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FACTORISATION

The document provides a comprehensive guide on factorization techniques, including identifying common factors, grouping terms, and the difference of squares. It contains numerous examples and solutions for various algebraic expressions, demonstrating how to factor them completely. Additionally, it covers the factorization of quadratic expressions and trinomial forms, offering strategies for finding factors based on the signs of the terms.

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billiardtariro
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10 views7 pages

FACTORISATION

The document provides a comprehensive guide on factorization techniques, including identifying common factors, grouping terms, and the difference of squares. It contains numerous examples and solutions for various algebraic expressions, demonstrating how to factor them completely. Additionally, it covers the factorization of quadratic expressions and trinomial forms, offering strategies for finding factors based on the signs of the terms.

Uploaded by

billiardtariro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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𝑭𝑨𝑪𝑻𝑶𝑹𝑰𝑺𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵

1. Common Factors
 Always look for the common factor first and factor out that common factor.

Factorise the following


a) 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 b) 4𝑥 + 20 c) 𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏2

d) 2𝑝2 𝑞 + 𝑝𝑞 2 e) 𝑎2 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 f) 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
g) 15𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 h) 𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ i) 7𝑝𝑞 − 14𝑞

j) 4𝑦 − 4 k) 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 3 𝑦 l) −3ℎ − 12𝑘

m) −9𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦 n) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 o) −3𝑥 − 18𝑦


SOLUTION
a) 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 b) 4𝑥 + 20

3𝑥 1 62 𝑥 2𝑥 41 𝑥 205
= 3𝑥(3𝑥 − ) = 4( + )
1 3𝑥1 4 4

= 3𝑥(1 − 2𝑥) = 4(𝑥 + 5)


d) 2𝑝2 𝑞 + 𝑝𝑞 2 l) −3ℎ − 12𝑘
= 𝑝𝑞(2𝑝 + 𝑞) = −3(ℎ + 4𝑘)
NB: Take note of the sign change when factoring out a negative term.
2. FACTORISATION BY GROUPING………(Grouping Terms)
 If there are 4 terms, group them in pairs and make sure each pair has a
common factor.

Factorise the following


a) 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 9𝑐𝑥 − 6𝑐𝑦 (2) b) 3𝑢𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 12𝑢 − 8 (2)
c) 𝑝𝑥 − 2𝑞𝑥 + 3𝑝𝑦 − 6𝑞𝑦 (2) d) 20𝑟𝑐 − 4𝑟𝑑 − 15𝑡𝑐 + 3𝑑𝑡 (2)
e) 𝑎2 − 3𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 − 3𝑏 (2) f) 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 (2)

g) 𝑚𝑛 − 3𝑚𝑦 − 3𝑛𝑥 + 9𝑥𝑦 (2) h) 2𝑐𝑒 − 2𝑐𝑓 + 𝑑𝑒 − 𝑑𝑓 (2)


i) 𝑐𝑑 − 𝑐𝑒 − 𝑑 2 + 𝑑𝑒 (2) j) 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 (2)

SOLUTION
a) 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 9𝑐𝑥 − 6𝑐𝑦
= 2(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) − 3𝑐(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) [observe sign change in the set of brackets]
= (3𝑥 + 2𝑦)(2 − 3𝑐)

𝑵𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 … … … … … … (𝑲. 𝑴𝒂𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒊/𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟗𝟓𝟖)


f) 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧
= 𝑥(2𝑦 − 1) − 𝑧(1 − 2𝑦) 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (1 − 2𝑦) = −1(−1 + 2𝑦) = −1(2𝑦 − 1)
= 𝑥(2𝑦 − 1) + 𝑧(2𝑦 − 1)
= (𝑥 + 𝑧)(2𝑦 − 1)

Re-group, then factorise


 If you fail to find a common factor when grouping terms, re-
group(rearrange) the terms and then factorise 𝑒. 𝑔 6𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 4𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧
has no common factors on the first and second set of pairs.
Solution
 Re-rearrange the expression
6𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 4𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧
= 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 − 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 interchange 2nd and 4th term.
= 3𝑥(2𝑦 + 𝑧) − 2(2𝑦 + 𝑧)
= (2𝑦 + 𝑧)(3𝑥 − 2)

3. The difference of two squares


𝑰𝒏 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 = [𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃)]
𝑒𝑔1. 4𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 = (2𝑝)2 − 𝑞 2 [𝑎 = 2𝑝, 𝑏 = 𝑞]
= (2𝑝 − 𝑞)(2𝑝 + 𝑞)

2. 9𝑦 2 − 36 = (3𝑦)2 − (6)2 [a=3y, b=6]


= (3𝑦 − 6)(3𝑦 + 6)

Factorise Completely
a) 4𝑎2 − 𝑏2 b) 4𝑚2 − 9𝑛2 c) 5𝑥 2 − 5
d) 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 e) 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 20 f) 𝑎 − 𝑎3
g) 8𝑚3 𝑛 − 2𝑚𝑛3 h) 3𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 i) 27𝑥 2 − 12𝑦 2
j) 8𝑥 2 − 8 k) 20𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 l) 125𝑝3 − 5𝑝
m) 3𝑥 2 − 147 n) 3𝑚3 − 27𝑚 o) 100𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

𝑵𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 … … … … … … (𝑲. 𝑴𝒂𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒊/𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟗𝟓𝟖)


SOLUTION
𝑐) 5𝑥 2 − 5 =5(𝑥 2 − 1) e) 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 20
= 5[(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)] = 5(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4)
= 5[(𝑥𝑦)2 − (2)2 ]
= 5[(𝑥𝑦 − 2)(𝑥𝑦 + 2)]
g) 8𝑚3 𝑛 − 2𝑚𝑛3 n) 3𝑚3 − 27𝑚
= 2𝑚𝑛(4𝑚2 − 𝑛2 ) = 3𝑚(𝑚2 − 9)
= 2𝑚𝑛[(2𝑚)2 − (𝑛)2 ] = 3𝑚(𝑚2 − 32 )
=2𝑚𝑛[(2𝑚 − 𝑛)(2𝑚 + 𝑛)] = 3𝑚[(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 + 3)]
NB: 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 has no real factors

𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 − 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠

 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑙 – 𝑎 3 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛.


1st sign (middle term) 2nd Sign (last term) Factors
𝑎) + + (+)(+)
𝑏) − + (−)(−)
𝑐) − − (−)(+)/(+)
𝑑) + − (−)(+)/(+)

a) 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 14 all factors are positive.


= (𝑥 + ⋯ )(𝑥 + ⋯ )
Find two numbers (factors) such that their product is +14 their sum is 9 i.e(+2 and +7)
= (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 7)
b) 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 all factors should be negative
= (𝑥 − ⋯ )(𝑥 − ⋯ )
Look for 2 number such that their product is +12 and their such is (−)7
i.e(−3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 4)
= (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4)

𝑵𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 … … … … … … (𝑲. 𝑴𝒂𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒊/𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟗𝟓𝟖)


c) 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 − 12 ⟹ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 (𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
NB: Since the middle term is negative, the bigger number carries the negative.
= (𝑡 − ⋯ )(𝑡 + ⋯ )
Find two numbers such that their product is (−)12 and their sum is (−)1 i.e
−4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 3
= (𝑡 − 4)(𝑡 + 3)
d) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 ( 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
= (𝑥 + ⋯ )(𝑥 − ⋯ ) The larger the of the two numbers is positive
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (−)6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 + 1 i.e
+3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2.
= (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
NB: The method used in each case in the above is called overleaf.
More Challenging Quadratic Expressions
 Where the coefficient of say 𝑥 2 is not 1 and in cases where the expression
contain more than one letter.

𝑺𝑻𝑬𝑷𝑺
 Multiply the first and the last term.
 Find two terms(factors) such that their product gives you the product
found after multiplying the first and the last term and their sum gives the
middle term.
 Replace the middle term by the factors found in step 2
 Factorise by grouping.
NB: Signs as given in the table overleaf do apply.
Factorise the following completely.
a) 2𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 + 6 b) 3𝑐 2 − 11𝑐 + 6
c) 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 12 d) 12𝑎2 𝑏2 + 11𝑎𝑏 − 5
SOLUTION
a) 2𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 + 6 (all factors are positive) since the signs are all positive.
𝟐
+𝟏𝟐𝒚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
+𝟕𝒚 𝑠𝑢𝑚
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠( 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠) 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝑖𝑠
+ 𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝟕𝒚 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝟏𝟐
= 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑦 + 6
= 2𝑦(𝑦 + 2) + 3(𝑦 + 2)
= (𝑦 + 2)(2𝑦 + 3)

𝑵𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 … … … … … … (𝑲. 𝑴𝒂𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒊/𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟗𝟓𝟖)


b) 3𝑐 2 − 11𝑐 + 6 c) 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 12
+18𝑐 2 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 2(𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 6)
−11𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 2 (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 − 6)
= 3𝑐 2 − 9𝑐 − 2𝑐 + 6 = 2[𝑥(𝑥 − 6) + 1(𝑥 − 6)]
= 3𝑐 (𝑐 − 3) − 2(𝑐 − 3) = 2[(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 1)]
= (𝑐 − 3)(3𝑐 − 2) = 2(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 1)

𝑑) 12𝑎2 𝑏2 + 11𝑎𝑏 − 5
−60𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
+11𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑢𝑚
= 12𝑎2 𝑏2 + 15𝑎𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑏 − 5
= 3𝑎𝑏(4𝑎𝑏 + 5) − 1(4𝑎𝑏 + 5)
= (4𝑎𝑏 + 5)(3𝑎𝑏 − 1)

Factorise the following


a) 2𝑒 2 − 3𝑒 + 1 b) 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 7𝑎𝑏 + 10
c) 3𝑏2 + 𝑏 − 2 d) 2𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 − 3
e) 3ℎ2 + 7ℎ𝑘 + 2𝑘 2 f) 5 − 7𝑎 − 6𝑎2
g) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 h) 2𝑔2 − 7𝑔 + 3
i) 2𝑢2 𝑣 2 + 𝑢𝑣 − 6 j) 3𝑚2 + 5𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛2

Evaluating Expressions by Factorisation.


1(a) Factorise 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 (1)
b) Hence use factors to evaluate 192 − 112 (2)
SOLUTION
a) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 b) 192 − 112 = (19 − 11)(19 + 11)
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 8(30)
= 240
2. Evaluate
a) 562 − 442 b) 1062 − 942 c) 63 × 47 − 43 × 47
d) 243 × 4 + 243 × 6 e) 121 × 67 + 79 × 67 f) 67 × 23 − 67 × 13
3 3
g) 4 × 133 − 4 × 97

𝑵𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 … … … … … … (𝑲. 𝑴𝒂𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒊/𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟗𝟓𝟖)


4. Factorise the following expression 𝜋𝑅2 ℎ − 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ. Hence find the
22
expression when 𝜋 = 7 , 𝑟 = 10, 𝑅 = 17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 1

Factorisation Worksheet
1. Factorise Completely
a) i. 12𝑚 − 2𝑛2 + 6𝑚𝑛 − 4𝑛 (2)
ii) 2𝑎2 − 5𝑎 + 3 (2)
b)i. 2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 (2)
ii) 8𝑥 2 − 18 (2)
c)i.3𝑑𝑓 − 𝑑 2 − 3𝑒𝑓 + 𝑑𝑒 (2)
ii) 3𝑚3 − 27𝑚 (2)
d)i. 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 (1)
ii) 𝑘𝑚 − 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑙𝑚 + 𝑙𝑛 (2)
e)i. 5ℎ2 − 45𝑘 2 (2)
f)i. 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 (1)
ii) 𝑎2 − 3𝑎 + 3𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 (2)
g)i. 𝑞 2 − 3𝑞 − 10 (2)
ii) (5 − 𝑝)2 + 9(5 − 𝑝) (3)
h)i. 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 (2)
ii) 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑 (2)
i) 6𝑎𝑥 − 10𝑎𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 (2)
j)i. 3𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏 + 6 (2)
ii) 3𝑥 2 − 147 (2)
k)i. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 (1)
ii) 𝑥 2 − 16 (1)
l)a. 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑧 (2)
b. 2𝑝2 𝑞 + 𝑝𝑞 2 (1)
m)i. 𝑎𝑏2 − 𝑏𝑐 (1)
ii) 6𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 − 9 (3)
n) 3𝑝2 + 7𝑝 − 6 (2)

𝑵𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 … … … … … … (𝑲. 𝑴𝒂𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒊/𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟗𝟓𝟖)


o)i. 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑏 (2)
ii) 3 − 12𝑦 2 (2)
p) 6𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 12 (2)
q)i. 𝑐𝑔 − 𝑑𝑔 − 𝑐ℎ + 𝑑ℎ (2)
ii) 5𝑑 2 − 𝑑 − 4 (2)

𝑵𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 … … … … … … (𝑲. 𝑴𝒂𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒊/𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟗𝟓𝟖)

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