segment joining the given point and its image.
2) Show that the lines 𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) + 𝜆 (3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) and 𝑟 = (4𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂) + 𝜇(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑘̂) intersect each
other. Find their point of intersection.
3) Prove that the line through A (0, – 1, – 1) and B(4, 5, 1) intersects the line through C (3, 9, 4) and D (- 4,
4, 4).
ANSWERS OF (LONG ANSWER TYPE 2) QUESTIONS
1 P (1,6,3)

Q
Q is the foot of the perpendicular from P R (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)
Therefore, Q is (𝜆 ,2 𝜆 +1,3 𝜆 +2)
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
PQ is perpendicular to the line 1 = = , so we have
2 3

(𝜆 − 1)1 + (2 𝜆 + 1 − 6)2 + ( 3 𝜆 + 2 − 3)3 = 0 or 𝜆 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 Q = ( 1,3,5)

𝑎+1 𝑏+6 𝑐+3
Using midpoint formula = 1, = 3, = 5 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = 7,∴ image is (1,0,7)
2 2 2

Required distance PR = 2√13 using distance formula

2 The two given lines will intersect if
(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) + 𝜆 (3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) = (4𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂) + 𝜇(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑘̂) for some particular values of 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇
Equating coefficients of 𝑖̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗̂ and solving we get, 𝜆 = 1 and 𝜇 = 0
Substituting in the coefficient of 𝑘̂ , the equation is satisfied. ∴ the two lines intersect
Putting λ = 1 in the first line, the point of intersection is (4,0, −1)
3 Equation of line passing through (0,-1,-1) and (4,5,1) is 𝑟 = (−𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) + 𝜆(4𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)
Equation of line passing through (3,9,4) and (-4,4,4) is 𝑟 = (3𝑖̂ + 9𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) + 𝜆(−4𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 4𝑘
̂)

Now solve as above in Q.2

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 CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

1. Two aeroplanes A and B are flying along the lines 𝑟 = 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) and 𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝜇(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ +
𝑘̂) respectively.

Based on the above information answer the following questions:

(a) Find the cartesian equation of the line along which aeroplane A is flying
(b) What are the direction cosines of the line of flight of the 2nd aeroplane
(c) Find the shortest distance between the given lines.
2. In a diamond exhibition, a diamond is covered in cubical glass box having coordinates O(0, 0, 0),
A(1, 0, 0), B(1, 2, 0), C(0, 2, 0), O'(0,0,3), A'(1, 0, 3), B'(1, 2, 3) and C(0, 2, 3).

Based on the above information answer the following questions:

(a) Find direction ratios of OA

(b) Find the cartesian and vector equation of the diagonal OB′
3. A mobile tower stands at the top of a hill. Consider the surface on which tower stands as a plane
having points A(0, 1,2), B(3, 4, −1) and C(2, 4, 2) on it. The mobile tower is tied with 3 cables from
the points A, B and C such that it stands vertically on the ground. The peak of the tower is at the point
(4,0,2), as shown in the figure. Let N(2, −3,1) be the foot of the perpendicular from the point P.

103
Based on the above information answer the following questions:

(a) Find the equation of the line BC

(b) Find the equation of the perpendicular line drawn from the peak of tower to the foot of the
perpendicular where N( 2, −3,1) is the foot of the perpendicular.
(c) Find the height of the tower.
4. A student drew 2 skew lines as shown below with their points through which they pass and their

directions ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 . The equations of these two lines 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 are given by
𝑥+2 𝑦 𝑧−2 𝑥−3 𝑦−5 𝑧−7
= = and = =
2 3 1 1 −2 1

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

(a) Find the vector ⃗⃗⃗

𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2
(b) Find the shortest distance between these two lines 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2.

ANSWERS OF CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

1(a) 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= =
1 2 −1
1(b) 2 1 1
( , , )
√6 √6 √6
1(c) 0
2(a) 1,0,0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
2(b) = = 3 and Vector equation: 𝑟 = 𝜇(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) where 𝜇 is a scalar.
1 2

3(a) 𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧−2

= =
1 0 −3
3(b) 𝑥−4 𝑦 𝑧−2
= =
−2 −3 −1
3(c) √14 units
4(a) 5𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂
4(b) √3 units

104
 Linear Programming Problems

The term ’Programming’ means planning and it refers to a particular plan of actions from amongst several
alternatives for maximizing profit or minimizing cost etc. The term ‘Linear’ means that all inequations or
equations used and the function to be maximized or minimized are linear.

So, linear programming deals with the optimization (maximization or minimization) of a linear function of a
number of variables subject to a number of conditions on the variables, in the form of linear inequations or
equations in variables involved.

Few important terms related to LPP :

Objective function: A linear function z = ax + by, (where a and b are constants) which has to be maximized
or minimized according to a set of given conditions, is called as linear objective function. Variables x and y
are called Decision variables.

Constraints: The restrictions in the form of linear inequalities on the variables of linear programming
problems are called constraints. The condition x >= 0 y >= 0 are called non-negative constraints.

Solution: A set of values of variables x, y which satisfies the constraints of LPP, is called a solution of LPP.

Feasible Solution: A set of values of the variables x, y is called a feasible solution of a LPP, if it satisfies the
constraints and non-negativity restrictions of the problem.

Infeasible Solution: If the system of constraints has no point which satisfies all the constraints and non-
negativity restrictions.

Theorem 1

Let R be the feasible region (convex polygon) for a linear programming problem and let Z = ax + by be the
objective function. When Z has an optimal value (maximum or minimum), where the variables x and y are
subject to constraints described by linear inequalities, this optimal value must occur at a corner point
(vertex) of the feasible region.

Theorem 2

Let R be the feasible region for a linear programming problem, and let

Z = ax + by be the objective function. If R is bounded , then the objective function Z has both a maximum
and a minimum value on R and each of these occurs at a corner point (vertex) of R.

105
If R is unbounded, then a maximum or a minimum value of the objective function may not exist. However,
if it exists, it must occur at a corner point of R.

Solving linear programming problem using Corner Point Method.

The method comprises of the following steps:

➢ Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem and determine its corner

Points (vertices) either by inspection or by solving the two equations of the lines intersecting

at the point.

➢ Evaluate the objective function Z=ax+ by at each corner point. Let M and m, respectively

denote the largest and smallest values of these points.

(I) When the feasible region is bounded, M and m are the maximum and minimum value of Z.
(II) In case, the feasible region is unbounded, we have:
(a) M is the maximum value of Z , if the open half plane determined by ax+ by > M
has no point in common with the feasible region Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.
(b) Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by
ax+ by < m has no point in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no minimum
value.

MCQ (Each questions carries 1 mark)

1. Solution set of the inequality 3x+ 5y < 4 is ....

(a) an open half-plane not containing the origin

(b) an open half-plane containing the origin

(c) the whole xy- plane not containing the line 3x+ 5y=4

(d) a closed half plane containing the origin

2. Which of the following points satisfies both the in equations 2x+y≤10 and x+2y≥ 8?

(a) (-2,4) (b) (3,2) (c) (-5,6) (d) (4,2)

3. The corner points of the bounded feasible region determined by a system of linear constraints are (0,3),
(1,1)and (3,0). Let Z = px + qy, where p,q >0. The condition on p and q so that the minimum of Z occurs at
(3,0) and (1,1) is
106
(a) p=2q (b) p=q/2 (c) p=3q (d) p=q

4. The feasible region satisfied by the constraints

𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 5, 𝑥 ≤ 4, 𝑦 ≤ 4, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 5𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 5, x+ 6𝑦 ≥ 6 is bounded by

(a)4 straight lines (b) 5 straight lines (c) 6 straight lines (d) 7 straight lines
5. For the following feasible region, the linear constraints are : 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12, x+ 3𝑦 ≤ 11

(a) 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 12, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≥ 11 (b) 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≥ 11

(c) 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 11 (d) None of these

6. Based on the given shaded region as the feasible region in the graph, at which point(s)
is the objective function Z = 3x + 9y maximum?

(a) Point B (b) Point C (c) Every point on line segment CD (d) Point D

7. In the given graph, the feasible region for a LPP is shaded. The objective function 𝑍 = 20𝑥 + 10𝑦, will be
minimum at:

(a) (15,0) (b) (40,0) (c)(4,18) (d)(6,12)

8. Corner points of the feasible region for an LPP are (0,2), (3,0), (6,0), (6,8) and (0,5).

Let 𝑍 = 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 be the objective function. The minimum value of 𝑍 occurs at:

107
 (a) (0,2) only (b) (3,0) only (c) The mid-point on the line segment joining the point (0,2)
and (3,0) only (d)Any point on the line segment joining the points (0,2) and (3,0).

9. The feasible region corresponding to the linear constraints of a Linear Programming Problem is given
below.

Which of the following is not a constraint to the given Linear Programming Problem?

(a) x+y≥2 (b) x + 2y ≤10 (c) x-y≥1 (d) x- y ≤1

10. The corner points of the shaded unbounded feasible region of an LPP are (0, 4), (0.6, 1.6) and (3, 0) as
shown in the figure. The minimum value of the objective function Z = 4x + 6y occurs at

(a)(0.6, 1.6) 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 (b) (3, 0) only (c) (0.6, 1.6) and (3, 0) only

(d) at every point of the line-segment joining the points (0.6, 1.6) and (3, 0)

SA (This section comprises of short answer type questions of 3 marks each)

11. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically:

Minimize: z = x + 2y ,

subject to the constraints: x + 2y ≥100, 2x -y≤0, 2x +y ≤200, x,y≥0

12. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically:

Maximize: z= - x +2 y

subject to the constraints: x≥3, x +y ≥5, x +2y ≥6, y≥0

13. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically:

108
 Maximize Z = 400x + 300y

subject to 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 200, 𝑥 ≤ 40, 𝑥 ≥ 20, ≥ 0

14. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically:

Minimize Z = 5x + 10y

subject to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 120, 𝑥 +y ≥ 60, x-2y≥0, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

15. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically:

Maximize Z = 3x + 9y

subject to the constraints 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥10, 𝑥 + 3y ≤ 60, x≤y , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

MCQs(Answers)

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7.(𝑑) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)

11. Minimize: z = x + 2y , subject to the constraints: x + 2y ≥100, 2x -y≤0, 2x +y ≤200, x,y≥0

Corner Point Z= x +2y

A(0,50) 100 Min
B(20,40) 100 Min
C(50,100) 250
D(0,200) 400
The minimum value of Z is 100 at all the points on the line segment joining the points A(0,50) and (20,40).

12. Maximize: z= - x +2 y ,

subject to the constraints: x≥3, x +y ≥5, x +2y ≥6, y≥0

109
 Corner Point z= - x +2 y

A(3,2) 1 ( may or may not be the maximum value)

B(4,1) -2
C(6,0) -6
Since the feasible region is unbounded, Z=1 may or may not be the maximum value. Now, we drawq the graph of –
x+2y>1 and we check whether the resulting open half-plane has any point/s, in common with the feasible region or
not. Here, the resulting open half plane has points in common with the feasible region.

Hence, Z =1 is not the maximum value. We conclude, Z has no maximum value .

13. We have Z= 400x +300y, subject to x + y ≤ 200, ≤ 40, 𝑥 ≥ 20, 𝑦 ≥ 0 . The corner points of the feasible region are
C(20,0), D(40,0), B(40,160), A(20,180)

Corner Point Z = 400x + 300y

A(20,180) 62000
B(40,160) 64000 maximum
C(20,0) 8000
D(40,0) 16000
Maximum profit occurs at x= 40, y=160 and the maximum profit = Rs 64,000

14. We have minimize Z = 5x + 10y

subject to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 120, 𝑥 +y ≥ 60, x-2y≥0, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Corner Point Z = 5x + 10y

A(40,20) 400
B(60,0) 300 Min
C(120,0) 600
D(60,30) 600
So, Zmin= 300 at (60,0)
110
15. We have maximize Z = 3x + 9y subject to the constraints 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥10, 𝑥 + 3y ≤ 60, x≤y , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Corner Points Z = 3x + 9y
A(0,20) 180 max
B(0,10) 90
C(5,5) 60
D(15,15) 180 max
So, Z max= 180 at infinitely many points lying on the line joining points (0,20) and (15,15).

111
 PROBABILITY
CONCEPT MAP:

KEY POINTS:
Conditional Probability
If E and F are two events associated with the same sample space of a random experiment, then the
conditional probability of the event E under the condition that the event F has occurred, written as P (E/F), is
given by
P(E/F) = P(E∩F)/ P(F) ; P(F) ≠0
Properties of Conditional Probability
Let E and F be events associated with the sample space S of an experiment. Then:

(i) P (SIF) = P(FIF) = 1

(ii) P[(A∪B)/F] = P(AIF) + P(BIF)−P [(A∩BI F)], where A and B are any two events associated with S.

(iii) P (𝐸̅ IF) = 1−P (E/F)

112
Multiplication Theorem on Probability
Let E and F be two events associated with a sample space of an experiment. Then
P (E∩F) = P(E) P (F/E), P (E) ≠ 0
= P (F) P (E/F), P (F) ≠ 0
If E, F and G are three events associated with a sample space, then
P(E∩F∩G) = P(E) P (F/E) P (G/E∩F)

Independent Events
Let E and F be two events associated with a sample space S. If the probability of occurrence of one of them
is not affected by the occurrence of the other, then we say that the two events are independent. Thus, two
events E and F will be independent, if
(a) P (FIE) = P (F), provided P (E) ≠ 0
(b) P (E/F) = P(E), provided P (F) ≠ 0
Using the multiplication theorem on probability, we have
(c) P(E/F) = P(E) P (F)
Three events A, B and C are said to be mutually independent if all the following conditions hold:
P(A∩B)=P(A) P (B)
P(A∩C)=P(A) P (C)
P(B∩C) = P(B) P (C) and
P(A∩B∩C) = P (A) P (B) P (C)

Partition of a Sample Space

A set of events E1, E2, ..., En is said to represent a partition of a sample space S if

(a) Ei ∩ Ej =, i≠ 𝑗, I, j = 1, 2, 3........, n

(b) E1UE2U...U En = S, and

(c) Each Ei, ≠ 0, i. e, P (Ei) > 0 for all i = 1, 2, ..., n

Theorem of Total Probability

Let (E1, E2, ..., En} be a partition of the sample space S. Let A be any event associated with S, then

P(A) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 P(𝐸𝑖 )P(A/𝐸𝑖 )

Bayes' Theorem
IF E1, E2, ..., En are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a sample space, and A is any event of
non zero probability, then

P(EIA) = P(𝐸𝑖 )P(AI𝐸𝑖 ) /∑𝑛𝑖=1 P(𝐸𝑖 )P(A/𝐸𝑖 )

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Random Variable and its Probability Distribution
A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is the sample space of a random experiment.The
probability distribution of a random variable X is the system of numbers

X 𝑥1 𝑥2 ……………………. 𝑥𝑛
P(X) 𝑝1 𝑝2 …………………….. 𝑝𝑛
where pi > 0, i=1, 2,..., n , Σpi = 1,

1 MARK QUESTIONS
1 1−𝑃(𝐵)
Two events A and B are such that 𝑃(𝐵) ≠ 0, then 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵̅ ). 𝐴 =
1−𝑃( )
𝐵

𝑎) 𝑃(𝐵) b) 𝑃(𝐴) c)𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) d)None of these

2 If two events are A and B, then the probability of happening only one event of them exactly

𝑎) 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑏) 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 2𝑃( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

𝑐) 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) 𝑑)𝑃(𝐴/𝐵̅ ) + 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴̅)

3 Given P (A) = ½, P (B) = p and P (A∪B) = 3/5. The value of p for which A and B
are mutually exclusive.
1 1 1 1
𝑎) 𝑏) 𝑐) 𝑑)
5 15 10 7

4 The probability of having 53 Mondays in a leap year chosen randomly

1 3 4 2
a) b) 7 c)7 d) 7
7

5 If the probability for A to fail in an examination is 0.2 and that for B is 0.3. Then the
probability that neither fails.
a) 0.57 b) 0.58 c) 0.56 d) 0.65
6 If A and B are independent events, and P(A)= ½, P(B) =1/3, then

P (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 )=
2 1 1 4
a) b) 6 c) 3 d) 3
3

7 A random variable X is specified by the following distribution.

X 2 3 4

P (X = r) 0.3 0.4 0.3

the mean of this distribution is

a) 2 b) 2.7 c) 3.5 d) 3

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8 Two dice are thrown. It is known that the sum of numbers on the dice is less than 6, the
probability of getting a sum 3 is
(a) 1/18 (b) 1/10 (c) 2/5 (d) 1/5
9 Events A and B are not independent if

(a) P(A∩B) = P(A/B) P(B) (b) P(A∩B) = P(B/A) P(A)

(c) P(A∩B) =P(A)+P(B) (d)P(A∩B) =P(A)P(B)

10 If two events are independent, then

(a)they must be mutually exclusive (b) the sum of their probabilities must be 1

(c ) both(a) and (b) are correct (d) none of the above

11 If P(A∩B) = 0.15, P(B’) = 0.10, then P(A/B) =

(a) 1/3 (b) ¼ (c) 1/6 (d) 1/5
12 A bag contains 5 red and 3 blue balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random without
replacement, the probability of getting exactly one red ball is
(a) 45/196 (b) 135/392 (c) 15/56 (d) 15/29
13 If P(A) = 1/2, P(B) = 0, then P(A|B) is

(a) 0 (b) ½ (c) not defined (d)1

14 If A and B are any two events such that P(A) + P(B) – P (A and B) =P(A), then
(a) P(B|A) = 1 (b) P(A|B) = 1 (c) P(B|A) = 0 (d) P(A|B) = 0

15 If A and B are two events such that P(A) ≠ 0 and P (B | A) = 1, then

(a) A ⊂ B (b)B ⊂ A (c)B = φ (d)A = φ

16 The probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die, when a pair of dice is rolled
is
(a) 0 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/12 (d) 1/36
17 Two events A and B will be independent, if
(a) A and B are mutually exclusive (b) P(A′∩B′) = [1 – P(A)] [1 – P(B)]
(c) P(A) = P(B) (d) P(A) + P(B) = 1
18 If P(A|B) > P(A), then which of the following is correct:

(a) P(B|A) < P(B) (b)P(A ∩ B) < P(A) . P(B) (c)P(B|A) > P(B) (d) P(B|A) = P(B)
19 Events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive iff

(a) P (A ∩ B) =P(A) +P(B) (b)P (A ∩ B) =P(A)P(B) (c) A ∩ B = φ (d) None of these

115
20 If A and B are independent events, then which of the following is not true
(a) P(A|B) = P(A) (b)P(B|A) = P(B) (c)P(B|A) = P(A|B) (d)None of these
2MARKS QUESTIONS
1 4 7 𝐵
If for any two events A and B, P(A) = 5 and P(A∩ 𝐵) = 10, then find 𝑃 (𝐴)

2 A bag contains 3 white, 4 black and 2 red balls. If 2 balls are drawn at random
(without replacement), then find the probability that both the balls are white.
3 A die, whose faces are marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green, is tossed. Let A be
the event “number obtained is even” and B be the event “number obtained is red”. Find
if A and B are independent events.
4 𝐴
Let A and B be two events. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.2, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.4, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.6 then find 𝑃 (𝐵)

5 A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditional probability of obtaining
the sum 8, given that the red die resulted in a number less than 4.
6 To test the quality of electric bulbs produced in a factory, two bulbs are randomly
selected from a large sample without replacement. If either bulb is defective, the entire
lot is rejected. Suppose a sample of 200 bulbs contains 5 defective bulbs. Find
the probability that the sample will be rejected.
7 A fair die is rolled. Consider the events A={1, 3, 5}, B={2, 3} and C={2, 3, 4, 5}.
Find (i) 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) (ii) 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴)
8 A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event ‘head appears on the coin’ and
B be the event ‘3 on the die’. Check whether A and B are independent events or not .
9 10% of the bulbs produced in a factory are red colour and 2 % are red and defective.
If one bulb is picked at random, determine the probability of its being defective if it is red.
2
10 The probability that a person will get an electric contract is 5 and the probability that he will
4 2
not get plumbing contract is . If the probability of getting at least one contract is , what is
7 3
the probability that he will get both ?
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 A refrigerator box contains 2 milk chocolates and 4 dark chocolates. Two chocolates are
drawn at random. Find the probability distribution of the number of milk chocolates. What is
the most likely outcome ?

116
2 Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while another bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls.
One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is found to be red. Find the
probability that it was drawn from bag II .
3 The probability distribution of a random variable X is given below :

X 1 2 3

P(X) 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
2 3 6

(i) Find the value of k

(ii) Find P(1≤ 𝑋 < 3)
(iii) Find E(X), the mean of X
4 Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. A grey haired person is selected at
random. What is the probability of this person being male ? Assume that there are equal
number of males and females
5 A random variable X has the following probability distribution :

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

P(X) 0 𝑘 2𝑘 2𝑘 3𝑘 𝑘2 2𝑘 2 7𝑘 2 + 𝑘

Determine :
(i) 𝑘 (ii) P(𝑋 < 3) (iii) P(𝑋 > 6)
6 A bag contains 4 red and 3 black balls. A second bag contains 2 red and 4 black balls. One
bag is selected at random. From the selected bag, one ball is drawn. Find the probability that
the ball drawn is red.
7 Suppose that 6% of the people with blood group O are left handed and 10% of those
with other blood groups are left handed. 30% of the people have blood group O. If a
left handed person is selected at random, what is the probability that he/she will
have blood group O ?
8 An electric assembly consists of two sub-systems say A and B. From previous testing
procedures, the following probabilities are assumed to be known
P(A fails)=0.2, P(B fails alone)=0.15, P( A and B fail)=0.15
Evaluate the following probabilities
(i) P(A fails/B has failed)
(ii) P(A fails alone)

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9 A machine operates if all of its three components function. The probability that the
first component fails during the year is 0.14, the second component fails is 0.10 and
the third component fails is 0.05. What is the probability that the machine will fail
during the year ?
10 Two thirds of the students in a class are boys and the rest are girls. It is known that
the probability of a girl getting a first class is 0.25 and that of a boy getting a first class
is 0.28. Find the probability that a student chosen at random will get first class marks in
the subject.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 Two boxes containing candies are placed on a table. The boxes are labeled𝐵1 and 𝐵2.
Box 𝐵1 contains 7 cinnamon candies and 4 ginger candies. Box 𝐵2 contains 3
cinnamon candies and 10 pepper candies. The boxes are arranged so that the
probability of selecting box 𝐵1 is 1⁄3 and the probability of selecting box 𝐵2 is 2⁄3.
Suresh is blindfolded and asked to select a candy. He will win a color TV if he selects
a cinnamon candy. What is the probability that Suresh will win the TV (that is, he will select a
cinnamon candy)?
2 Three companies A, B and C supply 25%, 35% and 40% of the notebooks to a school.
Past experience shows that 5%, 4% and 2% of the notebooks produced by
these companies are defective. If a notebook was found to be defective, what is
the probability that the notebook was supplied by A?
3 If a machine is correctly set up, it produces 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly
set up, it produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the set
ups are correctly done. If after a certain set up, the machine produces acceptable items,
find the probability that the machine is correctly set up.
4 Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostels and 40% are day scholars
(not residing in hostels). Previous year results report that 30% of all students who reside in
hostels attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their annual examination. At
the end of the year, one student is chosen at random from the college and he has an A
grade. What is the probability that the student is a hostler?
5 An urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random, its color is noted and is
returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 additional balls of the color drawn are put in the urn and
then a ball is drawn at random. What is the probability that the second ball is red?

118
6 Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively without replacement) from a well
shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean of the number of aces.
7 Colored balls are distributed in three bags as shown in the following table

Bag Red White Black

I 1 2 3
II 2 4 1
III 4 5 3
A bag is selected at random and two balls are randomly drawn from the selected bag. They
happen to be black and red. What is the probability that they came from bag I.
8 A factory has three machine X, Y, Z producing 1000, 2000, 3000 bolts per day respectively.
The machine X produced 1% defective bolts, Y produce 1.5% and Z produce 2% defective
bolts. At the end of a day, a bolt is drawn at random and is found defective. What is the
probability that the defective bolt is produced by the machine X?
9 Two cards are drawn in succession from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards, the first card being
replaced, before the second is drawn. Let X denote the number of spades drawn. Find the
probability distribution of X?
10 A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is six.
Find the probability that it is actually a six.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
1 A coach is training three players. He observed that player A hits 4 times the shot in 5 tries,
player B hits 3 times the shot in 4 and player C is able to hit twice the shot in 3 tries.

Based on above information, answer following questions

i) A,B,C all hit. It is a shot. What is the probability that the shot is hit by B only?
ii) If A,B,C all try , what is the probability that it was hit by none?
iii) Find the probability that the shot was hit by exactly 2 players.

119
2 Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
In an Office three employees Jayant, Sonia and Olivia process a calculation in an excel form.
Probability that Jayant, Sonia, Olivia process the calculation respectively is 50%, 20% and
30% . Jayant has a probability of making a mistake as 0.06 , Sonia has probability 0.04 to
make a mistake and Olivia has a probability 0.03 . Based on the above information, answer
the following questions.

(i)Find the probability that Sonia processed the calculation and committed a mistake.
(ii)Find the total probability of committing a mistake in processing the calculation.
(iii)The boss wants to do a good check. During check, he selects a calculation form at random
from all the days. If the form selected at random has a mistake, find the probability that the
form is not processed by Jayant.
3 Tiki has started late for college. She is running towards Laboni bus-stop. To reach college she
has to change buses from either Hidco Crossing or Dharmatala. For that she would take
either bus A or bus B.Probability of getting into bus A, B are 3/7 , 4/7 . If she gets on bus A
coming from Karunamoyee , she would get bus 1 or 2 from Hidco crossing. Probability of
getting bus 1 from Hidco crossing is ⅖ , probability of getting bus 2 from Hidco crossing is
⅗. If she gets on bus B from Quality crossing and gets bus 1 or bus 3 from Dharmatala.
Probability of getting bus 1 from Dharmatala is ⅓, probability of getting bus 3 from
Dharmatala is 2/3

i)Tiki reaches college by bus 1. What is the probability that she caught bus B?

ii)What is the probability that she reaches college by bus 2?

120
4 Rubiya, Thaksh, Shanteri, and Lilly entered a spinning zone for a fun game, but there is a
twist: they don't know which spinner will appear on their screens until it is their turn to play.
They may encounter one of the following spinners, or perhaps even both. Spinners have
numbers 1 to 9 on those: Different combinations of numbers will lead to exciting prizes.
Below are some of the rewards they can win:

● Get the number '5', from Spinner A and '8' from Spinner B, and you'll win a music
player!

● You win a photo frame if Spinner A lands on a value greater than 4.

● You win an earplug if you get even in spinner A or odd in spinner B.

i)Thaksh spun both the spinners, A and B in one of his turns. What is the probability that
Thaksh wins a music player in that turn?

ii) Lilly spun spinner A in one of her turns. What is the probability that the number she got is
even given that it is a multiple of 3?

iii) Rubiya spun both the spinners. What is the probability that she wins a photo frame only?

Or

As Shanteri steps up to the screen, the game administrator reveals that she would see
either Spinner A or Spinner B for her turn, the probability of seeing Spinner A on the screen
is 65%, while that of Spinner B is 35%. What is the probability that Shanteri wins an earplug?

121
 5. A doctor is to visit a patient. From past experience, it is known that the probabilities that he
will come by cab, metro, bike or by other means of transport are respectively 0.3, 0.2, 0.1
and 0.4. The probabilities that he will be late are 0.25, 0.3, 0.35 and 0.1 if he comes by cab,
metro, bike and other means of transport respectively.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by metro?

(ii) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by cab?

(iii) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by bike?

(iv)When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by other means of
transport?
SOLUTIONS OF 1 MARK QUESTIONS
1)(d) 2)(b) 3) (c) 4)(d) 5)(c) 6)(c) 7)( d) 8)(d) 9)(c) 10)(d) 11)(c) 12)( c)

13)(c) 14)( d) 15)(a) 16)( d) 17)(b) 18)(c) 19)(c) 20)(c)

SOLUTIONS 2 MARKS QUESTIONS

7
1 𝐵 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 10 35 7
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 4 = =
𝑃(𝐴) 40 8
5

3!
2 3𝐶2 2!1! 1
𝑃(𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒) = = 9! =
9𝐶2 12
2!7!

3 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ≠ 𝑃(𝐴) . 𝑃(𝐵) Hence, A and B are not independent events.

4 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)/𝑃(𝐵) = 0/0.4 = 0
2
5 𝐸 𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹) 36 1
𝑃 (𝐹 ) = = 18 =
𝑃(𝐹) 9
36

6 Required probability =𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 1 − 𝑃( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

𝐵 195 194 197
= 1 − 𝑃( 𝐴). 𝑃 ( 𝐴) = 1 − 200 × 199 = 3980

122
 1 1
7 𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 6 1 𝐵 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 6 1
𝑃 (𝐵) = = 1 =2 & 𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 1 =3
𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴)
3 2

8 Independent
1
9 The required probability =5

10 17/105
SOLUTION OF 3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 Let X denote the number of milk chocolate drawn.
X P(X)

0 4 3 12
× =
6 5 30
2 4 16
1 ( × )×2 =
6 5 30

2 2 1 2
× =
6 5 30

Most likely outcome is getting one chocolate of each type.

𝐴
2 𝐸2 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃(
𝐸2
) 1 5
× 35
2 11
using Bayes’ theorem, we have 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) = 𝐴 𝐴 = 1 3 1 5 = 68
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃( ) × + ×
2 7 2 11
𝐸1 𝐸2

3 5 5
(𝑖) ∑ 𝑃(𝑋𝑖 ) = 1 ⇒ 𝑘 = 1 (𝑖𝑖)P(1≤ 𝑋 < 3) = (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐸(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 . 𝑥𝑖 = 3
6
𝐴
4 𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃(
𝐸1
) 1 5
× 20
2 100
Taking events as usual 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) = 𝐴 𝐴 =1 5 1 1 = 21
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃( ) × + ×
2 100 2 400
𝐸1 𝐸2

1 3 17
5 (i) ∑ 𝑝𝑖 = 1 ⇒ 𝑘 = (𝑖𝑖) P(𝑋 < 3) = (iii) P(𝑋 > 6) = 100
10 10

6 Let 𝐸1 = Selecting bag I, 𝐸2 =Selecting bag II, 𝐴 = Drawing a red ball

𝐴 𝐴 1 4 1 2 19
Required probability= P(A)=𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 (𝐸 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 (𝐸 ) = 2 × 7 + 2 × 6 = 42
1 2

7 Let 𝐸1 = A person with blood group O is selected, 𝐸2 = A person with other blood
groups is selected, 𝐴 = A left handed person is selected
𝐴 3 6
𝐸 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃( ) × 9
𝐸1
Hence, required probability is 𝑃 ( 𝐴1 ) = 𝐴 𝐴 = 3
10 100
6 7 10 = 44
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃( ) × + ×
10 100 10 100
𝐸1 𝐸2

8 𝐸 𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹) 0.15 1
Let E= A fails, F=B fails, then P(A fails/B has failed)=𝑃 (𝐹 ) = = 0.30 = 2 and
𝑃(𝐹)

P(A fails alone)=𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸) − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 0.2 − 0.15 = 0.05

9 ∴ Required probability= 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 )

= 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ B ∩ 𝐶) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(B). 𝑃(𝐶) = 1 − (0.86)(0.90)(0.95) = 0.2647

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10 𝐸1 =A boy is chosen from the class, 𝐸2 =A girl is chosen from the class
A=the students get first class marks
𝐴 𝐴 2 1
P(A)=𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 (𝐸 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 (𝐸 ) = 3 × 0.28 + 3 × 0.25 = 0.27
1 2

SOLUTIONS OF 5 MARKS QUESTIONS

1 Let A be the event of drawing a cinnamon candy, 𝐵1 be the event of selecting box 𝐵1 ,
𝐵2 be the event of selecting box 𝐵2 .
7 1 3 2 13
P(A) = P(A ∩ 𝐵1) + P(A ∩ 𝐵2)= P(A|𝐵1) P(𝐵1) + P(A|𝐵2) P(𝐵2)= (11) (3) + (11) (3)= 33.

2 Let A, B and C be the events that notebooks are provided by A, B and C respectively.

Let D be the event that notebooks are defective

𝑃(𝐷|𝐴)𝑃(𝐴) 0.05∗0.25 125 25
P(A│D) =𝑃(𝐷|𝐴)𝑃(𝐴)+ 𝑃(𝐷|𝐵)𝑃(𝐵)+ 𝑃(𝐷|𝐶)𝑃(𝐶) = = 345 = .
0.05∗0.25 + 0.04∗0.35 + 0.02∗0.4 69

3 Let A be the event that the machine produces 2 acceptable items.

Also let 𝐵1 represent the event of correct set up and 𝐵2represent the event of

incorrect setup.
𝑃(𝐵1 ) 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵1 ) 0.8× 0.9 72 9
Therefore P(𝐵1|A) =𝑃(𝐵 = 0.8× 0.9 =80 = 10.
1 ) 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵1 ) + 𝑃(𝐵2 )𝑃(𝐴|𝐵2 ) + 0.2 × 0.4

4 Let 𝐸1 : a student is residing in hostel 𝐸2 : a student is a day scholar & E: a student

𝑃(𝐸 / 𝐸1 ) 𝑃(𝐸1 ) 0.6 𝑋 0.3 18 9
attains A grade Then P(𝐸1 / E) =𝑃(𝐸 / 𝐸 = = =
1 ) 𝑃(𝐸1 )+𝑃(𝐸 / 𝐸2 )𝑃(𝐸2 ) 0.6 𝑋 0.3 +0.4 𝑋 0.2 26 13

5 Let 𝐸1 : first draw gives a red ball, 𝐸2 : first draw gives a black ball

Let A: The second draw gives a red ball.

7 1 5 1 1
Required probability = P(A) = P(A/𝐸1 )P(𝐸1 )+P(A/𝐸2 )P(𝐸2 ) = 12 x 2 + 12 x 2 = 2

6 If X is the number of aces drawn ∴ The Probability Distribution of X is given by

X 0 1 2

P(X) 188/221 32/221 1/221

Mean = 34/221

7 Let E1 , E2 & E3 Bag I,II &III is selected respectively and A = A black ball and a red ball is
1 1 1
𝐸 × 231
drawn, Then Using Baye’s Theorem 𝑃 ( 𝐴1 ) = 1 3 5
1 1 2 1 2 = 5
1 2 2 =
× + × + × + + 551
3 5 3 21 3 11 5 21 11

124
8 Let E1: Bolt is manufactured by machine ‘X’, E2: Bolt is manufactured by machine Y and
E3: Bolt is manufactured by machine Z,
1/6× 1/100 1/6
Required probability = P (E3/E) = 1/6× 1/100+ 1/3× 3/200+ ½ × 2/100 = 1/6 + ½ + 1 = 1/10

9 Hence, the probability distribution of x is

X 0 1 2

P(X) 9/16 3/8 1/16

10 Let E = the event that the man reports that six occurs in the throwing of a dice.

𝑆1 = event of getting six, 𝑆2 = event of getting no six

Req. Prob. = P(S1/E)=P(S1 )P(E/S1 )/(P(S1 )P(E/S1 )+𝑃(𝑆2 ) P(E/S2) = 3/8

SOLUTION OF CASE BASED QUESTIONS

4 3 2 3 1
1 i) The probability that the shot is hit by B only=(1-5) 4 (1-3)=60=20

4 3 2 1
ii)If A,B,C all try , the probability that it was hit by none is (1-5)(1- 4) (1-3)=60

4 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 26 13
iii) The req probability= (5)(4) (1 − 3) + (1 − 5)( 4) (3) + (5)(1 − 4) (3) = 60 = 30

20
2 0.04 𝑋
100 8
(i)The probability = 50 20 30 =
0.06 𝑋 +0.04 𝑋 +0.03 𝑋 47
100 100 100

𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
(ii) Required Probability= 𝑃 (𝐴 ) 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃 (𝐵 ) 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃 ( 𝐶 ) 𝑃(𝐶)= .047

(iii) the probability = 1-probability that the form has a mistake and is processed by
50
0.06 𝑋 17
100
Jayant = 1- 50 20 30 = 47
0.06 𝑋 +0.04 𝑋 +0.03 𝑋
100 100 100

3 i)If Tiki reaches college by bus 1 , the probability that she caught bus B is
4 1
𝑋 20 10
7 3
=3 2 4 1 = =
𝑋 + 𝑋 38 19
7 5 7 3

ii)The probability that she reaches college by bus 2

4 3 12
=7 x 5=35

4 1 1 5 107
(i) 81 ii) 9 iii) 9 Or 180

5 2 5 1 4
(i) 7 (ii) 14 (iii) 6 (iv) 21

125
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPERS WITH BLUE PRINTS AND MARKING SCHEME

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

Blue-Print
Sample Paper 1
Class-XII Subject-Mathematics (041)

Units and MCQ Assertion/Reasoning 2 3 5 4 Total

Chapters Marks Marks Marks marks
Case
Based
1. Relation & 1 - 1 - 1 - 8(3)
Function &
I.T. Functions

2. Matrices and 5 1 - - - 1 10(6)

Determinants

3. Calculus 5 - 2 4 2 1 35(14)

4. Vector 4 1 2 - 1 - 14(8)
Algebra & 3-D
Geometry

5. Linear 2 - - 1 - - 5(4)
programming
Problem

6. Probability 1 - - 1 - 1 8(3)

Total 18 2 5 6 4 3 80(38)

126
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 1
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS

General Instructions:
1. This question paper contains 38 questions. All questions are compulsory.
2. This Question paper contains - five sections A, B, C, D and E. Each section is compulsory. However,
there are internal choices in some questions.
3. Section A has 18 MCQ’s and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark each.
4. Section B has 5 Very Short Answer (VSA)-type questions of 2 marks each.
5. Section C has 6 Short Answer (SA)-type questions of 3 marks each.
6. Section D has 4 Long Answer (LA)-type questions of 5 marks each.
7. Section E has 3 source based/case based/passage based/integrated units of assessment (4 marks
each) with sub parts
8. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in 2 questions in Section
B, 3 questions in Section C, 2 questions in Section D and 2 questions in Section E.
9. Use of calculator is not allowed.

SECTION A
This section comprises multiple choice questions (MCQs) of 1 mark each.
1. let Z denote the set of integers , then the function f: Z→ 𝑍 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 -1 is
(A) both on-one and onto (B) one-one but not onto
(C) onto but not one-one (D) neither one-one nor onto
2. if A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 ?
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
(A) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = { (B) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 1 , ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
(C) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 & 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗 (D)𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 1 , ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗
𝑝 𝑞
3. Let 𝐴 = [ ] be a square matrix such that 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴 . Then ( 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑠) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
𝑟 𝑠
(A) 2p (B) 2q (C) 2r (D)0
4. If A and B are symmetric matrix of the same order , then (AB′ − BA′ ) is a
(A) Skew Symmetric matrix (B)Null matrix (C) Symmetric matrix (D) None of these

127
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
5. If 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 ∆ = | 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1| lies in the interval
cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) −sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) 0

(A)[−√2, √2] (B)[−1,1] (C)[−√2, 1] (D)[−1, √2]

6. The area of the triangle with vertices (-3,0), (3,0) and (0,k) is 9 square units. The value of k will be

(A) 9 (B)3 (C) -9 (D) 6

1
7. The number of points at which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−[𝑥] is not continuous is

(A) 1 (B)2 (C) 3 (D) None of these

8. Differential coefficient of sec(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 is

𝑥 𝑥 1
(𝐴)
√1+𝑥 2
(B) 1+𝑥 2 (C)𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2 (D)√1+𝑥 2

9. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥

(A) Always increases (B)Always decreases

(C)Never increases (D)Sometimes increases and sometime decreases

𝑏+𝑐
10. ∫𝑎+𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏−𝑐
(A) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑑𝑥 (B) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑑𝑥 (C)∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (D)∫𝑎−𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
11. The solution of the differential equation 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 represents a family of

(A) Straight lines (B)Circles (C)Parabolas (D)Ellipses

12. The angle between the vectors 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ is

𝜋 2𝜋 −𝜋 5𝜋
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 6

13. If |𝑎| = 8, |𝑏⃗| = 3 and |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = 12 then 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ is

(A) 6√3 (B)8√3 (C)12√3 (D)None of these

14. The equation of x-axis in space are

(A)𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 (B)𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 (C)𝑥 = 0 (D)𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0

15. If a line makes equal acute angles with coordinate axes , then direction cosines of the line is
128
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 −1 −1
(A)1,1,1 (B) , , (C)3 , 3 , 3 (D) , ,
√3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3

16. The corner point of the feasible region determined by the system of linear constraints are (0,10),
(5,5), (15,15) and (0,20) . let Z = px+ qy , where p,q >0.
Condition on p and q so that the maximum of z occurs at both the points (15,15) and (0,20) is

(A)p = q (B)p = 2q (C)q = 2p (D)q = 3p

17. the linear function which is to be optimized in the Linear Programming Problem is known as

(A)constraints (B)optimal solution (C)objective function (D)decision variables

𝐴 𝐴′
18. Let A and B be two events such that P(A) = 0.6 , P(B) = 0.2 and 𝑃 (𝐵) = 0.5 then 𝑃(𝐵′ ) equals

(A)1/10 (B)3/10 (C)3/8 (D)6/7

In Questions number 19 and 20, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a

statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true
19. Assertion (A) : Every scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix
Reason( R ) : In a diagonal matrix , all the diagonal elements are zero.

20. Assertion (A) : Projection of 𝑎 on 𝑏⃗ is same as projection of 𝑏⃗ on 𝑎.

Reason( R ) : Angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is same as angle between 𝑏⃗ and 𝑎

SECTION B
This section comprises very short answer(VSA) type questions of 2 marks each.

1 −1
21. Find the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( -1) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ).
√2

22. (a) for what value of µ is the function defined by

µ(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
Continuous at x= 0 ?
𝑑𝑦
OR (b) Find 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

129
 𝜋⁄ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
23. (a) Evaluate: ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
4
OR (b) Evaluate: ∫0 |𝑥 − 1| 𝑑𝑥

24. Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are 4 ̂𝑖 -𝑗̂ - 3𝑘̂ and −2 ̂𝑖 + 𝑗̂ - 2𝑘̂.

25. If 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are unit vectors such that 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0 , find the value of 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎

SECTION C
This section comprises short answer (SA) type questions of 3 marks each.
3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑖𝑓𝑥 < 1
26. (a) If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 11 𝑖𝑓𝑥 = 1 is continuous at x = 1, find a and b
5𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏, 𝑖𝑓𝑥 > 1
𝑑𝑦
OR (b) If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥

27. (a) It is given that f(x) = x 4 − 62x 2 + ax + 9 attains local maximum value at 𝑥 = 1. Find the value
of ‘a ‘, hence obtain all other points where the given function 𝑓(𝑥) attains local maximum values.

OR (b) A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground, away
from the wall, at the rate of 2cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4
m away from the wall ?

𝑥3
28. Find : ∫ 𝑥 4 +3𝑥 2 +2 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑥 1+𝑥+𝑥 2
29. (a) Find: ∫ 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
𝜋/4
OR (b) Evaluate : ∫0 log(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
30. Solve the linear programming problem graphically
Maximize 𝑍 = 510 𝑥 + 675 𝑦
subject to the constraints:
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 300; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 720; 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
31. A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact, present.
However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person tested (i.e. if a
healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test will imply he has the disease). If 0.1
percent of the population actually has the disease, what is the probability that a person has the
disease given that his test result is positive.

130
 SECTION D
This section comprises long answer(LA) type questions of 5 marks each.
32. Show that the relation R in the set A = {x ∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}, given by R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of
4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1. Also find the equivalence
class [3]
33. (a) Find the critical points and hence find absolute maximum and minimum values of a function f
1
given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 12𝑥 4/3 − 6𝑥 3 , 𝑥 𝜖 [−1,1].
OR (b) A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made into a box without top, by cutting off
square from each corner and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the square to be cut
off so that the volume of the box is maximum ?
34. Using integration Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by x-axis, line 𝑥 = √3 𝑦
and the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
𝑥+5 𝑦+3 𝑧−6
35. (a) Find the distance of a point (2,4, –1) from the line 1 = 4 = −9
OR (b) Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, – 4) and perpendicular to the
𝑥−8 𝑦+19 𝑧−10 𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5
two lines: = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
3 −16 7 3 8 −5

SECTION E
This section comprises 3 case study based questions of 4 marks each.
Case Study -1
1. Self-study helps students to build confidence in learning. It boosts the self-esteem of the
learners. Recent surveys suggested that close to 50% learners were self-taught using internet resources
and unskilled themselves.

A student may spend 1 hour to 6 hours in a day in upskilling self. The probability distribution of
the number of hours spent by a student is given below:
𝑘𝑥 2 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1,2,3
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = {2𝑘𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 4, 5,6
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Where 𝑥 denotes the number of hours.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

131
 (i) Express the probability distribution given above in the form of a probability distribution
table. 1
(ii) Find the value of 𝑘. 1
(iii) (a) Find the mean number of hours spent by the student. 2
OR (b) Find P(1<X<6).

Case Study - 2
2. It is known that, if the interest is compounded continuously, the principal changes at the rate equal
to the product of the rate of bank interest per annum and the principal. Let P denotes the principal
at any time t and rate of interest be 𝑟% per annum.

Based on the above information answer the following questions.

iii) At what interest rate will Rs. 100 double itself in 10 years. 2
iv) (a) How much will Rs. 1000 be worth at 5% interest after 10 years? 2
OR (b) If the interest is compounded continuously at 5% per annum, in how many years will Rs.
100 double itself? 2
[Use ln2 = 0.6931; e0.5 = 1.648]

Case Study -3
3. The monthly income of two sisters Ojaswini and Tejaswini are in the ratio 3:4 and their monthly
expenditures are in the ratio 5:7. Each sister saves ₹ 15,000 per month.

a) Write the information in the matrix equation. 1

b) Is the system of equation consistent? 1
c) Find the monthly income of both sisters by matrix method. 2
OR Find the monthly expenditure of both sisters by matrix method.
132
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
CLASS – XII SUB : MATHEMATICS (041)
MCQ ANSWERS
1.(A) 2.(C) 3.(A) 4.(A) 5.(A) 6.(B) 7.(D) 8.(A) 9.(B) 10.(C)

11.(C) 12.(B) 13.(C) 14.(D) 15.(B) 16.(D) 17.(C) 18.(C) 19.(C) 20.(A)

Q.NO ANSWER VALUE

POINTS
1
21) For each value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( -1), 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−1 ) 3x2
2 √2

For final correct answer 1

2
22) (a) LHL = 0, RHL =1 = f(0) 1
Equating and finding the value of µ as no such value of µ exists 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1.5
OR(b) Finding the values of 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
0.5
Finding 𝑑𝑥

23) (a) Putting cosx = t so that -sinxdx = dt and limits of t will be 1 to 0 1

0 −𝑑𝑡 𝜋
∴ 𝐼 = ∫1 = 4 after simplification 1
1+𝑡 2
4 1 4 1
OR Writing I = ∫0 |𝑥 − 1| 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 |𝑥 − 1| 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 |𝑥 − 1| 𝑑𝑥
1 4
= ∫0 −(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
For correct answer
24) Finding adjacent sides of the parallelogram as vectors a ⃗ and b ⃗ 1

Finding area of the parallelogram using |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| 1

25) |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐|2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 ) . (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 ) and using 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗𝑐 as a unit vector 1

For correct answer -3/2 1
26) LHL = 3a + b, RHL = 5a – 2b and f(1) = 11 1.5

Equating all and getting the values of a and b as 3 and 2 respectively 1.5

27) (a) Finding 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)𝑡𝑜 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 = 120 1.5
Then f(x) = x 4 − 62x 2 + 120x + 9 and finding other points where the given
function 𝑓(𝑥) attains local maximum values. 1.5

133
 OR
(b) Let PQ be the wall.
At certain time t, let AB be the position of the ladder such that
QB = 𝑥 and AQ = 𝑦
Then 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 52 … … . . (1)
Diff. both sides with respect to t, we get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = − 2𝑦 × 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑦 × 2 cm/s ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = − cm/s … … . . (2) 1.5
𝑦
When 𝑥 = 4 𝑚, then from (1), 𝑦 = √52 − 42 = 3 m
Putting these values of x and y in equation (2), we find
𝑑𝑦 2×4𝑚 8
=− cm/s = − cm/s
𝑑𝑡 3𝑚 3 1.5
8
Thus, the rate of decrease of height on the wall is 3 cm/s
28) Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +3𝑥 2 +2
4

𝑡.𝑑𝑡/2 1.5
Putting 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡 2 +3𝑡+2

Finding correct integral by partial fraction or any other method

1.5
29) −1 𝑥 1+𝑥+𝑥 2
(a) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑡
Putting 𝑥 = tan 𝑡 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 and ∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 ( ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑡 1.5
𝑡 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 2 𝑡 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
= ∫𝑒 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 +C
1.5
𝜋
OR (b)𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫0 log(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 as Integral I and applying the property
4

𝑎 𝑎 1.5
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋
Adding both integral and finding the value of I as 8 log 2 1.5
30) For correct feasible region 1.5
For corner point, corresponding value of Z and finding solution 1.5
31) Let E1 = Event that the person has a disease. E2 = Event that the person is healthy.
0.1 1 1 999
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 0.1% = 100 = 1000 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 1 − 1000 = 1000

A = Event that the test result is positive. 1

99 0.5 5
∴ 𝑃(𝐴|𝐸1 ) = 99 % = 100 𝑃(𝐴|𝐸2 ) = 0.5% = 100 = 1000

1 99
𝑃 (𝐸1 ) .𝑃 (𝐴|𝐸1 ) × 22
1000 100
∴ By Bayes’ Theorem, 𝑃(𝐸1 | 𝐴) = = 1 99 999 5 =
𝑃 (𝐸1 ).𝑃 (𝐸1 )+𝑃 (𝐸2 ).𝑃 (𝐸2 ) × + × 133
1000 100 1000 1000
2

134
32) For showing relation reflexive 1
For showing relation symmetric 1
For showing relation transitive 1.5
Finding the set of all elements related to 1 and [3] 1.5
33) (a) Critical points are the points where 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡. 1
1 1
𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =
8
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) at critical and boundary points and deciding
absolute maximum is 18 which occurs at x = -1 and absolute minimum is -9/4
3
which occurs at x = 1/8
OR (b) Let x = side of the square to be cut-off
So that Volume of the box , V= (45-2x)(24-2x)x
Taking first derivative of Volume to zero and finding the value of critical point
1.5
x = 5cm, 18cm and rejecting 18 cm ,
2
2nd derivative of V = (-)ve so Volume is maximum at x = 5 cm
1.5
Thus Side of the square to be cut-off and Maximum volume = 2450 cm3.
34) For the points of intersection, we solve equations of given circles
The point of intersection are (√3, 1) and (− √3, −1) 1

The rough sketch of the given curve is as follows:

1.5

The required area

= Area of the shaded region OBALO
= Area of OBLO + Area of BLAB
√3 2
= ∫ (𝑦 of line) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑦 of circle) 𝑑𝑥
0 √3

√3 𝑥 2 1.5
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 √3 √3

135
 𝜋
For integrating and finding the area 3 sq. units 1

35) (a) P(2,4, –1)

𝑥+5 𝑦+3 𝑧−6

A M 1
= 4
= −9
B

Let M be the foot of the perpendicular from given point to given line
Taking the general point (𝜇 − 5, 4𝜇 − 3, −9𝜇 + 6) on the line AB and taking this is the 1.5
coordinate of M.
The d. r. of PM = 𝜇 − 7, 4𝜇 − 7, −9𝜇 + 7 1.5
d.r. of AB = 1,4,-9
since AB⊥PM
∴ 1(𝜇 − 7) + 4( 4𝜇 − 7) − 9( −9𝜇 + 7) = 0 1
𝜇=1 1
∴ Coordinate of M = (-4,1,-2) and so PM = √46 units
OR
(b) Let the d.r. of the required line is 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
Since required line is perpendicular to given two line so 2
3𝑎 − 16𝑏 + 7𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑎 + 8𝑏 − 5𝑐 = 0 1.5
Solving and getting the direction ratio 1.5
Getting the equation of the required line
36) (i)
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) k 4k 9k 8k 10k 12k 1
(ii) ∑ 𝑃(𝑋) = 1
1 1
⟹𝑘=
44
190
(iii) (a) Mean = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋) = 44 2
OR (b) P(1<X<6) =P(2)+P(3)+P(4)+P(5) = 31/144 2
37) Now, as per question
dP 1 𝑟 𝑟
= 𝑟 % of P OR ∫ P dP = 100 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ log P = 100 𝑡 + C … … … … . (1)
dt
P 𝑟 1
Given that when 𝑡 = 0 then log 𝑃0 = C After solving log 𝑃 = 100 𝑡
0

136
 2𝑃0 𝑟
(i) when 𝑡 = 10 then P = 2𝑃0 so log = 100 × 10 ∴ 𝑟 = 6.931
𝑃0

P 𝑟 P 5 P 1
(ii) (a)log = 𝑡 ⇒ log = × 10 ⇒ = 𝑒 1/2 ⇒ 𝑃 = 𝑅𝑠. 1648
𝑃0 100 1000 100 1000 2
P 𝑟 200 5 𝑡
(𝑏) log = 𝑡 ⇒ log = 𝑡 ⇒ log 2 = 𝑡 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 13.86 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑃0 100 100 100 20

2
38) (i) Let the monthly income of Ojaswini and Tejaswini are 3x and 4x and their
expenditures are 5y and 7y.
So the equations are 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 15000 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 15000
3 −5 𝑥 15000 1
In matrix form [ ] [𝑦 ] = [ ] or 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
4 −7 15000
1
(ii) |𝐴| = −1 ≠ 0 so the system is consistent
2
(iii) Solving by matrix method and getting x = 30000 and y = 15000
2
(𝑎) ∴ 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 Ojaswini and Tejaswini are ₹90,000 and ₹ 1,20,000
2
OR (b) Monthly expenditure of Ojaswini and Tejaswini are ₹75,000 and ₹ 1,05,000

137
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

Blue-Print
Sample Paper 2
Class-XII Subject-Mathematics
S.No./ Topics MCQ ARQ VSA SA LA CASE TOTA
Unit (1M) (1M) (2M) (3M) (5M) BASED L
(4M)
1 RELATIONS AND - - - 1 8(3)
FUNCTIONS
INVERSE 1 1 -
TRIGONOMETRIC -
FUNCTIONS

2 MATRICES 2 - - 1 10(6)
DETERMINANTS - 1 - -

3 CONTINUITY & 3 2(1) - - 35(15)

DIFFERENTIABIL
ITY
APPLICATION - 1 - 2
OF
DERIVATIVES

INTEGRALS 2 - - -
APPLICATION - - 1 1
OF INTEGRALS
DIFFERENTIAL 2 - 1 -
EQUATIONS

4 VECTORS 2 1 2 - - 14(8)
3-DIMENTIONAL 2 - - 1
GEOMETRY

5 LINEAR 2 - 1 - 5(3)
PROGRMMING

6 PROBABILITY 1 - 1 - 1 8(3)
TOTAL 18 2 5 6 4 3 80(38)

**Number written in the bracket is the number of questions.

138
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 2
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS

GENERAL INSTRUCTION:

1. This question paper contains five sections A,B,C,D and E . Each section is compulsory. However , there
are internal choices in some questions.
2. Section A has 18 MCQS and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark each.
3. Section B has 5 very short answer (VSA)-type questions of 2 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 short answer (SA) questions of 3 marks each.
5. Section D has 4 long answer (LA) type questions of 5 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 source based /case based/integrated units of assessment (4 marks each) with sub
parts.

Section – A

2𝑥 5 6 −2
Q.1) If | |=| |, the value of x is
8 𝑥 7 3

a)3 b) ±3 c) ±6 c)6

Q.2) The domain of cos-1(3x-2)is

1 1 −1 1
(a) (3,2) b)[3,1] c)[-1,1] d)[ 3 , 3]

𝑏
Q.3) If ax＋𝑥≥ c for all positive x where a,b >0

a)ab <𝑐 2 /4 b)ab ≥ 𝑐 2 /4 c)ab ≥ c/4 d)none of these

Q.4) Let A be a square matrix of order 3 such that adj(4A)=λ(adj A);Then the value of λ is

a) 4 b)8 c)12 d) 16

Q.5) The area of a triangle with vertices (-3,0),(3,0) and (0,k) is 9 sq unit .The value of k is

a) 9 b) 3 c) -3 d) 6

Q.6) The set of points of discontinuity of the function f(x)=2x-[x] is

139
 a)Q b)R c)Z d)W

𝑥 3 −𝑎3
,x ≠ a
Q.7)If the function is f(x)= { 𝑥−𝑎 is continuous at x=a then b is equal to
b, x=a

a) a2 b)2a2 c)3a2 d)4a2

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Q.8)If y=tan-1(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) , then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to

1
a)2 b)0 c)1 d)None of these

𝑑2 𝑦
Q.9) If x=at2 ; y=2at,then 𝑑𝑥 2 =

−1 1 −1 −1
a) 𝑡 2 b)2𝑎𝑡 3 c) 𝑡 3 d)2𝑎𝑡 3

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.10)Degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2 + √𝑑𝑥 =0 is

a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4

𝑑𝑦
Q.11)The Integrating factor of the differential equation (x log x)𝑑𝑥 +y=2 log x ,is given by

a)log(log x ) b)ex c) log x d)x

Q.12)∫ 2𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 is equal to

2𝑥+2 2.2𝑥
a)2x+2 +c b) 2x+2log2 +c c) (𝑙𝑜𝑔2)+c d)𝑙𝑜𝑔2 +c

𝜋/2 4+3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Q.13)∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 4+3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠

3
a)2 b)4 c)0 d)-2

Q.14) If the diagonals of a parallelogram are represented by the vectors 3î+ĵ-2k̂ and î+3ĵ-4k̂, then its area

in square unit is:

a)5(3)1/2 b)6(3)1/2 c) (42)1/2 d) (28)1/2

Q.15) Objective function of a L.P.P is

a) a constraint b) a function to be optimize c)a relation between the variable d) none of these

140
Q.16)if the constraint in a LPP are changed

a)the problem is to be re-evaluated b)solution is not defined

c) the objective function has to be modified d) the change in constraint is ignored.

Q17) If α is the angle between two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ then𝑎.𝑏⃗ ≥ 0 only when

(a) 0 < α < π/2 (b) 0 ≤ α ≤ π/2 (c) 0 < α < π (d) 0 ≤ α ≤ π

Q 18)If a line make angles a, b, c with the co-ordinate axes respectively, then, cos(2a)+cos(2b)+cos(2c) = ?

(a) 2 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d)- 2

Q.19) Assertion(A): 20 persons are sitting in a row.Two of these person are not at random. The probability
that the two selected person are not together is 0.9.

Reason(R): If 𝐴 denotes the negation of an event A, then P(𝐴)=1-P(A)

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖̂ - 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ are sides of a triangle ABC then the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =3 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ and 𝐴𝐶
Q.20) Assertion(A): if the vectors 𝐴𝐵
length of the median AD through A is √33.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐶
Reason(R): if AD is the median of triangle ABC then 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑

a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true

Section -B
5𝜋 5𝜋
Q.21)Find the value of cos-1(cos 3 )+sin-1(sin 3 )

43𝜋
Or Find the value of sin-1(cos )
5

Q.22) Find the dimensions of the rectangle with perimeter 36 cm. which will generate maximum volume
when resolved about one of its sides
Or If f(x)=2x+cos x + b; b∈R, find the interval for which f(x) is strictly increasing.
141
 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.23) If ey(x+y)=1 then show that𝑑𝑥 2 =(𝑑𝑥 )2

Q.24) If𝑎+𝑏⃗+𝑐=0 and |𝑎|=3, |𝑏⃗|=5 and |𝑐 |= 7, then find the value of 𝑎.𝑏⃗+𝑏⃗. 𝑐 +𝑐 .𝑎

Or If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1,2,3), (-1,0,0), (0,1,2) respectively, find ∠ABC

Q.25) Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the line through the point (1,2, -4) and perpendicular to
the lines 𝑟=(3î-19ĵ+10k̂) +λ(3î -10ĵ +7k̂) and 𝑟= (15î+29ĵ+5k̂) +μ (3î +8ĵ -5k̂)

Section-C

Q.26) Find a matrix A such that 2A-3B+5C=0

−2 2 0 2 0 −2
Where B=[ ] and C =[ ]
3 1 4 7 1 0

2 0 1
Or If A = [2 1 3]; then find the value of A2-5A
1 −1 0

Q.27) The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9 cubic centimetre per second. How fast is the surface
area increasing when the length of an edge is 10 centimetres?

1
Q.28) ∫ dx
√𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥+𝛼)

𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.29) Solve the differential equation [ − ] =1 , (x≠0)
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Q.30) Solve the following linear programming problem graphically

Minimizing z=200x + 500y

Subject to the constrains X+2y≥10; x≥0, y≥0

Q.31) A fair die is rolled . Consider the events E={1,3,5},F={2,3} and G={2,3,4,5}

Find:

1) P(E/F) and P(F/E)

2) P(E/G) and P(G/E)
3) P[(E U F)/G] and P[(E ∩F)/G]

142
 Section-D

Q.32) Let N denotes the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on NxN Defined by (a,b) R (c,d)
⇔ad(b+c) =bc(a+d).Prove that R is an equivalence relation

𝑥
Or Show that the function: f:R→{ x∈R :-1≤ x ≤ 1}defined by f(x)= 1+|𝑥|, x+R is both one-one and onto

function.

1 −1 2 −2 0 1
Q.33) use the product [0 2 −3] [ 9 2 −3] to solve a system of equations
3 −2 4 6 1 −2

x-y+2z=1, 2y-3z=1, 3x-2y+4z=2

Q.34) Using method of integration find the area of the region in the quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the
line y= √3x and x2+y2=9

Q.35)Find the equation of the line through A(5, -3, -2) And through the intersection point of the lines:

𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−4 𝑥−4 𝑦−2 𝑧+3

= = and = =
1 3 4 3 4 −3

Or Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from point A(5,4,2) to the line 𝑟 =(î+3ĵ+k̂)
+λ(2î+3ĵ-k̂) also find the image of A in this line.

SECTION-E

Q.36) In the survey of a town it was found that 6% of people with blood group O are left handed and 10%
of those with other blood group are left handed. 30% of the people have blood group O. Based o the above
information answer the following questions :

A) Probability of selecting a left handed person given that he/she has blood group O

(i) 0.3 (ii) 0.6 III)0.1 (iv)0.06

B) Probability of selecting a left handed person given that he/she dosn’t have blood group O

I) (i) 0.06 (ii)0.01 III)0.6 (iv) 0.1

C) Probability of selecting a left handed person is

(i) 0.088 (ii) 0.08 III)0.88 (iv) 0.80

D) The probability that a randomly selected person is right handed

I)0.88 II)104/125 III)114/125 IV)114/250
143
Q.37) the use of electric vehicles will curb air pollution in the long run . The electric vehicles is increasing
every year and estimated electric vehicles in use at any time tis given by the function :

1 5
V(𝑡) = 5t －2 𝑡 2 ＋25t－2

Where t represents the time t=1,2,3,…. correspond to year 2001,2002,2003,….respectively.

Answer the following

I) Can the above function be used to estimate number of vehiclesin the year 2000?justify

II) Prove that the function V(t) is an increasing function .

1
Q.38) A company x units of output at a total cost of C=3 𝑥 3 －18𝑥 2 ＋160x.the average cost(AC) is the cost

per unit and marginal cost is the rate of change of C with respect to x. Based on the above information
answer the following questions

A)The average cost(AC) is given by:

𝑥2 𝑥3
I) 3 －18x＋160 II)𝑥 2 －36x＋160 (iii) －18x＋160 (iv) none of the above
3

B)The output at which average cost is equal to marginal cost , is

I)27 units II)18 units III)9units IV) 36units

C) The output at which marginal cost is minimum

I)27units II)18units III)16units IV) 12units

D)The output at which AC is minimum

I)27units II)18units III)9units IV)12units

144
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
CLASS – XII SUB :MATHEMATICS (041)
MARKING SCHEME
Q.NO ANSWER VALUE
POINTS
MCQ 1)(C) 2)(B) 3)(B) 4)(D) 5)(B) 6)(C) 7)(C) 8)(C) 9)(D) 10)(B)
11)(C) 12)(C) 13)(C) 14)(A) 15)(B) 16)(A) 17)(B) 18)(B) 19)(A) 20)(A)
21 6𝜋 − 𝜋 6𝜋 − 𝜋 1
𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑆𝑖𝑛( )
3 3
1
Result= 0
OR
40𝜋+3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 1
𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 5
)= 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (8𝜋 + 5
)= 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 5 )= 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 2 − 5
)

−𝜋
Result= 10 1
22. Development of proper Function V=π𝑙 2 b 1

L=12, b=6 1
23 𝑑𝑦 ½
To find correct 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
To find correct𝑑𝑥 2 ½
To show the result correctly after
Simplification 1
24 To get correct expression for (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑐)2 1
To get correct value of⃗⃗⃗𝑎.𝑏⃗+𝑏⃗. 𝑐+𝑐 .𝑎
1

25 To get correct perpendicular vector from 1

the cross product of (3î -10ĵ +7k̂) and
(3î +8ĵ -5k̂)
To get correct vector and Cartesian (1/2+1/2)
Equation
26 To assume A with proper order 1
−8 3 5 2
To get correct value of A=[ ]
−13 −1 −9
Or
To get correct value of 𝐴2
To get correct value of 5A 1
To get correct value of 𝐴2 -5A 1
1
27 To assume correct function 1
To find out correct value of the differentiation 1
To get the correct result =3.6𝑐𝑚2 /s

145
 1
28 To convert the expression in the form 1
𝑑𝑥
=∫
sin(𝑥+𝛼)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥√ 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
sin(𝑥+𝛼)
To assume z= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
To get correct integration
29 𝑑𝑦 1
To convert the equation in the form 𝑑𝑥 +Py=Q
1
To get correct integrating factor 1
To get the correct result

30 To draw the lines correctly 1

To get correct feasible region and the vertices 1
To get correct value of z
1
31 P(E/F)=1/2, P(F/E)=1/3 ½+1/2
P(E/G)=1/2,P(G/E)=2/3 ½+1/2
P(E∪ 𝐹/𝐺) = 3/4,P(E∩ 𝐹/𝐺)=1/4 ½+1/2

32 To show reflexivity correctly 1

To show symmetricity correctly 1
To show transitivity correctly 2
To conclude properly 1
OR
3
To show one one properly(considering three different cases)
2
To show onto properly(considering two cases)

33 To get proper multiplication as AB=I 2

To write X=𝐴−1 B 1
To get proper values of x,y,z 2

34

To get diagram properly 1

2

To get correct area=4πsq.unit 2

146
35 To express the general point of the 1st line and 2nd line correctly 1
To get correct point of intersection 3
To get correct equation of the line 1
36 I)d 1
II)b 1
III)a 1
IV)c 1
37 1 5 2
I)V(t)=5t －2 𝑡 2 ＋25t－2 to estimate no of vehicles in the year 2000 we need to know
the value at t=0 which cannot be determined by V(t) as it is defined for t=1,2,3….
3 25 875
II)V’(t)=5 {(𝑡 − 6 )2 + 36 }>0 for all t then V(t) is an increasing function
2
38 I)A 1
II)A 1
III)B 1
IV)A 1

147
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

Blue-Print
Sample Paper 3
Class-XII Subject-Mathematics (041)

Units and MCQ Assertion/Reasoning 2 3 5 4 Total

Chapters Marks Marks Marks marks
Case
Based
1. Relation & 1 - 1 - 1 - 8(3)
Function &
I.T. Functions

2. Matrices and 6 - - - 1 10(6)

Determinants

3. Calculus 4 1 2 4 2 1 35(14)

4. Vector 4 1 2 - 1 - 14(8)
Algebra & 3-D
Geometry

5. Linear 2 - - 1 - - 5(4)
programming
Problem

6. Probability 1 - - 1 - 1 8(3)

Total 18 2 5 6 4 3 80(38)

148
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 3
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS
General Instructions:
1.This Question paper contains - five sections A, B, C, D and E. Each section is compulsory. However, there are
internal choices in some questions.
2. Section A has 18 MCQ’s and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark each.
3. Section B has 5 Very Short Answer (VSA)-type questions of 2 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 Short Answer (SA)-type questions of 3 marks each.
5. Section D has 4 Long Answer (LA)-type questions of 5 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 source based/case based/passage based/integrated units of assessment (4 marks each) with
sub parts.

Section-A(20x1=20)

1 Let R be a relation on the set N of natural numbers defined by nRm if n

divides m. Then R is
(a) Reflexive and symmetric (b) Transitive and symmetric
(c) Equivalence (d) Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric

2 If AB = A and BA =B, where A and B are square matrices , then

(a) B ²= B and A ² = A (b)B ²≠ B and A ² = A
(c) A ² ≠ A and B² = B (d) A ² ≠ A and B ²≠ B

3 Given that A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A|= -2, then | adj(2A)| is
equal to
(a) -26 (b) +4 (c) -28 (d)28

4 If the area of triangle is 40 sq units with vertices (1,-6), (5,4) and (k,4). then k
is
(a) 13 (b) -3 (c) -13,-2 (d) 13,-3

149
5 dy
If x=t², y=t³ then dx is
3t 3t² 3 2
(a) 2 (b) . ( c) 2 (d) 3t
2

6 The anti-derivative of cosec² 2x is

1
(a ) sec 2x (b) tan x +cot x +C (c) 4 (tan x -cot x+C) (d) tan x -cotx+C

7 The rate of change of area of a circle with respect to its radius r at r=6 is
(a)10π (b)12π ( c)11π (d)8π

8 Choose the correct option :

(a ) Every scalar matrix is an identity matrix
(b) Every square matrix whose each element is 1 is an identity matrix
(c) Every scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix
(d) Every diagonal matrix is a scalar matrix

9 Corner points of the feasible region for an LPP are (0,2), (3,0), (6,0), (6,8) and
(0,5). Let F=4x+6y be the objective function. Maximum of F – Minimum of F =
(a )60 (b) 48 (c )42 (d)18

π
10 Which of the following function is decreasing in ( 0, 2 )

(a) sin 2x (b) tan x (c) cos x (d) cos 3x

11 The area of the quadrilateral ABCD where A (0,4,1 ), B (2,3,-1 ), C(4,5,0 ) and
D(2,6,2 ) is equal to
(a) 9 sq units (b) 18 sq units (c) 27 sq units (d) 81 sq units

12 The value(s) of p for which the vectors joining (3,p,2), (1,0,5) and (1,0, -2) ,
(0,-p,-4) are orthogonal is (are)
1
(a) 1 (b) (c) 2 or -2 (d)1 or -1
2

13 The reflection of the point ( 1,-2,3 ) in the XY- plane is

(a) (1,-2,-3 ) (b) ( -1,2,-3 ) (c) ( -1,-2,3 ) (d) (1,2,3)

14 Which among the following is an intersecting point of the two lines x-1=y=5-z
and x+2=y+3=z
(a)(1,2,3) (b)(2,1,4) (c)(3,0,-1) (d)(-1,2,1)

150
15 The equation of the line joining the points (1, 2) and (3, 6) is
(a) y = 2x (b) x = 3y (c) y = x (d) 4x – y = 5

16 The corner points of the feasible region determined by the following system
of linear inequalities: 2x + y ≤ 10, x + 3y ≤ 15, x, y ≥ 0 are (0,0), (5,0), (3,4),
(0,5). Let Z= px + qy, where p,q > 0. Condition on p and q so that the
maximum of Z occurs at both (3,4) and (0,5) is
( a) p = q (b) p = 2q ( c) p = 3q ( d) q = 3p

17 A flashlight has 8 batteries of which 3 are dead. If two batteries are selected
without replacement and tested then probability that both are dead is
33 9 1 3
(a) 56 (b) (c) (d)
64 14 28

18 The minor Mij of an element aij of a determinant is defined as the value of

the determinant obtained after deleting the
(a) jth row of the determinant
(b) ith column and jth row of the determinant
(c) ith row and jth column of the determinant
(d) ith row of the determinant

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following
choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

19 The total revenue received from the sale of x units of a product is given by
R(x) = 3x² + 36x + 5 in rupees.
Assertion (A): The marginal revenue when x = 5 is 66.
Reason (R): Marginal revenue is the rate of change of total revenue with
respect to the number of items sold at an instance.

151
20 ⃗ I.
Assertion (A): The area of parallelogram with the diagonals a and b is Ia⃗xb
Reason (R): If a and represent the adjacent sides of a triangle, then the area
1
⃗ I.
of triangle can be obtained by evaluating 2 Ia⃗xb

Section B (5x2=10)

cos x −3π π
21 Express tan-1(1−sin x) in simplest form , < x <2 .
2

22 Whether the function f: R→ R defined by f(x)=x3-x, has any critical point/s or

not ?If yes, then find the point/s.
Or Prove that the function f given by f(x) = | x – 1|, x ∈R is not
differentiable at x=1

23(a) Find ∫x2tan-1x dx

23(b) Or Integrate: ∫ sin3 x cos2x dx.

24 Find the direction ratio and direction cosines of a line parallel to the line
whose equations are 6x−2 = 3y+ 1 = 2z − 4.

25 Find the vector equation of the line joining (1, 2, 3) and (–3, 4, 3) and show
that it is perpendicular to the z-axis.

Section-C (6X3=18)

26(a ) dy
If y = xsinx , find dx .
26(b)
Or Solve the differential equation xy logx dy –y³ dx=0.

27(a ) Find the intervals of increasing and decreasing nature of the function
f(x)=x³+6x²+9x-8.
27(b) Or A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to
be constructed so that its depth is 2m and volume is 8m3.If building of tank
costs Rs.70 per sq. metre for the base and Rs. 45 per sq. metre for sides, that
is the cost of least expensive tank?

28 x²
Evaluate : ∫ dx.
x⁴+x²−2

152
29(a ) π/2 sin²x
Find ∫0 dx
sin x +cos x
29(b)
Or Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = 9x, x = 2, x = 4 and the x-axis
in the first quadrant.

30 Find the maximum value of the objective function

Z = 5x + 10 y
subject to the constraints
x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥ 60, x – 2y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

31 In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the

3 1
answer or guesses. Let 4 be the probability that he knows the answer and 4

be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses at

1
the answer will be correct with probability 4 What is the probability that the

student knows the answer given that he answered it correctly?

Section-D (4X5=20)

32(a) Find the subsets of the set of real numbers in which the following function is
(a) increasing (b)decreasing , f (𝑥) = 𝑥4 − 8𝑥3 + 22𝑥2 − 24𝑥 + 21.
32(b) Or Find the ratio of the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in
sphere of radius R and the volume of the sphere.

33 Find the area of the triangular region whose sides are y=2x+1 ,y =3x +1 , x=4 .

34(a ) If 𝑎 +𝑏⃗ +𝑐=0

⃗ and |𝑎 |=3 , |𝑏⃗ |=5 and |𝑐 | = 7 , then find the angle between 𝑎

and 𝑏⃗ .
34(b ) Or Find the foot of perpendicular from the point (3, -1, -11) to line
𝑥 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
= = .
2 3 4

35) Let N be the set of all natural numbers and R be a relation on NxN defined by
(a,b)R(c,d ) if and only if ad= bc for all (a,b), (c,d ) in NxN. Show that R is an
equivalence relation on NxN. Also, find a pair which is related to (2,6) .

153
 Section-E (3X4=12)

36) A helicopter moves on a path in such a way that at any point (x,y) of the
path the derivative of ordinate w. r.t. abscissa is twice the slope of the line –
segment joining the point of contact to the point (−4,−3) .

(i) Write The differential equation according to the given condition.

(ii) Find the solution of the differential equation.
(iii) If the helicopter passes through the point (−2, 1) , then find the
equation of the path.

37) Three car dealers, say A, B and C, deals in three types of cars, namely
Hatchback cars, Sedan cars, and SUV cars. The sales figure for 2019 and 2020
showed that dealer A sold 120 Hatchback, 50 Sedan, and 10 SUV cars in 2019
and 300 Hatchback, 150 Sedan, and 20 SUV cars in 2020; dealer B sold 100
Hatchback, 30 Sedan, and 5 SUV cars in 2019 and 200 Hatchback, 50 Sedan, 6
SUV cars in 2020; dealer C sold 90 Hatchback, 40 Sedan, 2 SUV cars in 2019
and 100 Hatchback, 60 Sedan,5 SUV cars in 2020.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The matrix summarizing sales data for 2019 is
120 50 10 120 50 15
(a ) [100 30 5 ] (b) [100 30 5]
90 40 2 95 40 2
300 150 20 120 50 10
( c) [200 50 6] (d) ) [200 50 6]
100 60 5 90 40 2
(ii) Suppose dealer A sells two types of Hatchback cars Indica and Alto in
2019 and showroom price for Indica and Alto are Rs 600000 and 500000
respectively. If one-third of dealer A’s 2019 profit of Rs 60000000 is from
Hatchback, express this in matrix form.
(iii) Calculate the increase in sales of Hatchback cars by A from 2019 to 2020

154
 if it sells 100 Indica and 200 Alto in 2020.
Or Calculate the sales of Sedan and SUV cars by A in 2019 .

38) Rubiya, Thaksh, Shanteri, and Lilly entered a spinning zone for a fun game,
but there is a twist: they don't know which spinner will appear on their
screens until it is their turn to play. They may encounter one of the following
spinners, or perhaps even both. Spinners have numbers 1 to 9 on those:
Different combinations of numbers will lead to exciting prizes. Below are
some of the rewards they can win:

• Get the number '5', from Spinner A and '8' from Spinner B, and you'll
win a music player!
• You win a photo frame if Spinner A lands on a value greater than 4.
• You win an earplug if you get even in spinner A or odd in spinner B.
i)Thaksh spun both the spinners, A and B in one of his turns. What is the
probability that Thaksh wins a music player in that turn?
ii) Lilly spun spinner A in one of her turns. What is the probability that the
number she got is even given that it is a multiple of 3?
iii) Rubiya spun both the spinners. What is the probability that she wins a
photo frame only?
Or
As Shanteri steps up to the screen, the game administrator reveals that she
would see either Spinner A or Spinner B for her turn, the probability of
seeing Spinner A on the screen is 65%, while that of Spinner B is 35%. What
is the probability that Shanteri wins an earplug?

155
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE PAPER 3
MARKING SCHEME
CLASS – XII SUB : MATHEMATICS (041)

Section-A(20x1=20)

MCQ ANSWERS

1) (d) 2)(a) 3) (d) 4) (b) 5) ( a) 6) (c )7)(b) 8) (c) 9) (a ) 10) (c )

11) (a ) 12) (c) 13) (a) 14)(b) 15)(a) 16) (d) 17) (d) 18)(c) 19(a) 20 (a)

x x x
21 cos x cos +sin
2 2
1+tan
2 π x cos x π x
= x x = x =tan (4 − 2) Therefore tan-1(1−sin x)= 4 − 2
1−sin x cos −sin 1−tan
2 2 2

1 1
22 critical points are - .
√3 √3

Or At x =1 , LHD = -1, RHD =1 So not differentiable at x=1

23 𝑥³ 𝑥² 1
(𝑎)
3
tan-1x - 6
+ 6 log(x2 +1)+C

𝑐𝑜𝑠³ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁵ 𝑥
Or (b) + +C
3 5

1 2 3
24) the line has direction ratios 1,2,3 & d.c. of the line: √14, √14,√14.

25) Equation of line is r= î+2ĵ+3k̂+λ (-4î+2ĵ) and of Z-axis is r = k̂

26 dy sin x 1 1
(a) dx =xsinx (cos x log x+ ). Or (b) - y = +C
x 2x²

27) (a) f is increasing in (-∞ ,-3)∪ (-1,∞) & f is decreasing in (-3,-1).

Or (b) The cost of least expensive tank =Rs 70 x 4+45(8+8)=Rs 1000.

28) √2 1
tan-1x+ 6 logx−1+ C.
x+1
3

1
29 (a )√2 log (2+√2). Or (b) 4(4-√2) sq unit

156
30) Z has a maximum value 600 at x=60,y=30 and at x=0,y=60 [ at all points of
AB].

12
31)
13

32) (a) So 𝑓 is Increasing in the subset (1,2)U (3,∞) and 𝑓 is decreasing in the
1
subset (−∞,1)U(2,3). Or (b) 2√2

4 4
33) Required area=∫0 (3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 -∫0 (2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥=8 sq unit

𝜋
34 (a) the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏 =3
118 119 149
Or (b) foot of the perpendicular (− ,− ,− )
29 29 29

35) A pair which is related to (2,6) is (3,9).

36) 𝑑𝑦
(i) 𝑑𝑥 =2y+3x+4 (ii) y+3=C (x+4) (iii) y=2x+5.

37) (i) (a)

1 1 𝑥 120
(ii) The matrix form of AX=B where A=[ ], X=[𝑦] and B= [ ].
6 5 200
(ii) 140000000. Or The sales of Sedan and SUV cars by A Rs 40000000

1
38) (i) 81
1
(ii) 9
5 107
(iii) 9 or 180

157
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Blue-Print
Sample Paper 4

Class-XII Subject-Mathematics (041)

SECTION -
SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION
A
-B - C (SA) - D (LA) -E
NAME OF THE (Objective
UNITS (VSA) (2 (3 (5 (CBQ) (4 TOTAL
CHAPTERS Type) (1
MARKS MARKS MARKS MARKS
Mark
EACH) EACH) EACH) EACH)
each)

MCQ ARQ

RELATIONS AND
UNIT-I 1(1) 5(1)
FUNCTIONS
(RELATIONS
8(3)
AND INVERSE
FUNCTIONS) TRIGONOMETRIC 2(1)
FUNCTIONS

MATRICES 4(4) 5(1)

UNIT-II
10(6)
(ALGEBRA)
DETERMINANTS 1(1)

CONTINUITY AND
2(2) 2(1) 3(1)
DIFFERENTIABILITY
APPLICATION OF
1(1) 3(1) 4(1)
DERIVATIVES
UNIT-III
INTEGRALS 2(2) 2(1) 3(1) 5(1) 35(16)
(CALCULUS)
APPLICATION OF
3(1)
INTEGRALS
DIFFERENTIAL
2(2) 3(1)
EQUATIONS

VECTORS 1(1) 2(1) 4(1)

UNIT-IV
(VECTORS THREE- 14(6)
AND 3D) DIMENSIONAL 2(2) 5(1)
GEOMETRY
UNIT-V (LPP) LPP 2(2) 3(1) 5(3)
UNIT-VI
PROBABILITY 2(2) 2(1) 4(1) 8(4)
(PROBABILITY)
TOTAL 18(18) 2(2) 10(5) 18(6) 20(4) 12(3) 80(38)

158
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
EXCELLENCE SERIES SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 4
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS
General Instructions:

1. This question paper contains 38 questions divided into three sections- A, B, C & D
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. Section - A contains 20 very short answer type (VSA) of 1 mark each.
4. Section - B contains 5 short answer type (SA-I) questions of 2 marks each.
5. Section - C contains 6 short answer type (SA-II) of 3 marks each.
6. Section -D contains 4 long answer type questions (LA) of 5 marks each.
7. Section -E contains 3 case based questions (CBQ) of 4 marks each.
SECTION-A
1 If A = [aij ] is an identity matrix, then which of the following is true? 1

0, if i = j 0, if i ≠ j
(A) aij = { (B)aij = 1, ∀i, j (C)aij = 0, ∀i, j (D) aij = {
1, if i ≠ j 1, if i = j
2 2 0 0 1
If A = [0 3 0], then A−1 is :
0 0 5
1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2 0 0 2
1 1 1 1 1
(A) 0 3
0 (B) 30 0 3
0 (C) 30 [0 3 0] (D)30 0 3
0
1 1 0 0 5 1
[0 0 5] [0 0 5] [0 0 5]

3 For any square matrix A, (A − At )t is always : 1

(A)An identity matrix (B)A null matrix

(C)A skew symmetric matrix (D) A symmetric matrix
4 3 0 0 1
If A. (adj A) = [0 3 0], then the value of |A| + |adj A| is equal to :
0 0 3
(A)12 (B)9 (C) 3 (D)27
5 Let, A be the area of a triangle having vertices (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) and (x3 , y3 ). 1

Which of the following is correct?

x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1
(A) |x2 y2 1| = ±A (B) |x2 y2 1| = ±2A
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1

159
 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 12
A
(C)|x2 y2 1| = ± (D) |x2 y2 1| = A2
2
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1
6 x2 , x ≥ 0 1
The value of k for which the function f(x) = { is differentiable at x = 0
kx, x < 0
is : (A)1 (B)2 (C)Any real number (D)0
7 cos x−sin x dy 1
If y = cos x+sin x , then dx is :
π π π π
(A) – sec 2 ( 4 − x) (B)sec 2 (4 − x) (C)ln |sec ( 4 − x)| (D)− ln |sec (4 − x)|

8 ∫ 2x+2 dx is equal to : 1
2x+2 2x
(A)2x+2 + c (B)2x+2 ln 2 + c (C) +c (D)2. +c
ln 2 ln 2
2 1
9 ∫0 √4 − x 2 dx equals :
π
(A)2 ln 2 (B)−2 ln 2 (C)2 (D)π

10 What is the product of the order and degree of the differential equation 1

d2 y dy 3
sin y + (dx) cos y = √y ?
dx2

(A)3 (B) 2 (C)6 (D)Not defined

11 dy 1
x ln x dx + y = 2 ln x is an example of a :

(A)Variable separable diff equation. (B) Homogeneous diff l equation.

(C)First order linear diff equation. (D) Diff equation whose degree is not defined.
12 Besides non negativity constraints, the figure given below is subject to which of 1

the following constraints

D(0
A(0,2. ,4) B(3,
5) 1) E(5,
O 0)
C(4,
0)

(A)𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 5 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4 (B)𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 5 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4
(C)𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 5 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 4 (D)𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 5 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 4
13 AB = î + ĵ + 2k̂ and AC
In ∆ABC, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3î − ĵ + 4k̂. If D is the mid-point of BC, then 1

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is equal to :
AD
(A)4î + 6ĵ (B)2î − 2ĵ + 2k̂ (C)î − ĵ + k̂ (D)2î + 3k̂
x+1 y+2 z+3 1
14 If the point P(a, b, 0) lies on the line = = , then (a, b) is :
2 3 4

160
 1 2 1 1
(A)(1, 2) (B)(2 , 3) (C)(2 , 4) (D)(0, 0)

15 If α, β and γ are the angles which a line makes with positive directions of 1

x, y and z axes respectively, then which of the following is not true?

(A) cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1 (B)sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ = 2
(C) cos 2α + cos 2β + cos 2γ = −1 (D)cos α + cos β + cos γ = 1
16 The restrictions imposed on decision variables involved in an objective function 1

of a linear programming problem are called :

(A) Feasible solutions (B)Constraints
(C)Optimal solutions (D)Infeasible solutions
17 1 3 B 1
If P(A ∩ B) = 8 and P(A′ ) = 4, then P (A) is equal to :
1 1 1 2
(A) 2 (B)3 (C)6 (D)3

18 If A and B are independent events, then which of the following is not true? 1

(A) A′ and B are independent events. (B)A and B′ are independent events.
(C) A′ and B′ are independent events. (D)None of these
Question number 19 and 20 are Assertion and Reason based question. Two
statements are given, one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason
(R). Select the correct answers from the codes A, B C and D as given below.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true and R is false.
D. A is false and R is true.
19 Assertion(A): The relation R = {(1, 2)} on the set A = {1, 2, 3} is transitive. 1

Reasoning (R): A relation R on a non-empty set A is said to be transitive if

(a, b), (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R, for all a, b, c ∈ A.
20 Assertion(A): The function f(x) = (x + 2)e−x is strictly increasing on (−1, ∞). 1

Reasoning (R): A function f(x) is strictly increasing if f ′ (x) > 0.

SECTION-B
21 13𝜋 2
Find the principal value of cos−1 (cos ).
6

OR Find the value of tan−1(√3) − sec −1 (−2).

22 d2 y π 2
If x = a tan3 θ and y = a sec 3 θ, then find dx2 at θ = 3 . .

161
23 sec 2 x 2
Evaluate ∶ ∫ dx
√tan2 x + 4
π π
OR Evaluate ∫ √1 − sin 2x dx, 4 < x < 2 .

24 If | 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ | = 7 and 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ | = 2, |𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = −3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, find the angle between 2

⃗⃗⃗ .
⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑏
𝑎

25 Let X be a random variable which assumes values 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 such that 2

2P(X = 𝑥1 ) = 3P(X = 𝑥2 ) = P(X = 𝑥3 ) = 5P(X = 𝑥4 ). Find the probability

distribution of X.
OR A die, whose faces are marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed.
Let, A be the event “number obtained is even” and B be the event “number is
marked red”. Find whether the events A and B are independent or not.
SECTION-C
26 𝑑𝑦 3
If (cos 𝑦)𝑥 = (sin 𝑥)𝑦 , then find 𝑑𝑥 .

27 Find the intervals in which the function f(x) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 5 is 3

(I) strictly increasing (II) strictly decreasing

π
28 sin x +cos x 3
Evaluate : ∫04 dx
16+9sin 2x
a a 1
OR Prove that ∫0 f(x) dx = ∫0 f(a − x) dx, and hence evaluate ∫0 x2 (1 − x)n dx.

29 Find the area of the region {(x, y): y ≥ x 2 , y ≤ |x|} 3

a2
OR If the area bounded by the parabola y 2 = 16ax and the line y = 4mx is 12

sq. units, then using integration, find the value of m.

dy
30 Find the particular solution of the differential equation dx = 1 + x 2 + y 2 + x 2 y 2 , 3

given that y = 0 when x = 1.

dy y
OR Find the particular solution of the differential equation x dx sin (x) + x −
y π
ysin (x) = 0 , given that y(1) = 2 .

31 Solve the above L. P. P graphically ∶ Maximize Z = 3x + 9y 3

Subject to constraints x + 3y ≤ 60 , x + y ≥ 10, x≤y x, y ≥ 0

162
 SECTION-D
32 Let ℕ be the set of natural numbers and R be the relation on ℕ × ℕ defined by 5

(a, b) R (c, d) iff ad = bc for all a, b, c, d ∈ ℕ. Show that R is an equivalence

relation.
OR Show that the function f: ℕ → ℕ defined by f(x) = x 2 + x + 1 is one-one but
not onto.
33 1 1 1 5
If 𝐴 = (0 1 3), then find 𝐴−1 and hence solve the system of system of
1 −2 1
linear equations: 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 7 and 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0.
4 5
34 Evaluate: ∫1 [|x − 1| + |x − 2| + |x − 3|] dx

35 Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point 5

𝐴(−1, 8, 4) to the line joining points 𝐵(0, −1, 3) and 𝐶(2, −3, −1). Hence find
the image of the point 𝐴 in the line 𝐵𝐶.

SECTION-E
36 Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
In an Office three employees Jayant, Sonia and Olivia process a calculation in an
excel form. Probability that Jayant, Sonia, Olivia process the calculation
respectively is 50%, 20% and 30% . Jayant has a probability of making a mistake
as 0.06, Sonia has probability 0.04 to make a mistake and Olivia has a probability
0.03. Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
I. Find the probability that Sonia processed the calculation and committed
a mistake.
1
II. Find the total probability of committing a mistake in processing the 1
calculation.
III. The boss wants to do a good check. During check, he selects a calculation 2
form at random from all the days. If the form selected at random has a
mistake, find the probability that the form is not processed by Jayant.
37 A girl walks 3 km towards west to reach point A and then walks 5 km in a
direction 30° east of north and stops at point B. Let the girl starts from O (origin)
and take 𝑖̂ along east and 𝑗̂ along north.

163
 Based on the above information, answer the
following questions.

(I) Find the scalar components of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 . 1

(II) Find the unit vector along ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 . 1

2
(III)Find the position vector of point B.

38 In order to set up a rain water harvesting system, a tank to collect rain water is
to be dug. The tank should have a square base and a capacity of 250 cubic m.
The cost of land is Rs 5000 per sq m and cost of digging increase with depth and
for the whole tank it is 40,000 h2 , where h is the depth of the tank in metres. x
is the side of the square base of the tank in metres.

Based on the above information answer the following questions:

1
I. Find the total cost C of digging the tank in terms of x.
𝑑𝐶
1
II. Find 𝑑𝑥 .
2
III. Find the value of x for which cost C is minimum
OR
Check whether the cost function C(x) expressed in terms of x increasing
or not, where x >0.

164
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 4
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS

MARKING SCHEME
1- 1)(D) 2)(A) 3)(C) 4)(A) 5)(B) 6)(D) 7)(A) 8)(C) 9)(D) 10)(B)
20 11)(C) 12)(A )13)(D) 14)(C) 15)(D) 16)(B) 17)(A 18)(D) 19)(A) 20)(D)
𝜋 𝜋
21 OR −3
6

22 (-1)/(54 a)

23 log |tan x + √tan2 x + 4| + c OR −cos x − sin x + c

24 1
sin−1 (± )
√14

25
X 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
P(X) 30 30 30 30
122 183 61 305
OR
1 1 1
P(A) = 2 , P(B) = 2, P(A ∩ B) = 6 So P(A ∩ B) ≠ P(A). P(B) so dependent

26 𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 – 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

27 f(x) is strictly decreasing in(−∞, −1) ∪ (0,2)

f(x) is strictly increasing in (−1,0) ∪ (2, ∞)

28 1 1 2 1
log 4 OR [n+1 − n+2 + n+3]
30

1
29 𝑦 = 3 sq. units OR 𝑚 = 2

165
30 𝑥3 4
tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + −
3 3
𝑦
OR the complete soln is ∶ cos (𝑥 ) = log|𝑥|

31 Maximum value of 𝑍 is 180 and which is at any point on the line segment joining
B and C.

SECTION-D
32 R is Reflexive , symmetric and transitive and so equivalence on ℕ × ℕ :

OR 𝑓 is one-one but 𝑓 is not onto

33 7 −3 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1 7 5
∴ 𝐴−1 = |𝐴|
= 9[ 3 0 −3] and 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
−1 3 1
4 4 4 4
34 ∫1 [|x − 1| + |x − 2| + |x − 3|] dx = ∫1 |x − 1| dx + ∫1 |x − 2| dx + ∫1 |x − 3| dx

= 4.5 + 2.5 + 2.5 = 9.5

35 Coordinates of foot of perpendicular is (- 2, 1, 7) and image is (-3,-6,10).

SECTION-E
36 8 17
(i) (ii) 0.047 (iii)
47 47

37 (i) So, scalar components of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 are 2.5, 2.5√3.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (𝑖̂ + √3𝑗̂).
(ii) Unit vector along 𝐴𝐵 2

1 5√3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝑖̂ +
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑂𝐵 𝑗̂.
2 2
38 (i) C = 5000 x2 + 2500000000/x4

𝑑𝐶
(ii) 𝑑𝑥 = 10000x – 10000000000/x5

𝑑𝐶
(iii)(a)For C to be minimum , 𝑑𝑥 =0 ⇒10000x – 10000000000/x5=0 ⇒ x = 10

𝑑𝐶
OR (b) 𝑑𝑥 = 10000x – 100000 00000/x5

Which is < 0 for 0<x<10. So, the cost function C(x) is not increasing where
0<x<10

166
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

Blue-Print
Sample Paper 5
Class-XII Subject-Mathematics (041)

Chapters MCQ Assertion/ 2 Marks 3 Marks 5 Marks Case Total

Reasoning Based

1. Relation & Function & 1 - 1 - 1 - 8(3)

I.T. Functions

2. Matrices and 5 - - - 1 - 10(6)

Determinants

3. Calculus 5 1 2 4 1 2 35(15)

4. 3-D Geometry 1 1 1 - 1 - 9(4)

Vector Algebra 3 - 1 - - - 5(4)

5. L.P.P. 2 - - 1 - - 5(3)

6. Probability 1 - - 1 - 1 8(3)

Total 18 2 5 6 4 3 80(38)

167
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 5
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS

General Instructions:

• This Question paper contains – five sections A, B, C, D and E. Each section is compulsory.
However, there are internal choices in some questions.
• Section A has 18 MCQ’s and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark each.
• Section B has 5 Very Short Answer (VSA)-type questions of 2 marks each.
• Section C has 6 Short Answer (SA)-type questions of 3 marks each.
• Section D has 4 Long Answer (LA)-type questions of 5 marks each.
• Section E has 3 source based/case based/passage based/integrated units of assessment of 4 marks
each with sub-parts.
Section-A
(Multiple Choice Questions)
Each question carries 1 mark
1 If A, B are symmetric matrices of some order, then AB-BA is a
(a) Skew symmetric matrix (b) Symmetric matrix
(c) Zero matrix (d) Identity matrix
2 𝑥𝑦 4 8 𝑤
If [ ]=[ ], then the value of (x+y+z) is
𝑧+6 𝑥+𝑦 0 6
(a) 6 (b) -6 (c) 0 (d) can’t be determined
3 ∝ −2
If for matrix A=[ ],|𝐴3 |=125, then the value of ∝ is:
−2 ∝
(a)±3 (b) -3 (c) ±1 (d) 1
4 The interval in which 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2021 is increasing in:
(a) (-∞, ∞) (b) (0,2) (c) (2,∞) (d) (-2,∞)
5 Let R be a relation in the set N given by R={(a,b): a=b-2,b>6} then
(a) (2,4)∈R (b) (3,8)∈R (c) (6,8)∈R (d) (8,7)∈R
6 The order and degree of the differential equation-
3
𝑑𝑦 2 2 𝑑2 𝑦
[1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) ] =𝑑𝑦 2 is
(a) 2,1 (b)1,2 (c) 2,Not defined (d) 2,2
7 If the objective function Z=ax+y is minimum at (1,4) and its minimum value is 13, then
value is 13, then value of a is:
(a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 4 (d)13
8 If cos 𝛼, cos 𝛽, cos 𝛾 are the direction cosines of the vector 𝑎 then cos 2𝛼 +
cos 2𝛽 + cos 2𝛾 is equal to:
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) -1
168
9 1 2
The value of ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 is:
𝑥5 1 𝑥5 1
(a) + + 2𝑥 + 𝐶 (b) − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
5 3𝑥 3 5
𝑥5 1 𝑥5 1
(c) − 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 𝐶 (d) − 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 𝐶
5 5
10 2−𝐾 3
For what value of K, the matrix [ ] is not invertible
−5 1
(a) 17 (b) 2 (c) 13 (d) None of these
11 In a linear programming problem, the constraints on the decision variables x and y are
x-3y≥0, y≥0, 0≤x≤3, the feasible region:
(a) Is not in the first quadrant, (b) is bounded in the first quadrant,
(c) is unbounded in the first quadrant (d) does not exists
12 The position vector of the point which divides the join of points 2𝑎-3𝑏⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑎 +𝑏⃗ in
the ratio 3:1 internally is:
5𝑎⃗ ⃗
3𝑎⃗−2𝑏 ⃗
7𝑎⃗−8𝑏 3𝑎⃗
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 2 4
13 3 1
For A=[ ] then 14𝐴−1 is given by:
−1 2
2 −1 2 −1 −3 −1 4 −2
(a) 14 [ ] (b) 2 [ ] (c) 2 [ ] (d) [ ]
1 3 1 −3 1 −2 2 6
1 1 1
14 If A and B are two events such that P(A)=2, P(B)=3 and P(A/B)=4 then P(A’∩B’) equals
1 3 1 3
(a) 12 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d)16
15 The integrity factor of the differential equation:
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 is
1
(a) 𝑒 −𝑥 (b) 𝑥 (c) x (d) None of these
16 The angle between the lines 2x=3y=-z and 6x=-y=-4z is:
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 30°
17 The maximum value of the function f(x)=4.sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 is:
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 8
18 ̂
The value of x if x(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘 ) is a unit vector, is:
1 1
(a) ±√3 (b) ± (c)± 3 (d) ±3
√3
ASSERTION REASON BASED QUESTIONS
The following questions 19 and 20 consist of two statements-Assertion(A) and Reason
(R). Answer the questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
19 Assertion(A): The acute angle between the lines 𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) and the x-
axis is π/4.
Reason(R): The acute angle 𝜃 between the lines
𝑟 = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘̂) and
𝑟 = 𝑥2 𝑖̂ + 𝑦2 𝑗̂ + 𝑧2 𝑘̂ + 𝜇(𝑎2 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐2 𝑘̂) is given by

169
 |𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2 |
cos 𝜃 =
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12 √𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22

20 𝑑𝑦 6
Assertion(A): If 𝑦 = sin−1(6𝑥√1 − 9𝑥 2 ) then 𝑑𝑥 = √1−9𝑥 2
Reason(R): sin−1(6𝑥√1 − 9𝑥 2 )=3sin−1(2𝑥)
Section-B
Each question carries 2 marks each
21 −1 1 −𝜋
Find the value of tan−1 ( ) + cot −1 ( ) + tan−1 [sin ( 2 )]
√3 √3
−1 5𝜋 13𝜋
Or, Find the value of tan (tan ) + cos −1 (cos )
6 6
22 The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of 30 cm/s. At what rate is
its area increasing when the side of the triangle is 30 cm?
Or, A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in a circle at a speed of 3.5
cm/sec. At the instant when the radius of the circular wave is 7.5 cm, how fast is the
enclosed area increasing?
23 Let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 be three vectors such that |𝑎| = 3, |𝑏⃗| = 4, |𝑐| = 5 and each one of
them being perpendicular to the sum of the other two, find |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 |
24 𝑥2 𝑦2
Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1
25 Find the shortest distance between the lines-
𝑥+1 𝑦+1 𝑧+1 𝑥−3 𝑦−5 𝑧−7
= = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
7 −6 1 1 −2 1
Section-C
This section comprises of short answer type questions (SA) of 3 marks each
26 Solve the following linear programming problem graphically minimize z=3x+5y
Subject to constraints- x+3y≥ 3, x+y≥2, x≥0, y≥0
27 Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled deck of 52
cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of aces.
Or,
The probabilities of two students A and B coming to the school in time are 3/7 and 5/7
respectively. Assuming that the events ‘A coming in time’ and ‘B coming in time’ are
independent, find the probability of only one of them coming to the school in time.
28 Find ∫ 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +2)
Or, Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +3)(𝑥 2 +4)
29 Solve the differential equation: (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Or, Solve the differential equation: (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 ≠ 0)
30 2
Draw a rough sketch of the curve 4y-2=x and x =4y and find the area bounded by
these two using integration.
31 𝑑2 𝑦
If𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 + sin 𝜃), 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) then find 𝑑𝑥 2 at 𝜃 = 𝜋/2
Section-D
This section comprises of long answer type questions (LA) of 5 marks each

170
32 −4 4 4 1 −1 1
Determine the product of [−7 1 3 ] and [1 −1 −2] and then use this to
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
solve the system of equations
x-y+z=4; x-2y-2z=9; 2x+y+3z=1
33 Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, -4) and
perpendicular to the two lines:
𝑥−8 𝑦+9 𝑧−10 𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5
= −16 = and = =
3 7 3 8 −5
𝑥+1 𝑦+3 𝑧+5 𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧−6
Or, Solve that the lines: = = and = = intersect each other.
3 5 7 1 3 5
Also find their point of intersection.
34 𝜋/2
Evaluate ∫0 log sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Or, Evaluate ∫0 𝑎2 cos2 𝑥+𝑏 2 sin2 𝑥
35 Show that the relation R in the set A={1,2,3,4,5} given by
R= {(a,b):|a-b| is divisible by 2} is an equivalence relation. Write all the equivalence
classes of R.
Section-E
This section comprises of 3 case-study/passage-based questions of 4 marks each
with sub parts. The first two case study questions have three sub parts (i), (ii), (iii) of
marks 1,1,2 respectively. The third case study question has two sub parts of 2 marks
each.
36 In pre-board examination of class XII, commerce stream with Economics and
Mathematics of a particular school 50% of the students failed in Economics, 35%
failed in Mathematics and 25% failed in both Economics and Mathematics. A student
is selected at random from the class.

Based on the above information answer the following questions-

(i) The probability that the selected student has failed in Economics if it is
known that he has failed in Mathematics.
(ii) The probability that the selected student has failed in Mathematics if it is
known that he has failed in Economics.
(iii) The probability that the selected student has failed in at least one of the
two subjects.

171
37 The relation between the height of the plant (y in cm) with respect to exposure to
sunlight is governed by the following equation:
1
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 Where x is the number of days exposed to sunlight.

Based on the above information answer the following questions:

(i) Find the rate of the plant with respect to sunlight.
(ii) What is the number of days it will take for the plant to grow to the
maximum height?
(iii) If the height of the plant is 7/2 cm, find the number of days it has been
exposed to the sunlight.
38 Megha wants to prepare a handmade gift box for her friend’s birthday at home. For
making the lower part of box, she takes a square piece of cardboard of side 20 cm.

Based on the above information, answer the following-

If x can be the length of each side of the square cardboard which is to be cut off from
corners of the square piece of side 20 cm.
(i) What should be the side of square to be cut off so that volume of the box is
maximum?
(ii) The maximum value of the volume?

172
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 5
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS

Marking Scheme
Section-A
For each correct option- 1 mark
1(a),2(c),3(a),4(b),5(c),6(d),7(d),8(d),9(c),10(b),11(a),12(d),13(d),14(c),15(b),
16(c),17(a), 18(b),19(a),20(c)
Section-B 1
−𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
21 Value= 6 + 3 − 4
−𝜋 1
= 12
Or,
−𝜋 𝜋
Value= 6 + 6 1
=0 1
22 √3
A= 4 𝑎2 0.5
𝑑𝐴
( 𝑑𝑡 )a=30=45√3 cm2/s 1.5
Or,
A=𝜋r2 0.5
𝑑𝐴
( 𝑑𝑡 )r=7.5=52.5π cm2/s 1.5
23 𝑎. (𝑏⃗ + 𝑐) = 𝑏⃗. (𝑐 + 𝑎) = 𝑐 . (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) = 0 0.5
|𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 | = 5√2 1.5
24 Correct figure 0.5
Area=πab 1.5
25 (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ).(𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 −𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ×𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ) 0.5
S.D.= | ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ×𝑏
|𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 |
|
=2√29 1.5
26 Section-C
Drawing correct graph 1
For showing unbounded feasible solution region 1
For finding minimum value 1
27 X=0,1,2 0.5
X 0 1 2
P(x) 144 24 1 2.5
169 169 169
Or,
3 5 5 3 2
Required probability=7 (1 − 7) + 7 (1 − 7)
6 20 26
=49 + 49 = 49 1

173
28 𝑑 1
∫ 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − [ (sin−1 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= 4 (2𝑥 2 − 1) sin−1 𝑥 + 4 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 2
Or,
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +2) 4𝑥 2 +10
∫ (𝑥 2 +3)(𝑥 2 +4) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − (𝑥 2 +3)(𝑥 2 +4)) 𝑑𝑥 0.5
2 6
= ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 +3 − 𝑥 2 +4) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 𝑥 1.5
=𝑥+ tan−1 − 3 tan−1 2 + 𝐶 1
√3 √3
29 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 0.5
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑉
Putting y=vx, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
Solving and getting-
𝑦
(x-y)2=Cx𝑒 − ⁄𝑥 1.5
Or,
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 cot 𝑥 0.5
+ =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 2
I.F.= 1+x2 1
Req. Soln. y(1+x2)=log|sin 𝑥|+C 1.5
30 Rough Sketch 1
Using integration and getting area enclosed= 9/8 sq. units 2
31 𝑑𝑥 𝜃 𝑑𝑦 𝜃 𝜃 1
= 2𝑎 cos2 , = 2𝑎 sin cos
𝑑𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃 2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝜃 𝑑2𝑦 1 𝜃 1.5
= tan , 2 = sec 4
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 4𝑎 2
Value=1/a 0.5
32 Section-D
AB=8I 2
B-1=1/8A
X=B-1C 1
x=3,y=2,z=1 2
33 𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂) + 𝜆(𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂)---1 1
Line 1 is perpendicular to the two given lines
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
= = 3
2 3 6
∴𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) 1
Or,
For showing shortest distance between two lines=0 i.e, lines are intersecting. 2
For finding point of intersection-
x=(2λ+1);y=(3λ+2);z=(4λ+3) from 1st equation of line 1
Putting into 2nd equation of line and getting λ=-1 1.5
Required point(-1,-1,-1) 0.5
34 Using property of definite integral 1
Adding and simplifying- 1
𝜋
Getting 2I=I-2 log 2 2.5
𝜋
I=- 2 log 2 0.5
Or,
174
 Using property of definite integral 1
Adding and simplifying 1
𝜋⁄ sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Getting I=π∫0 2 2
𝑎2 +𝑏2 tan2 𝑥 1
𝜋2
=2𝑎𝑏
35 For proving Reflexive & Symmetric 1+1
For proving transitive 2
For writing equivalence class of R 1
36 Section-E
(i) P(E/M)=5/7 1
(ii) P(M/E)=1/2 1
(iii) P(E∪M)=3/5 2
37 (i) 4-x 1
(ii) 4 1
(iii) 1 2
38 (i) x=10/3 cm 2
(ii) Maximum Volume=16000/27 cm3 2

175
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

Blue-Print
Sample Paper 6
Class-XII Subject-Mathematics (041)

CHAPTERS MCQ A/R 2M 3M 5M CBQ TOT

QNS

RELATIONS AND 1 1 1 3
FUNCTIONS
INVERSE TRIGONOMTRIC 1 1
FUNCTIONS
MATRICES 3 3
DETERMINANTS 2 1 3
CONTINUITY AND 1 1 1 3
DIFFERENTIABLIT
Y
APPLICATION OF 2 1 3
DERIVATIVE
INTEGRALS 2 1 1 1 5
APPLICATION OF 1 1 2
INTEGRALS
DIFFERENTIAL 2 1 3
EQUATIONS
VECTOR 1 1 2
ALGEBRA
THREE DIMENSIONAL 1 1 1 1 4
GEOMETRY
LINEAR 2 1 3
PROGRAMMING
PROBABLITY 1 1 1 3
TOTAL 18 2 5 6 4 3 38

176
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 6
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS
General Instructions:
1. This Question paper contains - five sections A, B, C, D and E. Each section is compulsory. However, there
are internal choices in some questions.
2. Section A has 18 MCQ’s and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark each.
3. Section B has 5 Very Short Answer (VSA)-type questions of 2 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 Short Answer (SA)-type questions of 3 marks each.
5. Section D has 4 Long Answer (LA)-type questions of 5 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 source based/case based/passage based/integrated units of assessment (4 marks each)
with sub parts.
Q. Question Marks
No
SECTION – A

(Multiple Choice Questions) Each question carries 1 mark.

1 The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is: 1

(a) 27 (b) 18 (c) 81 (d) 512

2 If A = [ aij] is a symmetric matrix of order n, then 1

(a) aij = 1/aij for all i,j (b) aij ≠ 0 for all i,j
(c) aij = aji for all i,j (d) aij = 0 for all i, j
3 Let A be a non singular square matrix of order 3 × 3. Then |adj A| is equal to 1

(a) |A| (b) |A|2 (c) | A|3 (d) 3|A|

4 The area of a triangle with vertices (–3, 0), (3, 0) and (0, k) is 9 sq. units. The value of k will 1
be
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) – 9 (d) 6
5 If A and B are invertible matrices, then which of the following is not correct? 1

(a) adj A = |A|. A–1 (b) det(A)–1 = [det (A)]–1

(c) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 (d) (A + B)–1 = B–1 + A–1
6 The function f (x) = [x], where [x] denotes the greatest integer function, is continuous at 1

(a) 4 (b) – 2 (c) 1 (d) 1.5

177
7 Differentiation of( tan-1 x)2 is 1

𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 1
(a) (b) (c) 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2 (d) √1+𝑥 2
√1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

8 The rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r at r = 6 cm is 1

(a) 10 𝜋 (b) 12 𝜋 (c) 8 𝜋 (d) 11 𝜋

9 On which of the following intervals is the function f given by f (x) = x100 + sin x –1 1
decreasing ?
𝜋 𝜋
(a) (0,1) (b) (2 , 𝜋) (c) (0, 2 ) (d) None of these

10 ∫ 𝑒x (sec x + tan x ) is equal to 1

(a) ex cos x + c ( b) ex sec x + c ( c ) ex sin x + c ( d ) ex tan x + c

𝑎
11 The value of ∫−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 x dx is equal to 1

(a) a (b) a/3 (c) 1 (d) 0

3
12 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 1
The degree of the differential equation (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + (𝑑𝑥 ) +𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 1 = 0 𝑖𝑠

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) not defined

13 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1
A homogeneous differential equation of the from 𝑑𝑦 = ℎ (𝑦) can be solved by making the
substitution.
(a) y = vx (b) v = yx (c) x = vy (d) x = v
14 If 𝑎 is a nonzero vector of magnitude ‘a’ and 𝜆 a nonzero scalar, then 𝜆𝑎 is unit vector if 1
1
(a) 𝜆 = 1 (b) 𝜆 = – 1 (c) a = | 𝜆 | (d) a = |𝜆|

15 The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2, 5, 7) on the x- 1
axis are given by
(a) (2, 0, 0) (b) (0, 5, 0) (c) (0, 0, 7) (d) (0, 5, 7)
16 The feasible solution for a LPP is shown 1
(4, 10)
in given figure. Let Z=3x-4y be the
(0, 8) (6, 8)
objective function. Minimum of Z occurs at
(6, 5)

a) (0,0)
b) (0,8)
c) (5,0)
d) (4,10)

178
17 Region represented by x 0,y 0 is: 1

(a) First quadrant (b) Second quadrant

(c) Third quadrant (d) Fourth quadrant
18 If A and B are two events such that P(A)+P(B)- P(A and B)=P(A), then 1

(a) P(B/A) =1 (b) P(A/B) =1 (c) P(A/B) =0 (d) P(B/A) =0

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose
the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
19 5𝜋 1
A: The Principal value of cot -1 (− √3 ) + tan -1 (1) + sec-1 (2/√3) is equal to .
4

𝜋 𝜋
R: Domain of cot-1 x and sin-1 𝑥 are respectively (0, 𝜋) and [− 2 , 2 ].

20 A: The following straight lines are perpendicular to each other. 1

𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧+3 1−𝑥 𝑦+2 3−𝑧

= = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
2 5 4 −1 2 3
R: Let line L-l passes through the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ,) and parallel to the vector whose
direction ratios are 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , and 𝑐1, and let line L- 2 passes through the point (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ,)
and parallel to the vector whose direction ratios are 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , and 𝑐2 , · Then the lines L-1 and
L-2 are perpendicular if 𝑎1 . 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 . 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 . 𝑐2 = 0

SECTION – B
This section comprises of very short answer type-questions (VSA) of 2 marks each.

21 Check whether the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ 𝑏 2 } is 2
transitive.

22 𝑑𝑦 2
Find 𝑑𝑥 of the function yx = xy .

Or, Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated point
𝑘𝑥 + 5, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑎𝑡𝑥 = 2
𝑥 − 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
23 Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥 /(x+1) (x+2) dx 2

24 Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by X-axis , line x = √3 y and the 2
circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 .
𝑥2 𝑦2
OR Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse + =1.
16 9

25 If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are unit vectors such that 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0 , find the value of 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎 . 2

179
 SECTION C
(This section comprises of short answer type questions (SA) of 3 marks each)

26 If y = (tan-1x)2, show that (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑦2 + (2𝑥) (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑦1 = 2 3

27 Evaluate ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 ) dx 3

5
OR Evaluate: ∫−5 |𝑥 + 2 |𝑑𝑥.

28 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and x = 2π . 3

29 𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
3
Solve the differential equation (1 + x2)𝑑𝑥 + y = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 .
OR
Find the general solution of (ex + e-x ) dy - (ex - e-x ) dx = 0.
30 Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically: 3

Maximize and Minimize Z = x + 2y subject to the constraints:

x + 2y ≥ 100, 2x - y ≤ 0, 2x + y ≤ 200, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
31 Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive 3
integers. Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find E(X).
OR The random variable X can take only the values 0,1,2,3. Given that P ( X = 0 ) P
= ( X = 1 )= p and P ( X = 2 )= P ( X = 3) such that ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 2 ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝑥𝑖 . Find the value of p.

SECTION D
(This section comprises of long answer-type questions (LA) of 5 marks each)
𝑥
32 Show that the function f : R→R defined by f(x) =𝑥 2 +1, ∀ x∈R is neither one-one nor onto. 5

OR Let f: W → W be defined by : f(n) = {𝑛 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 . Show that

f is one-one and onto .

33 2 −3 5 5
If A = [3 2 − 4] find A-1 . Using A-1
1 1 −2
Solve the following system of equations by matrix method.
2x – 3y + 5z = 11; 3x + 2y –4 z = -5; x + y - 2z = -3
𝜋 𝑥
34 Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥 . 5
1+sin 𝑥
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
OR Evaluate ∫02 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 dx .

35 Find the shortest distance between the lines 5

𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ +3 𝑘̂ ) + 𝛼 (𝑖̂ - 𝑗̂ +𝑘̂ ) and 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ - 𝑗̂ - 𝑘̂ ) + 𝜇 (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ +2𝑘

̂)

OR Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (-2,4,-5) and
𝑥+3 𝑦−4 𝑧+8
parallel to the line given by = = .
3 5 6

180
 SECTION E
(This section comprises of 3 case-study based questions with two sub-parts. First two case study
questions have three subparts of marks 1, 1, 2 respectively. The third case study question has two sub
parts of 2 marks each.)

36 Read the following text and answer the following questions, on the basis
of the same:
The relation between the heights of the plant (y in cm) with respect to exposure to
1
sunlight is governed by the equation 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 where x is the number of days exposed
to sunlight.

1
(i) Find the rate of growth of the plant with respect to sunlight.
(ii) Is this function satisfy the condition of second order derivative? 1
(iii) What is the number of days it will take for the plant to grow to the maximum
height? 2
Or (iii) What is the maximum height of the plant?

37 A pillar is said to be constructed on a field. Radhe is an Engineer for that project . This was
Radhe’s first project after completing his Engineering. He draws the following diagram of
that pillar for the approval.

Consider the following diagram, where the forces in the cable are given.
(i) Write the coordinates of A and B. 1
(ii) Write the coordinates of C and D.
1
(iii) Find the equation of the line along the cable AD.
OR 2
Find the sum of the distances OA, OB and OC.

181
38 One day, a sangeet mahotsav is to be organised in an open area of Rajasthan. In recent
years, it has rained only 6 days each year. Also, it is given that when it actually rains, the
weatherman correctly forecasts rain 80% of the time. When it doesn’t rain, he incorrectly
forecasts rain 20% of the time. If leap year is considered, then answer the following
questions.

2
(i) Find the probability that the weatherman predict rain.
(ii) Find the probability that it will rain on the chosen day, if weatherman predict
rain for that day. 2

182
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 6
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS

Marking Scheme
Q. Question Marks
No. SECTION – A

1-20 1)(c) 2)(c) 3)(a) 4)(c) 5) (d) 6) (d) 7) (b) 8)(b) 9) (c) 10) (a)
11)(c) 12)(d) 13)(a) 14)(a) 15)(a) 16)(c) 17) (c) 18) (c) 19) (a) 20)(b)
21 Not transitive
22 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦−𝑥 log 𝑦
= ( ) Or k = -2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 log 𝑥
23 log I( x + 2 )2/(x + 1 ) I + C

24 Required area = ∫0
√3 1 2
x dx + ∫√3 √4 − 𝑥 2 dx =
𝜋
sq unit
√3 3
43
Or, Area bounded by the ellipse = 4 ∫0 4 √16 − 𝑥 2 dx = 12 π sq unit.
3
25 (𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎 ) = − 2

SECTION C

26 y = (tan-1x)2 , differentiating both sides w.r.t. x twice to get the result

27
cos 2𝑥 cos 6𝑥 cos 4𝑥
- + - +C
8 24 16

5 −2 5
Or, ∫−5 𝐼 𝑥 + 2 𝐼 dx = ∫−5 −(𝑥 + 2 )dx + ∫−2( 𝑥 + 2 ) dx = 29

𝜋 2𝜋
28 Required area = ∫0 𝐼 sin 𝑥 I dx + ∫𝜋 𝐼 sin 𝑥 I dx = 4 sq unit
−1 𝑥
29 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
y = 2 + C 𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 Or, y = log I (ex + e-x ) I + C
30 The maximum value of Z is 400at (0,200) and minimum value of Z is 100 at all the points
on the line segment joining (0,50) and (20,40)

31 probability distribution is
X 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) 1 2 3 4 1
15 15 15 15 3
1 2 3 4 1 2+6+12+20+30 70
Expectation of X = E(X) = ΣXP(X)= 2 x 15+3 x 15+4 x 15+5 x 15+6 x 3 = 15
= 15
3
Or, P = 8

183
 SECTION D
1 −1
32 Since f(1) = 2 and f(-1) = 2 , but 1 ≠ -1, f is not one-one. And there is no real number x
such that f(x) equals any positive real number. Hence, f is not onto.
Or, show that f(n) = f(m) => n = m so f is one-one. For onto show codomain = range
33 0 1 −2
A-1 = [− 2 9 − 23 ] Solving by matrix method , x = 1, y= 2, z = 3
−1 5 − 13
𝜋 𝑥
34 Let I = ∫0 1+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ………………….( i )
𝜋 𝜋− 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋− 𝑥
I = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 or I = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 …………….(ii)
1+sin ( π− 𝑥) 1+sin 𝑥
On adding eqs. ( i ) and (ii) ,we get
𝜋 𝜋
2 I = ∫0 1+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 after solving I = 𝜋
Or,
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
Let I = ∫02 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 dx -------------------- ( i)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( −𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
2
= ∫0 2
𝜋 𝜋 dx or I = ∫02 sin 𝑥 +cos 𝑥 dx …………………..(ii)
sin( −𝑥)+cos( −𝑥)
2 2
Adding equn. (i) and (ii)
𝜋
1 1
2 I =∫02 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 dx after solving I = log (√2 + 1)
√2
35 Shortest distance =
√2
units
2
𝑥+2 𝑦−4 𝑧+5
Or, = = is the equation of the required line.
3 5 6
SECTION E
36 (i) 4−x cm/day.
ii) Yes, the function satisfies the condition of the second-order derivative because the
second derivative is a constant value.
iii) it will take 4 days for the plant to grow to the maximum height.
Or,Therefore, the maximum height of the plant is 8 cm.
37 i) The coordinates of point A and B are (8,10,0) and (-6,4,0) respectively.
ii) The coordinates of point C and D are (15,-20,0) and (0,0,30) respectively.
𝑥 𝑦 30−𝑧
iii) 4 = 5 = 15
Or, the sum of the distances OA,OB,OC = √164 + √52 + 25 = (2√41 + 2√13 + 25)units
38 (i) 0.2098
(ii) 0.0625

184
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Blue-Print
Sample Paper 7
Class-XII Subject-Mathematics (041)
Chapters 1 mark 2 marks 3 marks 5 4 marks Total Total
marks questions marks
Relation and 1 1 (2+2) 5

Function 8

ITF 1 1 OR 3

Matrix 3 (AR) 1 8
10
Determinant 2 2

Continuity 1 1

Derivative 1 1 1 6

Appl of derivative 1 (AR) 2 (OR) 1 (1+1+2) 9

35
Integration 1 1 (OR) 1 (OR) 9

Appl. Of Integral 1 5

Diff Equation 2 1 (OR) 5

Vector 1 1 1 7
14
3d Geometry 3 1 (OR) 7

LPP 2 1 (OR) 5 5

Probability 1 1 1 1(1+1+2) 8 8

Total 20 5 6 4 3 38 80

185
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 7
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS

General Instructions :
1. This Question paper contains - five sections A, B, C, D and E. Each section is compulsory. However, there
are internal choices in some questions.
2. Section A has 18 MCQ’s and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark each.
3. Section B has 5 Very Short Answer (VSA)-type questions of 2 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 Short Answer (SA)-type questions of 3 marks each.
5. Section D has 4 Long Answer (LA)-type questions of 5 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 source based/case based/passage based/integrated units of assessment (4 marks each)
with sub parts

SECTION A (20 X 1)
1 5 3
1 5 3
If ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = (1 −1) then value of ∑3𝑖=1 𝑎2𝑖 𝑏𝑖1 =
4 6 2
2 4
(a) 30 (b) 16 (c) 14 (d) 32
2 Let A= {1,2,3,…30}. A relation R is defined in A X A by (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑅(𝑐, 𝑑) ⇔ 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 then
number of elements related (1,3)
(a) 26 (b) 17 (c) 28 (d) 21
3 2 3
Let 𝐴 = ( ) = 𝑃 + 𝑄 where P is symmetric matrix and Q is skew symmetric matrix and
𝛼 0
|Q| = 9 then value of 𝛼 may be
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 4
4 Which one of the following points is at a distance of 5 units from (1,5,3) and lies on the line
𝑥−1 𝑦−5 𝑧−3
= 6 = 3
2
9 17 65 36
(a) (2, 8, 2 ) (b) ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) (c) (6,5,3) (d) (0,2,4)
5 1 3
If 𝐴 = ( ) Then |𝐴2 − 2𝐴| =
2 1
(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) -5 (d) -25
6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
The number of real solution of the equation |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 | = 0 lying in the interval
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
[− 4 , 4 ] is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

7 1
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑥 then the set of points of discontinuity of 𝑓(𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))) is
(a) {1} (b) {0,1} (c) {-1,1} (d) ∅

186
8 2023

∫ 𝑥 2023 𝑑𝑥 =
−2023

2023
(a) 0 (b) 2023 (c) -1 (d) 2024
1
9 Let 𝑆𝑛 (𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯ 𝑥 𝑛 , |𝑥| < 1 then 𝑆∞ ′ (2) (where f ‘ (x) denotes derivative of
f(x))
1
(a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)

10 Let 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) be the solution of differential equation 𝑑𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑦(0) = 0, then

𝑑𝑥
y(1) =
5 3 1 𝜋
(a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 (b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 (c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 (d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4

11 The general solution of the differential equation 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0; is of the form
(a) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 (b) 𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑦 2 (c) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 (d) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2

12 Two switches 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 have respectively 80% and 90% chances of

working. The probabilities that circuit of the figure will work
18
(a) 25 (b) 49/50
(c) 20/25 (d) 35/50

13 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 )) =
4
(a) 0 (b) 𝜋 (c) 2𝜋 (d) −𝜋

14 The figure represents a unit cube with one corner at origin. The
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is
direction cosines of the vector 𝑂𝑂′
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 〈 , , 〉 (b) 〈− , ,− 〉
√3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3
1 1 1 −1 −1 −1
(c) 〈− ,− , 〉 (d) 〈 , , 〉
√3 √3 √3 √2 √2 √3

15 For which value of 𝑎 the equation 𝑎. 𝑖̂ = 𝑎. (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) =𝑎. (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) is satisfied
(a) 𝑖̂ (b) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ (c) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ (d) ) 𝑗̂

16 The corner points of feasible region of the LPP 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 7, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 is

(a) (0,0) , (4,0), (7,1), (0,4) (b) (o,0), (7/2,0), (3,1), (0,4)
(c) (0,0) , (0,7), (3,1), (0,4) (d) (0,0), (7/2,0), (3,1, (4,0)
17 Of the following , which group of constraints represents the feasible region

a) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 76,2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 104, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0 (b) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 76,2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 104, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0

(c) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 76,2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 104, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0 (d) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 76,2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 104, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0

187
18 The direction ratios of the line 3𝑥 + 1 = 6𝑦 − 2 = 1 – 𝑧 are
(a) (3, 6, 1) (b) (3, 6, −1) (c) (2, 1, 6 ) (d) (2, 1, −6)

The following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these
questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
19 Assertion (A): The maximum value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1], is attained at its
stationary point, x = 0.
Reason (R) : for maximum value of a function 𝑓(𝑥) at a point 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 at the point
20 Assertion (A): Adj(AdjA) = |𝐴|𝑛−2 𝐴 for any square matrix A
Reason (R) : A.AdjA = |A|𝐼𝑛
Section B
21 Draw the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) in the principal range 2
OR
Find the value of 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 (𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝟒) + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝟓)
22 Find 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if = (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥)4 . 2
2 2
23 At what point of the ellipse 16𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 400 does the ordinate decrease at the same rate at 2
which abscissa increases.
24 If 𝑓(𝑥) 2 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥+⋯∞)𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 2
= 𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 , find whether f(x) will increase or decrease in
𝜋
(0, 2 ) .
OR
𝑥
Find the interval in which the function is increasing or decreasing (𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (1 + 𝑥) − .
1+𝑥
25 QRST and QRTP are parallelograms. Using the vectors 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
shown for 𝑅𝑄 𝑅𝑆, prove that the area of QRST is equal
to the area of QRTP.

Section C
26 If 𝑦 = sin(2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) then prove that (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 + 4𝑦 = 0 3

27 cos 𝑥 3
Evaluate: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 − sin 𝑥) (2 − sin 𝑥 )
𝜋 𝑥
Or Evaluate: ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
28 The probability that a married man watches a certain T.V. show is 0.4 and the probability that a 3
married woman watches the show is 0.5. The probability that a man watches the show, given
that his wife does, is 0.7. Find the probability that married couples watch the show collectively
29 Solve the following linear programming problem graphically: 3
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 . 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
Subject to the constraints : 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 50 , 3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 90 , 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Or Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Maximize 𝑧 = 2.5𝑥 + 1.5𝑦 + 410
Subject to 𝑥 ≤ 60, 𝑦 ≤ 50, 60 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 100, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

188
 ̂ − 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ . Let 𝑟 is a vector such that 𝑟 × 𝑎 = 𝑐 × 𝑎 and
30 If 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗 3
𝑟. 𝑏⃗ = 0 then find |𝑟|.
31 Solve the differential equation 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 3
OR Solve differential equation 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
Section D
32 1 −1 0 2 2 −4 5
If 𝐴 = [2 3 4] and B=[−4 2 −4] then find product AB.
0 1 2 2 −1 5
Use this solve the following system of equations
𝑥−𝑦 =3; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 17; 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7
𝜋
33 2 5
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥 2 +1
OR 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫ (𝑥 2 +2)(𝑥 2 +4) 𝑑𝑥

34 5

𝑥2 𝑦2
Given Figure in the graph of 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 . Find the area of shaded region with the help of
integral.
35 Find the coordinate of the image of the point Q (1,6,3) w.r.t the line 𝒓 ̂ ) + 𝒔(𝒊̂ +2𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
⃗ = (𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 ̂) 5
𝑥−5 𝑦−1 𝑧−8
OR An eagle is flying along the line = = and a snake is crawling along a path
1 −1 −3
𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑠, 𝑦 = −4 + 𝑠, 𝑧 = 8 − 2𝑠. Will the eagle able to catch the snake? If yes find the
coordinate of the point where the snake will be caught.

SECTION E
36 The Earth has 24 time zones, defined by dividing the Earth into 24 equal longitudinal segments. These 4
are the regions on Earth that have the same standard time. For example, USA and India fall in different
time zones, but Sri Lanka and India are in the same time zone.
A relation R is defined on the set U = {All people on the Earth} such that
R = {(x, y)| the time difference between the time zones x and y reside in is 6 hours}.

Based on this information answer the following question

189
 (i) Is the relation is reflexive? 1
(ii) Check whether the relation is symmetric. 1
(iii) Is the relation is Transitive 2
37 Priyanka is very fond of ice cream cone. She selected an icecream of slant height of 110 mm as
shown in figure. She wants to calculate the criteria for maximum volume of cream. Help her by
answering the following questions

1
(a) If 𝛼 is the semi vertical angle of cone. Find radius and height of cone
1
(b) Find volume of cone as a function of 𝛼
2
(c) Find value of 𝛼 for maximum volume of cream.

38 A school conducted a survey of their school staff to find their beverage preferences. Each of them picked
either tea or coffee as their first preference and then with sugar or without sugar as their second
preference as shown in the below tree diagram. Based on the information answer the question that
follow

Some of the
insights from the survey are given below.
♦ 60% percent of the staff prefer coffee.
♦ 90% of those who prefer coffee prefer it with sugar.
♦ 20% of those who prefer tea prefer it without sugar.
i) What is the probability that a person selected randomly from the staff prefers a beverage
with sugar? 2
ii) ii) What is the probability that a person from the staff selected at random prefers coffee
given that it is without sugar? 2

190
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 7
CLASS – XII MAX.MARKS – 80
SUB. – MATHEMATICS (Code – 041) TIME – 03 HOURS

Marking Scheme
1- 1) (a) 2)(c) 3)(a) 4) (b) 5)(b) 6)(c) 7)(b) 8)(a) 9)(a) 10)(b)
20 11)(c) 12)(a) 13)(a) 14)(a) 15)(a) 16)(b) 17)(d) 18)(d) 19)(d) 20)(a)
Section B
21) 2

OR
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 4) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 5)
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 4) − 1) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 5) − 1) 1
= (16 − 1) + (25 − 1) 0.5
= 39 0.5
22) 𝑑𝑦 1
= 4 (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥)3 (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥)′
𝑑𝑥
= 4 (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥)3 (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 1) 1
23) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 0.5
16 (2𝑥 ) + 9 (2𝑦 ) = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 0.5
⇒ 32𝑥 − 18𝑦 = 0 (∵ =− ≠ 0)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⇒ 32𝑥 − 18𝑦 = 0
16𝑥
⇒𝑦= 0.5
9
Putting the value of y in 16𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 400 ,
16 16
we get 𝑥 = ±3, 𝑦 = ± 3 points are (3,16/3) (−3, − 3 ) 0.5
24) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1
( )𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡2 𝑥 𝜋 0.5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔2)(2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥) < 0 𝑖𝑛 (0, ) 0.5
2
So f(x) will decrease in given interval
𝑥 1 1 𝑥 1
OR 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (1 + 𝑥) − 1+𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1+𝑥 − (1+𝑥)2 = (1+𝑥)2
Increasing interval (0, ∞) 0.5
Decreasing interval (−1,0) 0.5

191
25) Ar( QRST) = |𝑏⃗ × 𝑎| 0.5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑅𝑄
ar( QRTP) = |𝑅𝑇
= |(𝑏⃗ + 𝑎) × 𝑎|
= |𝑏⃗ × 𝑎 + 𝑎 × 𝑎| 0.5
1
= |𝑏⃗ × 𝑎 |
Section C
26) 𝑦 = sin(2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)
2 1
⇒ 𝑦1 = cos(2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) .
√1 − 𝑥 2
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦1 = 4 cos (2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)
2 2 2 0.5
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 = 4(1 − 𝑦 2 ) 0.5
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 + 4𝑦 = 0
1
27) cos 𝑥
I=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 − sin 𝑥) (2 − sin 𝑥)
Let
sin 𝑥 = 𝑡 ∴ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 0.5
1
∴I=∫ 𝑑𝑡 … … … … … . (1)
(1 − 𝑡)(2 − 𝑡)
1 A B
Let (1−𝑡)(2−𝑡)
= (1−𝑡) + (2−𝑡) … … … … … (2) 0.5

⇒∴ A = 1 and B = −1
Thus from (1) and (2), we get
0.5
1 −1
I = ∫[ + ] 𝑑𝑡
(1 − 𝑡) (2 − 𝑡) 0.5
1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑡 2−𝑡
= − log|1 − 𝑡| + log|2 − 𝑡| + C
1
2−𝑡 2 − sin 𝑥
= log | | + C = log | |+C
1−𝑡 1 − sin 𝑥
Or
π x π π−x 1
𝐼 = ∫0 1+sinx dx=∫0 1+sinx dx
π π
1 1−sinx
2I=2π ∫02 1+sinx dx= π ∫02 cos2 x dx 1
π
= π ∫02 (sec 2 x − secxtanx)dx 0.5
π π
sinx−1 2
= π[tanx − secx]02 = π [ ] = 2π ⇒ I = π 0.5
cosx 0
28) M = man watches TV show
W = his wife watches TV show.
P(M) = 0.4, P(W) = 0.5 1
P(M/W) = 0.7 0.5
𝑀
𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝑊) = 𝑃 ( ) 𝑃(𝑊) 1
𝑊
= 0.7 × 0.5 = 0.35
0.5

192
29) drawing graph and shading 2
drawing per line 0.5 and shading correctly 0.5 each
finding intersection pt (20,30)

pt X+2y
(0,0) 0
(30,0) 30
(20,30) 80 1
(0,50) 100 max

Or
Similar approach

pt 2.5x+1.5y+410
(10,50) 510
(50,50) 610 max
(60,40) 620
(60,0) 90

30) Let 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂

𝑟 × 𝑎 = 𝑖̂(−𝑦 − 2𝑧) + 𝑗̂(𝑧 + 𝑥) + 𝑘̂(2𝑥 − 𝑦), 0.5
̂
̂ + 3𝑘 0.5
𝑐 × 𝑎 = 3𝑖
𝑟. 𝑏⃗ = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 0.5
∴ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 + 𝑥 = 0, −𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3
Solving we get x=3, y= 3 z = -3 1
Hence 𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ 0.5

31) 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 )

𝑑𝑥 1
⇒ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 linear in x
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ + 𝑦 = 𝑦 spotting p and Q 0.5
𝑑𝑦
1
∫𝑦𝑑𝑦
Int factor = 𝑒 =𝑦 1
𝑦3
General solution 𝑦. 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = +𝑐
3 0.5
Or
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2 0.5
⇒ = + √1 + 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Putting y = vx ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0.5
𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1
⇒ ∫ √1+𝑣2 = ∫ 𝑥
193
 ⇒ log (𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣 2 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
0.5
⇒ 𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑐𝑥
𝑦 √𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2
⇒ + = 𝑐𝑥 0.5
𝑥 𝑥
Section D
32) AB=6I 2
𝐵
⇒ 𝐴−1 =
6 1
𝑥 3
𝑦 −1
⇒ [ ] = 𝐴 [17]
𝑧 7
𝑥 2 2 −4 3 1
1
⇒ [𝑦] = [−4 2 −4] [17]
𝑧 6
2 −1 5 7
Solution 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑧 = 4
1
𝜋
33)
Let 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1
Using prop. 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 , Adding 2𝐼 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥/2)2𝑑𝑥
2 2 2

𝜋
1 𝜋 1
∴ 2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡 = 2𝑥
2 2
0
𝜋
2 1
1 𝜋
2𝐼 = × 2 ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2 2 1
0
2𝑎 𝑎

𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

0 0 1
𝜋 𝜋
∴ 2𝐼 = 𝐼 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ⇒ 𝐼 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2 2
1

2
34) For writing the equation of line passing through (-9,0) and (0,6)
𝑥 𝑦 1
− + =1
9 6
0 9
Area of shaded region= 2(∫−9 𝑦𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + ∫0 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 )
9
0
2 2 1.5
= 2 (∫ (9 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (√9 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥)
−9 3 3
0

194
 0
2 𝑥2 2 𝑥 81 −1
𝑥 9 1.5
= 2 ( (9𝑥 + ) ) + 2 × ( (√81 − 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
2
3 2 −9 3 2 9 9 0
27𝜋
=2 × 27 + 2 × = 27(𝜋 + 2)𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 1
2
35) 𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
Equation of line in cartesian form 1
= 2
= 3

1
Any point N on the line N ( 𝜆, 2𝜆 + 1,3𝜆 + 2)
D.r of PN ( 𝜆 − 1,2𝜆 − 5,3𝜆 − 1), but 𝑃𝑁 IS PERPENDICULAR TO GIVEN LINE
∴ 1(𝜆 − 1) + 2(2𝜆 − 5) + 3(3𝜆 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = 1 1
Hence N(1,3,5). 0.5
Now N is midpoint of P and Q, where Q(𝛼, 𝛽, , 𝛾) is image of P, 0.5
𝛼+1 𝛽+6 𝛾+3
∴ = 1, = 3, = 5 → 𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 0, 𝛾 = 7
2 2 2
Therefore image of P is (1,0,7) 1
SECTION E
36) The relation can be defined as 𝑥𝑅𝑦 𝑖𝑓𝑓 |𝑥𝑇 − 𝑦𝑇 | ≤ 6, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑥𝑇 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 ′ 𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒
(i) As |𝑥𝑇 − 𝑥𝑇 | = 0 so relation is reflexive 1
(ii) If (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ |𝑥𝑇 − 𝑦𝑇 | ≤ 6 ⇒ |𝑦𝑇 − 𝑥𝑇 | ≤ 6 ⇒ (𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅 symmetric 1
(iii) Let (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, (𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ |𝑥𝑇 − 𝑦𝑇 | ≤ 6, |𝑦𝑇 − 𝑧𝑇 | ≤ 6 ⇏ |𝑥𝑇 − 𝑧𝑇 | ≤ 6 so this 2
relation is not transitive give example
37) (a) r=110 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ℎ = 110𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 from figure 1
(b) V = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋(110)3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 1
𝑑𝑉
(c) 𝑑𝛼 = 𝜋(110)3 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛼)
𝑑𝑉
For max or min 𝑑𝛼 = 0
⇒ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛼 = 0 1
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 = 2
⇒ 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √2 1
38)
(i)

195
(ii) 0.5

0.5

196
197
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