Visit https://ebookultra.

com to download the full version and

browse more ebooks or textbooks

Advanced Modern Algebra Part 1 3rd Edition Joseph

J. Rotman

_____ Press the link below to begin your download _____

https://ebookultra.com/download/advanced-modern-algebra-
part-1-3rd-edition-joseph-j-rotman/

Access ebookultra.com now to download high-quality

ebooks or textbooks
Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookultra.com

First Course in Abstract Algebra A 3rd Edition Joseph J.

Rotman

https://ebookultra.com/download/first-course-in-abstract-
algebra-a-3rd-edition-joseph-j-rotman/

Basic Medical Sciences for MRCP Part 1 3rd Edition

Philippa J. Easterbrook

https://ebookultra.com/download/basic-medical-sciences-for-mrcp-
part-1-3rd-edition-philippa-j-easterbrook/

Modern Algebra with Applications 2nd Edition William J.

Gilbert

https://ebookultra.com/download/modern-algebra-with-applications-2nd-
edition-william-j-gilbert/

Fractals Visualization and J Fourth edition Part 1 Reiter

https://ebookultra.com/download/fractals-visualization-and-j-fourth-
edition-part-1-reiter/
Integrated Chinese Simplified Characters Level 1 Part 1
3rd edition Yuehua Liu

https://ebookultra.com/download/integrated-chinese-simplified-
characters-level-1-part-1-3rd-edition-yuehua-liu/

Modern nonlinear optics Part 1 2nd Edition Myron W. Evans

(Editor)

https://ebookultra.com/download/modern-nonlinear-optics-part-1-2nd-
edition-myron-w-evans-editor/

Integrated Chinese Textbook Simplified Characters Level 1

Part 1 3rd Edition Yuehua Liu

https://ebookultra.com/download/integrated-chinese-textbook-
simplified-characters-level-1-part-1-3rd-edition-yuehua-liu/

Contemporary Abstract Algebra 7th Edition Joseph Gallian

https://ebookultra.com/download/contemporary-abstract-algebra-7th-
edition-joseph-gallian/

C 7 1 and NET Core 2 0 Modern Cross Platform Development

3rd Edition Mark J. Price

https://ebookultra.com/download/c-7-1-and-net-core-2-0-modern-cross-
platform-development-3rd-edition-mark-j-price/
Advanced Modern Algebra Part 1 3rd Edition Joseph J.
Rotman Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Joseph J. Rotman
ISBN(s): 9781470415549, 1470415542
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 5.65 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
 Advanced
Modern Algebra
Third Edition, Part 1

Joseph J. Rotman

Graduate Studies
in Mathematics
Volume 165

American Mathematical Society

Advanced
Modern Algebra
Third Edition, Part 1
 https://doi.org/10.1090//gsm/165

Advanced
Modern Algebra
Third Edition, Part 1

Joseph J. Rotman

Graduate Studies
in Mathematics
Volume 165

American Mathematical Society

Providence, Rhode Island
 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Dan Abramovich
Daniel S. Freed
Rafe Mazzeo (Chair)
Gigliola Staffilani

The 2002 edition of this book was previously published by Pearson Education, Inc.

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 12-01, 13-01, 14-01, 15-01, 16-01,
18-01, 20-01.

For additional information and updates on this book, visit

www.ams.org/bookpages/gsm-165

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Rotman, Joseph J., 1934–
Advanced modern algebra / Joseph J. Rotman. – Third edition.
volumes cm. – (Graduate studies in mathematics ; volume 165)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4704-1554-9 (alk. paper : pt. 1)
1. Algebra. I. Title.
QA154.3.R68 2015
512–dc23 2015019659

Copying and reprinting. Individual readers of this publication, and nonprofit libraries
acting for them, are permitted to make fair use of the material, such as to copy select pages for
use in teaching or research. Permission is granted to quote brief passages from this publication in
reviews, provided the customary acknowledgment of the source is given.
Republication, systematic copying, or multiple reproduction of any material in this publication
is permitted only under license from the American Mathematical Society. Permissions to reuse
portions of AMS publication content are handled by Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink
service. For more information, please visit: http://www.ams.org/rightslink.
Send requests for translation rights and licensed reprints to [email protected].
Excluded from these provisions is material for which the author holds copyright. In such cases,
requests for permission to reuse or reprint material should be addressed directly to the author(s).
Copyright ownership is indicated on the copyright page, or on the lower right-hand corner of the
first page of each article within proceedings volumes.
Third edition c 2015 by the American Mathematical Society. All rights reserved.
Second edition c 2010 by the American Mathematical Society. All rights reserved.
First edition 
c 2002 by the American Mathematical Society. All right reserved.
The American Mathematical Society retains all rights
except those granted to the United States Government.
Printed in the United States of America.

∞ The paper used in this book is acid-free and falls within the guidelines
established to ensure permanence and durability.
Visit the AMS home page at http://www.ams.org/
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15
 To my wife
Marganit
and our two wonderful kids
Danny and Ella,
whom I love very much
Contents

Preface to Third Edition: Part 1 xi

Acknowledgments xiv

Part A. Course I

Chapter A-1. Classical Formulas 3

Cubics 4
Quartics 6

Chapter A-2. Classical Number Theory 9

Divisibility 9
Euclidean Algorithms 16
Congruence 19

Chapter A-3. Commutative Rings 29

Polynomials 41
Homomorphisms 47
Quotient Rings 55
From Arithmetic to Polynomials 62
Maximal Ideals and Prime Ideals 74
Finite Fields 83
Irreducibility 89
Euclidean Rings and Principal Ideal Domains 97
Unique Factorization Domains 104

Chapter A-4. Groups 115

Permutations 116

vii
viii Contents

Even and Odd 123

Groups 127
Lagrange’s Theorem 139
Homomorphisms 150
Quotient Groups 159
Simple Groups 173

Chapter A-5. Galois Theory 179

Insolvability of the Quintic 179
Classical Formulas and Solvability by Radicals 187
Translation into Group Theory 190
Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theory 200
Calculations of Galois Groups 223

Chapter A-6. Appendix: Set Theory 235

Equivalence Relations 243

Chapter A-7. Appendix: Linear Algebra 247

Vector Spaces 247
Linear Transformations and Matrices 259

Part B. Course II

Chapter B-1. Modules 273

Noncommutative Rings 273
Chain Conditions on Rings 282
Left and Right Modules 288
Chain Conditions on Modules 300
Exact Sequences 305

Chapter B-2. Zorn’s Lemma 313

Zorn, Choice, and Well-Ordering 313
Zorn and Linear Algebra 319
Zorn and Free Abelian Groups 323
Semisimple Modules and Rings 334
Algebraic Closure 339
Transcendence 345
Lüroth’s Theorem 353

Chapter B-3. Advanced Linear Algebra 359

Torsion and Torsion-free 359
Basis Theorem 362
Contents ix

Fundamental Theorem 371

Elementary Divisors 371
Invariant Factors 374
From Abelian Groups to Modules 378
Rational Canonical Forms 383
Eigenvalues 388
Jordan Canonical Forms 395
Smith Normal Forms 402
Inner Product Spaces 417
Orthogonal and Symplectic Groups 429
Hermitian Forms and Unitary Groups 436

Chapter B-4. Categories of Modules 441

Categories 441
Functors 461
Galois Theory for Infinite Extensions 475
Free and Projective Modules 481
Injective Modules 492
Divisible Abelian Groups 501
Tensor Products 509
Adjoint Isomorphisms 522
Flat Modules 529

Chapter B-5. Multilinear Algebra 543

Algebras and Graded Algebras 543
Tensor Algebra 552
Exterior Algebra 561
Grassmann Algebras 566
Exterior Algebra and Differential Forms 573
Determinants 575

Chapter B-6. Commutative Algebra II 591

Old-Fashioned Algebraic Geometry 591
Affine Varieties and Ideals 593
Nullstellensatz 599
Nullstellensatz Redux 604
Irreducible Varieties 614
Affine Morphisms 623
Algorithms in k[x1 , . . . , xn ] 628
Monomial Orders 629
x Contents

Division Algorithm 636

Gröbner Bases 639

Chapter B-7. Appendix: Categorical Limits 651

Inverse Limits 651
Direct Limits 657
Directed Index Sets 659
Adjoint Functors 666

Chapter B-8. Appendix: Topological Spaces 673

Topological Groups 678

Bibliography 681

Special Notation 687

Index 693
Preface to Third Edition:
Part 1

Algebra is used by virtually all mathematicians, be they analysts, combinatorists,

computer scientists, geometers, logicians, number theorists, or topologists. Nowa-
days, everyone agrees that some knowledge of linear algebra, group theory, and
commutative algebra is necessary, and these topics are introduced in undergrad-
uate courses. Since there are many versions of undergraduate algebra courses, I
will often review definitions, examples, and theorems, sometimes sketching proofs
and sometimes giving more details.1 Part 1 of this third edition can be used as a
text for the first year of graduate algebra, but it is much more than that. It and
the forthcoming Part 2 can also serve more advanced graduate students wishing to
learn topics on their own. While not reaching the frontiers, the books provide a
sense of the successes and methods arising in an area. In addition, they comprise
a reference containing many of the standard theorems and definitions that users of
algebra need to know. Thus, these books are not merely an appetizer, they are a
hearty meal as well.
When I was a student, Birkhoff–Mac Lane, A Survey of Modern Algebra [8], was
the text for my first algebra course, and van der Waerden, Modern Algebra [118],
was the text for my second course. Both are excellent books (I have called this
book Advanced Modern Algebra in homage to them), but times have changed since
their first publication: Birkhoff and Mac Lane’s book appeared in 1941; van der
Waerden’s book appeared in 1930. There are today major directions that either
did not exist 75 years ago, or were not then recognized as being so important, or
were not so well developed. These new areas involve algebraic geometry, category

1 It is most convenient for me, when reviewing earlier material, to refer to my own text FCAA:

A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 3rd ed. [94], as well as to LMA, the book of A. Cuoco and
myself [23], Learning Modern Algebra from Early Attempts to Prove Fermat’s Last Theorem.

xi
xii Preface to Third Edition: Part 1

theory,2 computer science, homological algebra, and representation theory. Each

generation should survey algebra to make it serve the present time.
The passage from the second edition to this one involves some significant
changes, the major change being organizational. This can be seen at once, for
the elephantine 1000 page edition is now divided into two volumes. This change
is not merely a result of the previous book being too large; instead, it reflects the
structure of beginning graduate level algebra courses at the University of Illinois
at Urbana–Champaign. This first volume consists of two basic courses: Course I
(Galois theory) followed by Course II (module theory). These two courses serve as
joint prerequisites for the forthcoming Part 2, which will present more advanced
topics in ring theory, group theory, algebraic number theory, homological algebra,
representation theory, and algebraic geometry.
In addition to the change in format, I have also rewritten much of the text.
For example, noncommutative rings are treated earlier. Also, the section on alge-
braic geometry introduces regular functions and rational functions. Two proofs of
the Nullstellensatz (which describes the maximal ideals in k[x1 , . . . , xn ] when k is
an algebraically closed field) are given. The first proof, for k = C (which easily
generalizes to uncountable k), is the same proof as in the previous edition. But the
second proof I had written, which applies to countable algebraically closed fields
as well, was my version of Kaplansky’s account [55] of proofs of Goldman and of
Krull. I should have known better! Kaplansky was a master of exposition, and
this edition follows his proof more closely. The reader should look at Kaplansky’s
book, Selected Papers and Writings [58], to see wonderful mathematics beautifully
expounded.
I have given up my attempted spelling reform, and I now denote the ring of
integers mod m by Zm instead of by Im . A star * before an exercise indicates that
it will be cited elsewhere in the book, possibly in a proof.
The first part of this volume is called Course I; it follows a syllabus for an
actual course of lectures. If I were king, this course would be a transcript of my
lectures. But I am not king and, while users of this text may agree with my global
organization, they may not agree with my local choices. Hence, there is too much
material in the Galois theory course (and also in the module theory course), because
there are many different ways an instructor may choose to present this material.
Having lured students into beautiful algebra, we present Course II: module
theory; it not only answers some interesting questions (canonical forms of matrices,
for example) but it also introduces important tools. The content of a sequel algebra
course is not as standard as that for Galois theory. As a consequence, there is much
more material here than in Course I, for there are many more reasonable choices of
material to be presented in class.
To facilitate various choices, I have tried to make the text clear enough so that
students can read many sections independently.
Here is a more detailed description of the two courses making up this volume.

2 A Survey of Modern Algebra was rewritten in 1967, introducing categories, as Mac Lane–

Birkhoff, Algebra [73].

Preface to Third Edition: Part 1 xiii

Course I

After presenting the cubic and quartic formulas, we review some undergraduate
number theory: division algorithm; Euclidian algorithms (finding d = gcd(a, b)
and expressing it as a linear combination), and congruences. Chapter 3 begins
with a review of commutative rings, but continues with maximal and prime ideals,
finite fields, irreducibility criteria, and euclidean rings, PIDs, and UFD’s. The next
chapter, on groups, also begins with a review, but it continues with quotient groups
and simple groups. Chapter 5 treats Galois theory. After introducing Galois groups
of extension fields, we discuss solvability, proving the Jordan-Hölder Theorem and
the Schreier Refinement Theorem, and we show that the general quintic is not
solvable by radicals. The Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theory is proved, and
applications of it are given; in particular, we prove the Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra (C is algebraically closed). The chapter ends with computations of Galois
groups of polynomials of small degree.
There are also two appendices: one on set theory and equivalence relations;
the other on linear algebra, reviewing vector spaces, linear transformations, and
matrices.

Course II

As I said earlier, there is no commonly accepted syllabus for a sequel course,

and the text itself is a syllabus that is impossible to cover in one semester. However,
much of what is here is standard, and I hope instructors can design a course from
it that they think includes the most important topics needed for further study. Of
course, students (and others) can also read chapters independently.
Chapter 1 (more precisely, Chapter B-1, for the chapters in Course I are labeled
A-1, A-2, etc.) introduces modules over noncommutative rings. Chain conditions
are treated, both for rings and for modules; in particular, the Hilbert Basis The-
orem is proved. Also, exact sequences and commutative diagrams are discussed.
Chapter 2 covers Zorn’s Lemma and many applications of it: maximal ideals; bases
of vector spaces; subgroups of free abelian groups; semisimple modules; existence
and uniqueness of algebraic closures; transcendence degree (along with a proof of
Lüroth’s Theorem). The next chapter applies modules to linear algebra, proving
the Fundamental Theorem of Finite Abelian Groups as well as discussing canonical
forms for matrices (including the Smith normal form which enables computation
of invariant factors and elementary divisors). Since we are investigating linear al-
gebra, this chapter continues with bilinear forms and inner product spaces, along
with the appropriate transformation groups: orthogonal, symplectic, and unitary.
Chapter 4 introduces categories and functors, concentrating on module categories.
We study projective and injective modules (paying attention to projective abelian
groups, namely free abelian groups, and injective abelian groups, namely divisible
abelian groups), tensor products of modules, adjoint isomorphisms, and flat mod-
ules (paying attention to flat abelian groups, namely torsion-free abelian groups).
Chapter 5 discusses multilinear algebra, including algebras and graded algebras,
tensor algebra, exterior algebra, Grassmann algebra, and determinants. The last
xiv Preface to Third Edition: Part 1

chapter, Commutative Algebra II, has two main parts. The first part discusses
“old-fashioned algebraic geometry,” describing the relation between zero sets of
polynomials (of several variables) and ideals (in contrast to modern algebraic ge-
ometry, which extends this discussion using sheaves and schemes). We prove the
Nullstellensatz (twice!), and introduce the category of affine varieties. The second
part discusses algorithms arising from the division algorithm for polynomials of
several variables, and this leads to Gröbner bases of ideals.
There are again two appendices. One discusses categorical limits (inverse limits
and direct limits), again concentrating on these constructions for modules. We also
mention adjoint functors. The second appendix gives the elements of topological
groups. These appendices are used earlier, in Chapter B-4, to extend the Funda-
mental Theorem of Galois Theory from finite separable field extensions to infinite
separable algebraic extensions.
I hope that this new edition presents mathematics in a more natural way,
making it simpler to digest and to use.
I have often been asked whether solutions to exercises are available. I believe
it is a good idea to have some solutions available for undergraduate students, for
they are learning new ways of thinking as well as new material. Not only do
solutions illustrate new techniques, but comparing them to one’s own solution also
builds confidence. But I also believe that graduate students are already sufficiently
confident as a result of their previous studies. As Charlie Brown in the comic strip
Peanuts says,
“In the book of life, the answers are not in the back.”

Acknowledgments
The following mathematicians made comments and suggestions that greatly im-
proved the first two editions: Vincenzo Acciaro, Robin Chapman, Daniel R. Grayson,
Ilya Kapovich, T.-Y. Lam, David Leep, Nick Loehr, Randy McCarthy, Patrick
Szuta, and Stephen Ullom. I thank them again for their help.
For the present edition, I thank T.-Y. Lam, Bruce Reznick, and Stephen Ullom,
who educated me about several fine points, and who supplied me with needed
references.
I give special thanks to Vincenzo Acciaro for his many comments, both mathe-
matical and pedagogical, which are incorporated throughout the text. He carefully
read the original manuscript of this text, apprising me of the gamut of my errors,
from detecting mistakes, unclear passages, and gaps in proofs, to mere typos. I
rewrote many pages in light of his expert advice. I am grateful for his invaluable
help, and this book has benefited much from him.

Joseph Rotman
Urbana, IL, 2015
.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 resemblance to human beings, 195, 196;
stones procured and swallowed, 196;
life on a guillemot ledge, notes of, 196, 197, 198
Guillemot, Black, way of diving, 148;
appearance under water, 148;
appearance and character, 149;
the dabchick of ocean, 148;
a fair flier, 149;
manner of fighting, 149, 150;
and of bathing, 171
Gulls, Black-backed, best watched on island where they breed, 96;
arrangement of, etc., on the gullery, 97;
nuptial habits, antics, etc., 97, 98, 111, 112;
nest-building of, 103, 104, 105;
fighting of females when collecting materials for the nest, 104,
105;
fighting of males, 105, 106, 107;
a gull melodrama, 105, 106;
fighting of two causing excitement amongst others, 107;
fighting not specialised, 108;
importunity of female, 112;
larger size of male, 113;
persecution of, by Arctic skua, 113, 114, 115;
habit of forcing each other or other gulls to disgorge fish
incipient, 118, 119;
come near to attacking one, on one's approaching their nest,
121;
mode of attack ineffective, 122
Gulls, Herring, fighting of, 108, 109;
power of retaining a mental image, 110;
curious behaviour of a pair, 110, 111;
habit of forcing each other or other gulls to disgorge fish
incipient, 118, 119;
feed young by disgorging fish, 119, 120;
disgorge fish for each other, 119, 120

Habits, variations of, more interesting than of structure, 228;

 may be marked in transitu, 229;
plasticity of, 48
Hare, disturbing rooks, 227
Hate, oneself, a good way to, 335
Hedge-sparrow, at straw-stacks in winter, 201, 202
Heine, allusion of to the nightingale, 313
Heron, must wait a little, 337
Herring, going a progress twice, 116.
Head absent in those disgorged by great skua for its young, 116,
117;
possible explanations of this, 117, 118.
Profusion of, brought by great skua for its young, 118
Homer, may be caught up by a butterfly, 335
Hooded Crow, flying with peewits, 27, 28;
frolicking or skirmishing with raven, 137;
curious antics of, 137, 138;
flying with rooks, 296;
consorting with rooks in the fields, 296;
may sometimes roost with rooks, 296;
when with rooks acts as though of the same species, 296
Hudson, Mr, views of, referred to, 79, 80, 81

Kestrel, importunity of female, 112

Kittiwakes, habit of forcing each other or other gulls to disgorge fish
incipient, 118;
will turn to bay and drive off Arctic skua, 128;
roosting in extraordinary numbers, 197, 198

Language, idea as to origin of, suggested by rooks, 288, 289

Larks (see Skylark)
Life, study of, as important as that of death, 332
Linnet, an example of sexual selection acting in two directions, 318
Lyre-bird, an example of a highly adorned species which is also
musical, 334

Merganser, manner of diving of, 153, 154

Meves, M., on cause of bleating in the snipe, 53
Moor-hen, becoming a partridge or plover, 48;
an orchestra of peculiar brazen instruments, 57.
Manner of diving of, 156, 157, 158;
habit of, may be becoming established, 158;
and may differ in different localities, 158.
Browses grass, 227;
wariness of, 226;
power of drawing an inference, 227;
independent spirit and originality, 227, 228

Naturalist in La Plata, referred to, 79, 80, 81

Nightingale, male not singing much during nest-building, 307;
song of, a vehicle of hatred and rivalry, 308.
Conduct of rival males, 308, 309;
similar to wheatears, 308.
Conduct of female during combats of rival males, 309, 310;
croaking notes of, 310.
Song probably founded on these, 310;
which would account for its low key, 312;
how differing from that of thrush, blackcap, skylark, etc., 312;
does not include every excellence, 312;
frequent pauses in, 312;
when at its best, 313;
effect of, on Heine, 313;
and on others, 313;
sometimes mistaken for that of thrush, 313, 314;
by day not more noticed than that of lark or thrush, 314;
some of effect of due to night and silence, 314, 315.
Sobriety of colouring exaggerated, 316;
brightness of tail, 316;
ruddy patch on, 316, 317;
glossy appearance of, 317, 318;
 example of a bird doubly distinguished, 317;
may be getting brighter, 318;
pictures of, in natural history books, 318;
real appearance of, 319;
sings without pose, 319;
and sometimes on ground, 319;
Milton fortunately not familiar with, 319;
female alone builds nest, 319;
is attended by male, 319
Nightjar, sound with the wings made by, 52;
movements of, to protect young, 60, 61;
seem result of nervous shock or mental disturbance, 61;
twitching of muscles of throat of, 179;
must wait a little, 337
Night-raven, possible origin of idea of, 288
Nut-hatch, feeding on seeds of exotic fir, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235;
manner of loosening the seeds of, 233, 235

Organisms, plasticity of, 48

Ostrich, courting or nuptial antics of male, 169;
incubation shared by the sexes, 169

Partridge, movements of, to protect young, 60, 61.

At straw-stack, 199, 205;
coming down to, on a winter morning, 205.
Soft sounds made by, 205
Peacocks, shot in India, 206
Peewit, cry of, 25;
somersaults thrown by, 26;
sound made with wings, 27;
bridal dances of, 26, 27;
flying with hooded crow, 27, 28.
Attacking hen pheasant, 27;
and moor-hen, 28.
Call-note on ground, 28, 29, 30;
sporting of two, 30, 31;
 upward sweep in flight, 31, 32;
understudying of one another, 32;
aerial combats possible, 33, 42;
aerial evolutions, remarks on, 33, 34;
feigning broken wing not observed, 66;
three flying together, remarks on, etc., 83, 84, 85, 86;
roll over of compared with that of raven, 263
Penguins, flight, how lost by, 151;
manner of diving of, 152
People, mental approach of some, 223;
not explained by such terms as insight, intuition, perception,
affinity, etc., 223
Φημη, Greek idea of the, 219;
brought to mind by watching birds, 220, 221, 294
Pheasants, timidity shown by males in fighting, 75;
at straw-stack in winter, 199, 205;
beauty of male, 206.
Curious low notes and piping sounds of, 207;
not quite so soft as those of partridges, 207.
Timidity of, tempered by judgment and individual temperament,
207;
conduct of, when small birds fly off, 207, 208;
males agree together, feeding, 208;
roosting of dove-tailing with last flight home of rooks, 261, 262;
trying to look like a soldier, 283, 284;
dull plumage of hen representing that of progenitor of the
family, 310, 311
Pigeons, twitching of muscles of throat of, 180
Puffin, diving of, 152;
disparity in time of laying, 183;
carrying fish crosswise in beak, 187

Rabbit, with young in sandpit, 328, 329

Ravens, molested by gulls, 129;
at first not impressed by, 129;
 peculiar croak of, 130;
appearance, etc., of nest of, 130;
behaviour of young in nest, 130, 131;
attempts to see feed young unsuccessful, 132;
add no effect to precipice, 134;
plumage of, 134;
look black at a little distance, 134;
ordinary flight not majestic, 134;
shape of wings of, 134, 135;
effect of number of, over battlefield, 135.
Curious doubtful if these are nuptial, 138;
antics in the air of, 136, 137.
Skirmishing with gulls, 137;
skirmishing or frolicking with hooded crow, 137;
devoted guardians of young, 138;
cunning plan adopted by, 138, 139
Raven Mother, the real one, 133;
appearance and behaviour of, 133, 134
Razorbills, manner, etc., of diving of, 151, 152;
fish, how carried in beak by, 187
Redshanks, handsomer flying than when on ground, 23, 24;
courting actions of male, 24.
Aerial and aquatic combats of, 36, 37;
at first mistaken as to nature of these, 37
Richardson's Skua, objected to as a title, 61
Ring Plover, nuptial flight of, 21, 22;
courting actions of male on ground, 22, 23
Robin, becoming wagtail or stilt-walker, 48;
how it may develop in the future, 229;
occasional aquatic habits of, out of character, 229, 230;
has two figures, 230;
a part of most landscapes, 230, 231;
looks different in different places, 231;
an example of sexual selection acting in two directions 318
Rooks, importunity of female, 112;
 simultaneous flights, etc., of, 210, 292, 293, 294;
winter rookery or roosting-place of, 258, 259, 278, 280;
crowd of better than crowd of men, 259;
aerial evolutions, sports, gambols, manœuvres, etc., of, 259,
260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 270, 271, 280, 295;
peculiar burring note of, 260, 282, 283;
powers of flight possessed by, 260, 271;
flight full of effects, 271;
how associated with starlings, 261;
chirruppy or croodling note of, 261, 268, 269;
last flight of, dove-tailing with roosting of pheasants, 261, 262;
roll over of, compared with that of ravens, 263;
two great assemblages of, manœuvrings and different conduct
of, 262, 264, 265;
difficulty of supposing that they are led, 213, 265, 266;
if led, should be so habitually, 266, 267;
evidence against theory of leadership, 267, 268, 269, 270, 284,
285;
the caw the business note of, 268;
two bands flying at different elevations, 270;
flight of, at great elevation different to usual flight, 270, 271;
conclusion against theory of leadership, 271, 273;
supposed to employ sentinels, 271;
evidence as to and conclusion against their doing so, 272, 273;
vast assemblage of, 274, 277, 278;
fighting of, 274, 275, 276, 277;
disturbed by hare, 277;
lullaby of, 278, 281;
return of, to winter rookery in evening, 274, 277, 278, 280, 281,
292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299;
various cries of, 281, 283, 284, 286, 288, 291, 292, 299, 300.
Whishing noise made by, 281, 282, 295;
doubt as to how produced, 282.
"Burring" note of, 282, 283;
morning flight of, from winter rookery, 283, 284, 285, 292;
voice of, pleasing and expressive, 283;
talk kind of Chinese, 284;
tits flying with, 284;
 some staying back after general flight out, 285;
actions of, governed by two leading principles, 285;
unknown force suggested by movements of, 285, 286;
some movements of, may be due to thought-transference or
collective thinking, 287;
may be origin of the night-raven, 287, 288;
origin of language suggested by, 288, 289;
zones of sound and silence amongst, 289, 290;
notes of, best described as talking, 291;
method of yawning of, 291, 292;
φημη the idea of the, applied to, 294;
psychical state of during the heimkehr, 295;
wonderful scene of excitement amongst, 294, 295, 296.
Found dead in plantation, 295, 296;
possible reason and theory of keeper in regard to this, 296.
Non-collision of, wonderful, 295;
consort with hooded crows in fields, 296;
resembling storm-cloud and rain, 298;
seem as though evolving a language, 299;
powers of modulation and inflexion in voice of, 299;
voice of, unjustly spoken of, 299;
vocabulary of notes of, 299, 300
Rules, to be guided by in watching birds, 248, 249

Sand-martins, manner of excavating tunnels, 323, 326, 327, 328;

both sexes excavate, 323, 324.
Sometimes work socially, 324;
but not as do insects, 324.
Make simultaneous flights from cliff, 324, 325;
sometimes fight fiercely, 325;
are victimised by sparrows and tree-sparrows, 325;
length of their tunnels, 326
Scientific men, indifference of, to extermination, 333
Sexual selection, as conceived by Darwin, 25;
antics, etc., not in the nature of display, no evidence against, 79;
as having modified some birds both in voice and plumage, 318
Shags (see also Cormorant), power of ejecting excrement to distance
possessed by, 131;
how useful to the bird, 131, 132;
nest of, 131.
Manner of diving of, 153;
dive uniformly, 156;
amiable character of, 163, 165;
courtship, love-making of, etc., 166, 167, 168, 169, 170;
courting antics like those of the ostrich, but with significant
difference, 169, 170;
habit of opening and shutting bill at each other, 170, 176, 177;
bathing of, 170;
gargoyle idylls of, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179,
180, 181;
tendency of, to ornament nest, 174, 175, 176;
change on the nest of, 175, 176, 177;
feeding the young, 177, 178, 179;
twitching muscles of the throat, 179, 180;
character, etc., of the young, 180;
guarding the nest and affairs of honour, 181, 182;
manner of fighting, 181
Skua, Arctic, diverting attention from eggs or young, 61;
persecutes gulls, 113, 114, 127;
is safe from retributive justice, 114;
said only to eat fish robbed from gulls, 114;
probability that it would feed by piracy exclusively, 115;
not seen stooping on fish in water, 115;
disgorge fish for each other, 120, 121;
attacks those approaching its nest, 121;
swoop made in silence, 121;
mode of attack, 122, 123;
blow with feet ineffective, 123;
both birds often attack, but more usually only one, 125.
Combines fraud with force, 125;
theory as to this, 125.
Polymorphism of, 126, 127;
sexual selection suggested as an explanation, 126, 127.
Seems bolder and more aggressive than the great skua, 127;
 driven off by kittiwake, 127, 128;
feared more by gulls than the great skua, 128;
extreme boldness of, 139;
chased by curlews, 139
Skua, Great, nuptial habits, antics, etc., 98, 99, 101, 102;
powers of flight, 99;
flight seen to best advantage at sea, 99, 100;
nest, 103;
said only to eat fish robbed from gulls, and secured in mid-air,
114;
would probably feed by piracy exclusively, 115;
not seen stooping on fish in water, 115;
young fed entirely on disgorged herrings, 115;
nesting habits difficult to observe, 115, 116;
probably eats heads of herrings disgorged for young, 117, 118;
has no reason to vary diet during breeding-season, as asserted,
118;
suggested origin of its specialised method of feeding, 118, 119;
attacks those approaching its nest, 121;
makes swoop in silence, but utters cry whilst circling between
each, 121;
blow with feet ineffective, 122;
attacks almost indefinitely, 122;
mode of attack, 123, 124.
Attack made by both sexes, 124;
an exception noted, 124, 125;
theory in regard to this, 125.
Feared less by gulls than Arctic skua, 128;
mobbed by gulls, 128
Skylarks, aerial combats of, 35, 36;
impressive hops of male in courtship, 49;
song of, how differing from the nightingale's, 312;
effect of if heard at night, 314
Snipe, a familiar example of instrumental music during flight, 52;
modification of tail-feathers by sexual selection, 53;
wings apparent but not real cause of bleating, 53, 54, 55;
different ways of descending to earth, 53, 55, 56;
 different modes of flight, 54;
see-saw or "chack-wood" note, 54, 56;
swishing of wings, 56;
extraordinary notes of, 57.
Tail feathers less modified in female, and producing a different
bleat, 57;
but difference not great, 57, 58.
Individual differences in bleat, 57, 58;
flying in circles, 58;
bleat best in morning and evening, 58;
flight difficult to follow, 58;
private allotment in fields of air, 58;
bleating of males against each other, 59;
bleating of male and female to each other, 59;
bleating of one answered vocally by the other on ground, 59.
Extraordinary movements when alarmed during incubation, 60, 61;
theory with regard to these, 63, 64
Sparrows, seize burrows of sand-martins, 325;
creditable motives of, in so doing, 325, 326
Sparrows, Tree, at straw-stack in winter, 199;
seize burrows of sand-martins, 325
Species, knowledge lost by destruction of any, 333
Specific life, any, of more value than most individual ones, 334
Spiders, if they had their Phidiases, 52
Spur-winged Lapwing, curious performances of, 81, 82;
suggested origin of, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92,
93, 94, 95
Starlings, acting as fly-catchers, 8, 48;
and as wood-peckers, 48.
Manner of feeding, 9;
at straw-stack in winter, 199, 204, 205;
fighting with hen blackbird, 204;
fighting with each other, 204, 205.
Their simultaneous flights, 210, 214, 215;
difficulty of explaining these and suggestions as to, 214, 215.
 How associated with rooks, 261
Stock-doves, their aerial combats, 38, 39;
arising sometimes out of the ground-tourney, 41, 42.
Their ground-tourneys, 39, 40, 41;
bowing of fighting birds to each other, 39, 40, 41;
fighting of male and female, 42, 43;
courting bow of male to female, 43, 44, 45;
bowing of female to male, 43, 44;
bow silent or accompanying note subdued, 45;
court on trees or on ground, 45;
their nuptial flights in early morning, 46, 47;
make nest in rabbit-burrows, 47
Structure, slight changes of, not easy to see, 229

Thought-transference, as possible explanation of some movements of

birds and other animals, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 286, 287,
289, 290, 292, 293, 294;
a retarding influence, 222;
in man, may be reversion to more primitive method of
intercommunion, 223;
may be, in some ways, superior to speech 223
Thrush, Song of, how differing from the nightingale's, 312;
mistaken for the nightingale's, 313, 314;
effect of if heard at night, 314
Tit, Blue, at straw-stack in winter, 199, 202;
acts like tree-creeper, 236, 237, 238, 239.
Ascends trunk perpendicularly, 237;
suggested explanation of this, 242, 243.
Descends trunk head downwards assisted by wings, 237, 238, 245;
suggested explanation, 245.
His hardiness, 247, 248;
eats buds rather than insects in them, 248, 249;
attacked by bullfinch, 250;
feeds on catkins of alder or insects in them, 251, 253;
his tiring-room and banqueting-hall, 253;
drive each other from catkins of alder, 253;
flying with rooks, 284
Tit, Coal, attacks fir-cones, 231;
manner of holding them, 251.
Ascends tree-trunks as does blue-tit, 252
Tits, Long-tailed, nest-building, 320, 321;
"chit, chit" note, 320, 321;
roosting together, 321, 322, 323;
returning to roost in same place, 322, 323;
their prettiness, 320, 321
Tit, Great, feeding on seeds of exotic fir, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235;
manner of loosening the seeds, 232, 235.
Probably eats seeds of indigenous firs, 252
Tree, old, winter foliage of, 201
Tree-creeper, becoming a fly-catcher, 48.
Flies downwards from tree-trunk, 240;
but not invariably, 241;
suggested origin of the habit, 241.
Spiral ascent not so general as asserted, 241, 242;
often ascends perpendicularly, 242;
suggested origin of spiral ascent, 242, 243.
Said never to descend trunk, 241, 244;
but can descend backwards, 244;
interesting to watch, 246;
skill in using beak, etc., 246;
sometimes acts like fly-catcher, 247;
his æsthetic beauty, 247;
his hardiness, 247
Trogons, shot in Mexico, 206
Turtle-dove, courting of male on ground or in trees, 50;
the nuptial flight, 50, 51

Wagtail, must wait a little, 337

Warrener, how affected by beauty, 47
Wheatear, combats and displays of rival males, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73, 74;
his hopping out of character, 68;
 conduct of hen whilst fought for by rival males, 68, 69, 71, 72,
74, 78;
chariness of fighting shown by males, 71, 74.
Antics of males not resembling a set display, 77, 78;
attempt to explain these and other antics of various birds, 74 et
seq. (to end of chapter).
Power of retaining a mental image, 110;
conduct of rival males similar to that of nightingales 308
Wild Duck, intelligent feigning of injury to distract attention from
young, 60, 62, 63;
suggested origin of the habit, 63, 64
Willow-warbler, preference for birch-trees, 253;
pretty behaviour with the catkins of, 253, 254, 255;
reason for this possibly æsthetic, 255, 256
Wood-pigeons, courting of female by male on tree, 45;
raucous note after pairing, 46;
may hereafter lay in rabbit-burrows, 48;
courting of female by male on ground, 48, 49;
the clapping of wings in flight, 51;
beauty of nuptial flight, 51, 52;
swishing or beating of wings in flight, 52.
Their simultaneous flights, 210;
suggested explanation as to, 215, 216
Wren, acting like a tree-creeper, 48, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240.
Ascends tree-trunks perpendicularly, 237;
descent of doubtful, 238;
sometimes assisted by wings, 240.
Suggestions as to habit and mode of tree-creeping, 242, 243
Wren, Golden-crested, amongst pine-trees, 252;
suggesting humming-bird, 252;
examines pine-needles, 252, 253;
his note, 253

Yellow-hammer, at straw-stack in winter, 199, 201

Zoologists, have been thanatologists, 224;

prefer death to life, 332, 333
THE RIVERSIDE PRESS LIMITED

ST BERNARD'S ROW, EDINBURGH

 TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
Dialectic and archaic spellings have been maintained. Obvious misspellings and other
printing errors have been fixed as detailed below. Corrections are shown in the text like
this. Mousing over the change will show the original text.

Page vii (LoI): Great Skuas: ... 100

Originally: Great Skuas: ... 101

Page vii (LoI): On a Guillemot Ledge

Originally: On a Guillemot-ledge

Page vii (LoI): In a Sand-Pit ... 328

Originally: In a Sand-Pit ... 329

Page 12: même jeu

Originally: meme jeu

Facing page 12 (caption): Dancing of Great Plovers in Autumn

Originally: Autumn "Dancings" of the Great Plover

Page 18: of Cervantes' creation

Originally: of Cervante's creation

Page 25: il faut rendre à cela

Originally: il faut rendre a cela

Page 29 (caption): Master and Pupil: Hooded-Crow flying with Peewits

Originally: Master and Pupil

Page 46: sans cérémonie

Originally: sans ceremonie

Page 50: à deux

Originally: a deux

Page 51: is fairly over. In full flight,

Originally: is fairly over. "In full flight,

Page 54: creaky, see-sawey note

Originally: creaky, sea-sawey note

Page 88: or, at any rate, a something

Originally: or, at anyrate, a something

Page 89: à trois

Originally: a trois

Page 99: vis-à-vis

Originally: vis-a-vis

Facing page 100 Great Skuas: Nuptial Flight and Pose

(caption):
Originally: Great Skuas: a nuptial pose

Page 105: and acts in the same way on the next occasion
Originally: and acts in the some way on the next occasion

Page 110: en évidence

Originally: en evidence

Page 122: when thus aerially delivered

Originally: when thus aerialy delivered

Page 127: gulls, but occasionally the great skua also, this last,
Originally: gulls, but ocasionally the great skua also, this last,

Page 140: may be called conspicuous, at any rate

Originally: may be called conspicuous, at anyrate

Page 147: Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galere?

Originally: Que diable allait il faire dans cette galere?

Page 150 (caption): Habet! Great-Crested Grebe Attacked by Another Under

Water.
Originally: Crested Grebe

Page 161: became in some degree truly aquatic,

Originally: became in some degree truly acquatic,

Page 172: vis-à-vis

Originally: vis-a-vis

Page 176: gargoyle-like

Originally: gargoil-like

Page 211: sauve-qui-peut

Originally: sauve qui peut

Page 227: sauve-qui-peut

Originally: sauve qui peut

Page 254 (caption): Fairy Artillery: Willow-Warbler Pecking Catkins in Flight.

Originally: Fairy Artillery

Page 283 (footnote 21): Je m'en doute

Originally: Je me'en doute

Page 313: Vergessene Träume erwachen

Originally: Vergessene Traüme erwachen

Page 331: en état

Originally: en etat
In the index, page numbers were missing on the following entries and were supplied by
the transcriber:

Under Robin,
an example of sexual selection acting in two directions 318
Under Thought-transference,
may be, in some ways, superior to speech 223
Under Wheatear,
conduct of rival males similar to that of nightingales 308
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRD WATCHING
***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States
copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy
and distribute it in the United States without permission and
without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the
General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree
to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease
using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com