3 Before Reading

Weather and Climate

Making Connection
a sunny day
Learnlng
Oulcomes:
Atthe end of this
lesson, learners willbe
able to:
list the elements
that affect the
weather of a place
differentiate
a wincy day between weather
a cloudy day and climate.
identify different
instruments used to
measure weather,
describe the
concepts of
isotherms and
isohyets with the
help of diagrans.
Weather and climate are major determinants of how we lead our lives. The
dress we wear, the food we eat, and even the kind of shelter we have depend 21s Information literaty
on theweather and climate of the place we live in. CENTURY critical thinking
SKILLS
What exactly do weather and climate mean? How are they different?
What are the major elements of weather and climate?

During Reading Visual Mapping

Weather and Climate

Elements of weather Instruments measuring Weather forecast

elements of weather
Six's maximum and meteorological
Temperature minimum thermometer departments
Atmospheric pressure Mercury Barometer
artificial satellites
Wind Aneroid Barometer
weather
Wind vane
Humidity instruments
Anemometer
Precipitation
Hygrometer
Cloud cover Rainfall
Rain gauge
Sunshine
28 Geography
 21 information literacy
Warm Wp CENTURY
SKILL
"media literacy
" critical thinking
This is a picture of Kalbaisakhi, a local thunderstorrn that
blows in West Bengal. The word means 'calarnity in the
month of Baisakh.

Find out the names of three similar local thunderstorms

in india. Wite their names in the blanks provided:
2.
1.
3.

WEATHER AND CLIMATE period of time. Daily weather conditions

Not all days of a year feel the sarme. Some such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, cloud
days are hot, some days make us feel cold, cover and sunshine of a place are analysed
over a period of 30 to 35
years to determine
some days are cloudy, while some days are the
humidand make us sweat a lot. Sometimes, climate of the place. Accordingly, we can
say the Sahara Desert has a hot desert type
days are marked by bright sunshine, while of climate,while Sri
Some days may be wet and windy. Daily
Lanka has an equatorial
change in the state of the atmosphere of a Weather Climate
place is known as weather. Weather refers to Climate is the
the conditions of average condition
Weather is defined as the atmospheric the atmosphere of a of the atmosphere
condition of a certain place at a particular particular place over a calculated over a
point of time. All weather changes take place short period of time. long period of 35
in the lowest layer of the atmosphere-the years or more.
troposphere. It is highly dynamic. It is more stable and
It may change very permanent in nature.
There may be different weather conditions
quickly.
even during the course of a day. A sunny Weather is determined Climatic data are
morning may be followed by rainy Over a small area. calculated for a large
afternoon. Again, two regions within the area such as a state
same city may experience different weather or a country.
conditions. For example, Colaba in south Weather influences Climate helps to
Mumbai may experience heavy showers, the daily activities of determine and

while Juhu, situated slightly in the north, the people over alocal understand broader
area. themes such as
may enjoy a sunny day at the same time. climatic belts,
Weather changes over a short period of time. natural vegetation
Climate, on the other hand, refers to the regions and cropping
sum total of the average weather conditions patterns of a country
or continent or the
that prevail at a particular place over a long world as a whole.

Weather and Climte 29 3

 ritical thinking
problemsolving
information literacy
communlcation
Know Your Geography south, east
Observe the weather condition in your city forthreetconsecutve days. Choosethe north,
and west of the city to record changes in
weather elements.
Name of the City
East (°C)
North(C)

Cloud Humidity Ralnfall/

CloudHumidity Rainfal/
cOver COvèr
Snowfall
Snowfal
Monday Monday
Tuesday Tuesday
Wednesday Wednesday

South (°c)
West (°C)
O%
0%
Cloud Humidity Rainfal/
Cloud Humidity Rainfall/
COver Snowfall
cOver Snowfall
Monday Monday
Tuesday Tuesday
Wednesday Wednesday
humidity: hirh/low/moderate, rainfall: heavy/low/drizzle; snowtall: heavy/ low
*ng to record your observations: cloud cover cloudy/nativ cloude/cear sky.

climate. Several other types of climate are precipitation were taken. Now, satellite
prevalent throughout the world, each having imges provide relevant information on
its own unique characteristics. the climate of a region more quickly and
Thus, we see that while weather nay behave accurately.
in an erratic manner, climate is far steadier
ELEMENTS OF WEATHER
and also covers a larger area. Earlier, to
determine the climate of a place, observation Weather has several components or elements
and recordings of different elements of that are essential for determining the climate
weather such as temperature, pressure and of a region or a place.

KY woRD
satellite inages: pictures of Earth taken from space

! 30 Geograplhy
 TP WHO PO CS.DADWO
Temperature western Ganga Plain and causes severe
Temperature is termed as the degree of heatwave as it drastically increases the
tenperature.
hotness or coldness of air. Ternperature
may vary from place to place due to several Vegetation cover: Forested areas provide
shade and redue the temperature.
factors:
PAD yO
Difference in the latitudinal position: Atmospheric Pressure
Lower latitudes closer to the Equator Atmospheric pressure can be defined as the
are generally warmer than the higher pressure of the colurnn of air at one point on
latitudes closer tothe Poles. This explains the Earth's surface.
why we wear warm woollens in London
and light cottons in Singapore.
Atrmospheric pressure depends on factors
such as altitude, termperature, moisture
Altitude: The higher the altitude, the content and rotation of the Earth.
lower the temperature. This explains why
hill stations are cooler than plains. As we reach higher altitudes, pressure
drops as the air becomes thinner or less
Distance from the sea:Places close to the dense.
sea enjoy equable ternperature, while those
away from the sea experience extremes Pressure is closely related to the
of temperature. This explains why cities ternperature of a place. If temperature
such as Mumbai, Chennai, and Goa rises, the air expands and rises up. The
experience a moderate or milder climate molecules of air thus become less dense
and exert less pressure. Regions with
unlike Delhi, Jaipur and Chandigarh.
lower temperature have denser air, thereby
Ocean currents: Warmn ocean currents
causing it to sink to create high-pressure
increase the temperature of coastal Zones.
areas, while cold currents decrease the
Wet air exerts less pressure than dry air.
temperature. For example, the north
The rotation of the Earth deflects winds
eastern coast of Canada remains frozen
and either causes them to pile up to
during the long winter due to the cold
Labrador Current. The Norwegian Coast form high-pressure (subtropical
Zones

on the same latitude, in contrast, remains high pressure zone) or scatters them to
ice-free during winter due to the warm form low-pressure zones (subpolar low
North Atlantic Drift. pressure zone).
Low pressure is usually associated with
Wind: Winds blowing from colder
regions lower the temperature, while unsettled, and sometimes, stormy weather as
it causes inflow of winds from surrounding
those from the warmer regions raise the
temperature. The loo, for example, is a high-pressure areas. On the other hand,
hot, dry, summer afternoon wind from the
calm and fair weather is expected in high
deserts of Rajasthan that blows over the pressure zones as the cooler air sinks and
gets compressed.
Weather and Climate 31 2
 ortherneniser

Wind bquator (low Pressure)

directlon of the
Earth's rotatlon

Moving air is called wind. Wind is gudet

by the distribution ot atmospherie pressure.
High Pre
Wind always tends to blow tiom aregion
of high pressure to that of low pressure. It Southera
theoreticalairflow
because of
dellection
flow
ctualair
tends to detlect to the right of its path in
paths due to
the northern henisphere and to the left of deflectedfrom their the
Windsare Coriolisforce.
its path in the southern hemisphere. This Fig. 3.1:
deflection of the wind is controlled by the
2is information literacy
Coriolis force, which develops due to the Curiosity CENTUR
SKILLS
"criticalthinking
rotation of the Earth. Wind velocity depends Corner
on the dfference between the regions of wind that enters India in the
moist
high and low pressure. High-speed winds Name the
June-July due tothe Coriolis force.
monthsof deflected winds to
blow when there is too much difference in Coriolis effect had
pressure. When the difference in pressure is If the would have been its impact on
what
the left,
less, the speed of the wind is less too. India'sclimate?
Winds modify the weather of a place
considerably. Warm winds make places Humidity
warmer, while cold winds decrease the amount of moisture content
Humidityis the
temperature of a place. Moist winds, such moisture in the air develops
This
as those from over the sea or ocean, bring in the air.
evaporation of water from seas,
rainfall to a place. due to the

Knowledge Box
Absolute and Relative Humidity actual
two wavs-- absolute and relative. Absolute humidity is the actual
yCan be measured in humidity is the ratio of the
amount of water vapour present in a unit volume of air. Relative temperaturetothe maximum
amount of water vapour present in a given volume of air at agiven
volume can hold at that temperature. lt Is expressed
dliount of water vapour that the same given
in percentage.
vapour at a given temperature when its
EXdmple: If a given volume of air is holding 25 g of water
actual capacity is 50 g, then the relative humidity will be:
25 x 100 = 50%
50
per
This means that the amount of water vapour the air is holding at that temperature is only 50
cent of its actual capacity. When the relative humidity of a given volume of air reaches 100 per
cent, the air becomes saturated. Beyond that, precipitation may take place. High relative humidity
means that the air is moist, whereas low relative humidity means the air is dry.
K Y WORD
coriolis force: aforce developed due to the rotation of the Earth, which deflects the wind
32 Geography
 rivers and lakes. The rate of evaporation is At higher altitudes, when the condensation
rapid when the temperature and wind speed occurs helow the freezing point, water
are both highand when the sky is clear with vapour condenses into solid particles causing
less cloud cover. snowfall. When the noist air ascends
rapidly to the colder, higher layers of the
Warnair holds more noisture than cold
atmosphere, water droplets freeze into ice
air. So, humidity is higher in the lower pellets and fall down as hailstones. Sleet
latitudes, where the air is warmer than in is amixture of rain and snow. Precipitation
the higher latitudes. helps to lower the ternperature of a place.
Humidity is also higher in coastal areas
than in the continental interior location. Dew
Moreover, higher hurmidity is experienced Dew refers to small drops of water that
during summer as warm air expands and form on the ground during the night due
can hold more moisture. to the condensation of water vapour from
the air on the surfaces of objects exposed to
Precipitation the sky, such as grass and plants. It forms
Precipitation includes rain, sleet, hail and on clear nights when the air is calm and the
snow. It occurs due to the condensation of temperature is low but not lower than 0°C.
water vapour into tiny particles of water.
These droplets eventually coalesce to form 21s
larger particles, which join to form clouds. IAma CENTURY
SKILLS
" informatíon literacy
"technology literacy
When clouds become too heavy, they cannot Geographer! environmental awareness
Have you heard of acid rain? Acid rain refers
remain suspended in the air and thus come
to any form of precipitation with acidic
down as rain. Rain isthe most common form components, such as sulphuric or nitric acid.
of precipitation. It can also occur in the form of snow, fog or
even dust.
On the basis of mechanism, there are three
types of rainfall: the convectional rainfall; the Find out the impact of acid rain on our
environment. Why does it occur in specific
orographic rainfall and thecyclonic rainfall. areas? Why is it harmful? Research on the
In convectional rainfall, heated air on Internet with the help of your teacher or
parents.
rising, expands and cools, causing cross-curricular connect: Science
condensation, which results in rain.
Cloud Cover
Orographic rainfall is caused when a When the warm air rises, it expands which
physical barrier such as a mountain, forces
causes it to cool. Cold air can hold less
moisture bearing winds to cause rain. moisture than warm air, and hence the air
In cyclonic rainfall, warm and cold air soon becomes saturated. VWhen the dew
meet to cause rainfall.
point has been reached, further cooling leads
KEY D
dew polnt: temperature at which the air gets saturated
Weather and Climate 33 L
 to the
small condensation
of water and named on be
Clouds nay be classificd
particles of dust. vaur arvnt
whh torm the basis of their shape, size,
colour and height
condensation
of water
nuclei. These minute articles Ditterent types of
clouds eflectively indicate
Given in the table
vapvur evmtually forn clouds. various types of weather.
Clouds reduce the anunt of beloware the four main types
of clouds.
during the dav atd also trap insolation
radiation at night, thus preventingterrestrial Sunshine
of
temperature. Absene of cloudetremes Sunsbine is aftected by the latitudinal position
makes days very hot and nights verycover cold of a particular region. Sunshine increases
in hot deserts. rays of
of rain.
Dark clouds are an indication the temperature of aplace. Direct
Cloudless sky indicates fair weather through the
the Sun travel shorter distance
conditions. In recent times, satellite sensors atmosphere and hence heat up a region more
are used for measuring than the slanting rays, which are longer.
cloud cover.

Cirrus clouds are the most common form of high-level

Cirrus Clouds cdouds. They are thin and often wispy. They are commonly
known as 'mare's tails' as they are shaped like the tail of a
horse. Cirrus clouds are generally seen during fair weather.

Cumulus clouds are low-level clouds. They are one of

the most common and distinctive types of clouds. They
Cumulus Clouds are fiuffy and often look like the head of a cauliflower.
Generally, cumulus clouds occur in fair weather conditions.
However, they may bring precipitation when they grow
into big grey clouds.

Stratus clouds are low-level clouds characterised by

Stratus Clouds horizontal layering and with a fairly uniform grey or white
colour. When thick enough, stratus clouds produce drizzle
or small amount of snowfall.

Nimbus clouds are dark rain clouds. Clouds often display

features of two or more cloud types, thus, forming various
Nimbus Clouds subtypes. Nimbus clouds often combine with cumulus
toform cumulonimbus clouds. Cumulonimbus is the
thunderhead' that brings storm, hailand tornadoes, and
also other forms of precipitation.

Y WORD
solation: incoming solar radiation that reaches the surface of the Earth during the day
Geography
 departments rf a antry on the basis of the
data collected using varius instrurnents
IGHLAIIuD and more iiportantly from iIages sent by
SUN'S RAYS
artificial satellites set up ty humans in the
orbit around the Earth.

EARTH A SUN'S RAYS Weather forecast try the meteorological

stations is very irnportant as it guides ocean
navigation, fishing activity in the open sea,
cropping pattern and aviation schedules.
A-Travels ashorter distance through the atmosphere
Conditions of weather such as wind
heat is concentrated on a small area direction, velocity and cloud cover guide
B-Travels a longer distance through the atmosphere air traffic.
heat is spread over a larger area
Fig. 3.2 : Distance of a place from the Equator affects the
Temperature, hurnidity and precipitation
climate of the place. control the cropping patter n and season
of a place. Thus, a weather report helps
The slanted rays of the Sun travel a longer the farmers prepare for any changes in
distance through the atmosphere. The heat weather conditions.
is spread over a larger area, thus making Military operations, geographical
these places less hot. That is why equatorial
expeditions and important sports events,
regions, which are in the lower latitudes are all take into consideration weather
warmer than the temperate regions, which
are in the higher latitudes. The polar regions
forecasts and recordings.
It also helps to reduce damages likely to
that receive highly inclined rays are the
be caused by natural climatic disasters
coldest.
such as hurricanes and cyclones. Climate
Knowledge Box scientists play an important role in
Sometimes, we see a hazy colourful ring around alerting people about extreme weather
the Sun. This ring appears due to the presence conditions.
of a thin layer of cloud and the sunlight's
refraction through the water droplets, which WEATHER INSTRUMENTS
create a hazy rainbow like colour.
We have seen how a basic knowledge of the
weather is essential and useful to all of us.
WEATHER FORECAST AND ITS Tocollect data for preparing weather maps,
IMPORTANCE charts and weather forecasts, the elements
such as temperature, humidity, precipitation,
Weatherforecast is the prediction of weather wind direction, velocity and cloud cover
conditions issued by the meteorological
are observed and measured with the help of
K Y ORD
refraction (here): the change in direction of light passed from one medium to another caused by its change in speed
meteorological: connected with the Earth's atmosphere and its changes, especially the way they affect the weather
Weather and Climate 35 L
 precp1tat
and
of directheat boxonstilts, raised about
weather instruments. The scientific study of screenisa
wooden has
grond.It its sides and
weather conditions is called abovethe prevent direct
meteorology
feet
Scientists who collect these data using various 4doorsloueredto topass(see Fig sunli3.g3lh),t
instruments to reord and prepare weather whileallowingtheair measured in two
reports are known as meteorologists. Temperatureis
types
Let us now learn how difterent elements of scales-Fahrenheit and Celsius. The
boiling point of water
weather are measured. of andthe
freezingpoint scale is 39°F and 212°F,
Fahrenheit CelsiuS Scale it
Thermometer in the
whileinthe is
respectively; respectively.
Temperature reports tell us the maximum 0°Cand|100°C
and minimum temperatures of a place that temperature is the
of
have been recorded the previous day. Six's Diurnal range
between thhe
maximum
and
difference recorded
maximum and minimum thermometer
is a U-shaped thermometer flled with minimum
temperatures
we add the maximum and
during
mercury and alcohol, which is calibrated to When and
a day.
minimum
of a day
temperatures divide
measure temperature in both Centigrade and get the mean diurnal
by two, we
Fahrenheit scales. the answer day.
temperatureofthat
The maximum and minimum temperatures i
annual range of temperature
that we see in daily newspapers or on TV The subtracting the lowest from
are shade temperatures. These are recorded calculated by Maritime
by placing the thermometers in a standard highest temperature of a year.
the show low range while
meteorological shelter for instruments climatic regions show a high range
climaticregions
known as Stevenson's screen. This helps extreme
to get the correct data without the influence of temperature.

B. End View
A. The Steveson's screen, mounted on a metal stand Double roof with air -Air space
space between them
620 mm

Double louvered side

Maximum
Minimum
420
Dry bulb mm

Wet bulb

254 mm 275 mm

Fig. 3.3: Stevenson's screen

36 Geography
 Min
Recording temperature on a Six's
maximum and minimum thermometer

The maximurn ternperature of aday is

recorded in a Six's rnaxirmum and minimum
thermometer between 1 pm and 3 prm. 10 1

When there is a rise in temperature, 20

the mercury in the Sixs maxirnum

70

thermometer (tube Rin Fig. 3.4) expands

in the glass tube, which pushes the metal 70 50
46

index or indicator placed above it, in an

20 Mercury 100
upward direction. This records the highest 10 10 110
20
temperature. The index remains fixed 130 10
120
130

on its springs even when the mercury

level drops with the decrease in the Clamp
R

temperature. Fig. 3.4: Six's maximum and minimum thermometer

The drop in the mercury level in tube R

causes the mercury level inthe minimum Knowledge Box
The Centigrade scale of temperature was
thermometer to rise. As a result, the introduced by the Swedish astronomer
metal index in the tube Q (refer to Fig. Anders Celsius, hence it is called the Celsius
3.4) moves upwards. Please note that in Scale. The Fahrenheit scale was introduced
by the Dutch-German scientist Gabriel
the minimum thermometer, the markings
Fahrenheit.
or graduations decrease from the bottom
Thermograph is a self-recording instrument
to the higher level, while in the maximum that maintains a continuous record of
thermometer, the temperature increases. atmospheric temperature on a graph paper.
The index now records the minimum
temperature of the day. The minimum Rain Gauge
thermometer records the minimum Rainfall is the most common form of
temperature reached during the day precipitation. Rain gauge measures the
between 4 am and 6 anm. amount of rainfall received in an area. It
After the two readings in each
consists of a metallic cylinder or jar with a
vessel placed inside (see Fig. 3.5 on the next
thermometer are noted down, the
page). A funnel is set on top of this jar that
instrument is set for the next day by fits it accurately. Rainwater is collected in the
moving the metal indices with a magnet vessel through the funnel. This water is then
to touch the mercury surfaces in tubes Q
poured in a measuring jar that is graduated
and R. in millimetres and centimetres. The reading
is taken at an interval of g4 hours.

Weather and Climate 37

 measure ..
The rain gauge is plavi in an Barometer is a devie to
a place. As the
away from trees and buildngr 1This is also atmospheric pressure ofchanges
done to ensure that pressure with the
atmospheric
not cause
splashes of mater do distance above or below tlhe sea level, th.
the rain gRUgr to wllet extra altitude. There
Water. The apparatus is plat below the device is also used to measure
barometersmercury
ground so that only so cm of it remainms are different types of
and aneroid.
above the ground. This prevents splashing
constitutes
and evaporation ot water ollexted in the jar. The mercury barometer
Snow, hail and sleet are also measured with glass tube, more than 76 cm
mercury-filled
the help of arain gauge. but these are melted ong sealed at one end and inverted in a
exposed
before the measurement is taken.
bowl of mercury, whose surface is
moves up
to the air. The mercury in the tube
and down until the pressure ofatmosphere is
Metallic
cylinder
balanced by the pressure at the point where
the tube intersects the surface of the mercury
in the
Funnel
B in the container, and creates a vacuum
top. This gives the atmospheric pressure,
which can be read on the scale calibrated
the
Cm
on the glass tube. With an increase in
9
atmospheric pressure, the mercury in the
Graduated tt7 barometer rises; and on the other hand, with
Glass
jar 6
5
cylinder adecrease in the atmospheric pressure, the
level of the mercury drops.
3
2
Aneroid barometer is an easily portable
C instrument used for measuring air pressure.
It resembles a small pocket watch, and it
does not contain any liquid. It is used by
Fig. 3.5: arain gauge explorers and travellers.

Barometer 990 1000

980 td 010
The air in the atmosphere has weight and EROID
28
1020
thus it exerts pressure on the Earth's surface. ROME?
Atmospheric pressure is calculated in
millibars. At sea level, it is approximately
1013 millibars. The atmospheric pressure
is the highest at the lowest altitude of the
Earth. As we rise above the Earth's surface,
the pressure decreases. an aneroid barometer

Geography
 A fized marker, sheywing the cardinal
Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer
direction5, narnely, iorth, south, east
Ilumidity Dry bslh Wut bath and west, which helps to determine the
measured by direc tiorn of wind.
wet and dry bulhb
Winds are narned after the direction from
thermometer or a
hygrometer. One which they blow For exarr1ple, winds
blowing from the west are called westerly
of the bulbs is kept winds.
wet in distilled
water, and the The speed of the wind is measured by an
other bulb is kept anemometer. It has four semicircular cups
dry. The rate of that are fixed to arotating shaft with the
cooling of the wet help of thin rods. The movernent of wind
bulb thermometer causes the cups to spin. The inward curve of
is proportional the cups receives the maximum force of the
to the rate of wind. A meter attached at the base records
evaporation of Fig. 3.6: a wet and dry bulb
thermometer
the number of spins and measures the speed
water, which in
of the wind in kilometres per hour.
turn depends on the relative humidity of
the air. When the air is dry, evaporation is
rapid and the wet bulb thermometer shows a
lower reading. The difference in temperature
between the two thermometers indicates
humidity on a scale already provided. When
the humidity is high, fog or clouds can form. A
N
low relative humidity is indicated when there
is a large difference between the readings of
the two thermometers. Conversely, a small a wind vane
difference means high relative humidity.
Wind Vane and Anemometer

Wind vane is a simple instrument used to

determine the direction of wind. It should be
placed in open areas where the wind is not
blocked by buildings or trees. A wind vane
consists of two parts:
A pointer mounted on a pole that moves
freely and points to the direction from
which the wind is blowing. an anemometer

Weather and Climate 39 L

 us to predictth.
ISOTHERM AND ISOHYETS weather of
global scale. Isotherns help
the nextfewdays.
Isotherm and isohyets rpsent temeratur The
and raintallpatterns on a man rainfall data collected by the
plotted as
eqrtivey. meteorological stations are
Isotherms are line jvining places having isohyets on a map to understand the
equal temperature The wond pattern. Isohyets are imaginary
isotherm distribution
is derived thom io' theaning same' and lines joining places with the same amount
"therm' meaning heat. lsothermal maps of rainfall over a unit of time. These ara
show the distribution of Rainfal)
temperature over drawn at uniform intervals on maps.
an area. lsotherms are made by taking is also depicted on maps to show seasonal
the temperatures reorded at various distribution and variationacross regions,
meteorological stations on a regional or
INDIA
RAINFALL JANUARY)
INDIA
MEAN TEMPERATURE
(ANUARY

N
D A

BAY
BAY
ARABIN OF ARABIAN OF
SEA BENG AL
BENG AL SEA

REFEREN
REFERENCE FFEK

LAKSHADE Isochemma Cin C

LAKSMADWeEr
lsobyets (in cm)

INDIAN OCEA N INDIA N 0CEA N

Map notte cale

Fig. 3.7: an isothermal map of India for the month of Januarv Fig. 3.8: an isohyetal map of India for the month or January

Exercises
1. Choose the correct answer from the given options.
a. The unit of measuring rainfall is
i. Celsius. ii. centimetres. ii. metres. iv. bar.

b. Isohyets are lines joining places

i. getting same amount of rainfal. i. having equal pressure.
ii. with equal temperature. iv. experiencing equal wind speeds.
C. Which of the following statements are correct about the pressure condition?
A. High pressure areas are associated with calm weather conditions.
B. Pressure is measured by anemometer.

40 Geography
 C Low pressure areas are ass0ciated with unsettled and stor rry weather conditions.
D. Pressure increases with altitude of a place.
Which of the following options is correct?
Aand Bare correct. B and are correct.
iv. B and Dare correct.
iii. Aand C are correct.
d. Which of the following are correctly matched?
flerments of Climate fetute
A. Ternperature 1. It decreases with a decrese in altitude.
B. Humidity 2. It increases in sunmer and not in winter.
C. Precipitation 3. It is more on the leeward side of the mountains.
D. Wind 4. It is offshore during summers.
Which option is correct?
i. A. and 1. are correct i. B. and 2. are correct
iii. C. and 3. are correct iv. D. and 4. are correct.
e. Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the
statement and choose the appropriate option:
Assertion (A): Weather forecast is the prediction of weather conditions.
Reason (R): Weather forecasts help in ocean navigation and fishing.
i. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation for (A).
ii. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
ii. (R) is true but (A) is false. iv. (A)is true but (R) is false.
2. Answer the following in one or two words.
a. The instrument that measures wind speed.
b. The instrument that measures humidity in the air.
C. The scientific study of weather conditions.
d. The wooden shelter in which thermometers are kept in a weather station.
e. The difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in a day.
3. Give reasons to explain each of the following.
Deserts have very hot days and equally cold nights.
b. Winter in Delhi is severe while in Chennai it cannot be felt.
C. Atmospheric pressure influences movement of wind.
d. Winds deflect from their original path in both hemispheres.
4. Answer the following questions.
Explain howthe following affect the temperature of the place:
i. Latitudinal position ii. Altitude
iii. Distance from the sea iv. Ocean current V. Wind
b. Name the factors that influence atmospheric pressure. Explain in brief.
C. State the conditions when the humidity is higher in the air.
d Howdoes rainfall occur?
e. How are clouds formed? Name the four main types of clouds and explain their
in brief.
characteristics
f. What is weather forecast? What is its significance?

Weather and Climate 41