I.

Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)

1 The Centre of the sphere of the reflecting surface of a spherical
mirror is:
* Answer: (c) centre of curvature
2 An electric fuse works on this effect:
* Answer: (b) heating effect
II. Answer the following questions (1 mark each)
3 What is a short circuit?
* Answer: A short circuit is a low-resistance path that bypasses
the intended circuit, often leading to a surge of current.
4.Write the symbolic representation of a combination of cells.
* Answer: A combination of cells (a battery) is represented by a
series of long and short parallel lines, where the longer line
indicates the positive terminal and the shorter line indicates the
negative terminal. At least two such pairs are needed to
represent a battery.
III. Answer the following questions (2 marks each)
5.Write the function of the following parts of the human eye:
 * (a) Crystalline lens: Focuses light rays onto the retina to create
sharp images. It can adjust its shape to focus on objects at
different distances (accommodation).
* (b) Optic nerve: Transmits electrical signals from the retina to
the brain, where they are interpreted as images.
OR
What is dispersion of light? Name the colours obtained due to
this phenomenon.
* Answer: Dispersion of light is the splitting of white light into its
constituent colors when it passes through a prism or other
refractive medium. The colors obtained are: Violet, Indigo, Blue,
Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red (VIBGYOR).
6.How does the resistance of a conductor depend on the length
and area of cross-section of a conductor?
* Answer: Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the
conductor (i.e., longer conductor, more resistance) and inversely
proportional to the cross-sectional area (i.e., thicker conductor,
less resistance).
7.Observe the given figure, name and state the rule related to
this.
* Answer: The figure depicts a current-carrying wire placed
perpendicular to a magnetic field. The rule relating the direction of
current, magnetic field, and force on the conductor is Fleming's
Left-Hand Rule.
IV. Answer the following questions (3 marks each)
8.An aged person visits a doctor and complains that he is unable
to see nearby and far-off objects clearly. If so, what defect of the
eye is he suffering from? Write the reason and remedial measure.
* Answer: The person is suffering from Presbyopia.
* Reason: Presbyopia occurs due to the weakening of the
ciliary muscles and the decreased flexibility of the lens, making it
difficult to adjust the lens for focusing on objects at different
distances.
* Remedial measure: The defect can be corrected using bifocal
lenses (lenses with both concave and convex portions) or
progressive lenses.
9.Draw a ray diagram when an object is placed between 'C' and
'F' of a concave mirror. Mention the position and size of the image
formed.

* Answer:

* Position: Beyond C (between C and infinity)

* Size: Magnified (Larger than the object)
* Nature: Real and Inverted
* Write the nature of magnetic field lines obtained due to
current in the given conductors:
* (a) Straight Conductor: Concentric circles around the conductor,
with the direction given by the Right-Hand Thumb Rule.
* (b) Circular Loop: Magnetic field lines are circular near the wire
and become more parallel at the center of the loop. The field is
stronger at the center.
* (c) Solenoid: The magnetic field inside a solenoid is nearly
uniform and parallel to the axis of the solenoid, resembling the
magnetic field of a bar magnet. There is a north and south pole
associated with the solenoid.
OR
How does overloading occur in domestic electric circuits? What
precautionary measures can be taken to avoid overloading?
* Answer: Overloading occurs when too many electrical
appliances are connected to a single circuit, drawing more current
than the circuit is designed to handle. This can happen due to:
* Using multiple high-power appliances (like heaters, ovens,
etc.) simultaneously on the same circuit.
* Faulty wiring or appliances causing a surge in current.
* Short circuits, where current bypasses the intended path and
flows directly back to the source.
* Precautionary Measures:
* Distribute appliances across different circuits: Avoid plugging
too many high-power devices into one outlet or circuit.
* Use appropriate fuses and circuit breakers: These act as
safety devices, interrupting the circuit when the current exceeds
the limit, preventing overheating and fires.
* Check wiring regularly: Ensure wiring is in good condition and
can handle the intended load. Replace any damaged or worn-out
wiring.
* Don't use extension cords excessively: Overuse of extension
cords can overload circuits. Instead, consider adding more outlets
if needed.
* Use appliances with appropriate power ratings: Don't use
appliances that exceed the circuit's capacity.
V. Answer the following questions (4 marks each)
11. The resistors of 10 Ω, 20 Ω, and 30 Ω are connected in
parallel with a 12V battery. Calculate:
(a) the total resistance in the circuit, and
(b) the total current flowing in the circuit.
* Solution:
(a) Total Resistance (R):
* In a parallel circuit, the reciprocal of the total resistance is the
sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances:
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/10 Ω + 1/20 Ω + 1/30 Ω
1/R = (6 + 3 + 2) / 60 Ω
1/R = 11/60 Ω
R = 60/11 Ω
 R ≈ 5.45 Ω
(b) Total Current (I):
* Using Ohm's Law (V = IR), where V is the voltage:
I=V/R
I = 12 V / 5.45 Ω
I ≈ 2.20 A
12. Write the laws of reflection. Write the characteristics of the
image formed by a plane mirror.
* Laws of Reflection:
* The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
* The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the
reflecting surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same
plane.
* Characteristics of the Image Formed by a Plane Mirror:
* Virtual: The image is formed behind the mirror and cannot be
projected onto a screen.
* Erect: The image is upright, or oriented in the same direction
as the object.
* Same size as the object: The image is neither magnified nor
diminished.
* Laterally inverted: The image is flipped left to right relative to
the object.
* Located as far behind the mirror as the object is in front: The
distance of the image from the mirror is equal to the distance of
the object from the mirror.
OR
(a) Write the laws of refraction of light.
* Laws of Refraction:
* The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the
interface of two media at the point of incidence all lie in the same
plane.
* The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the
angle of refraction is constant for two given media. This is known
as Snell's Law:
sin i / sin r = n2 / n1
where:
* i is the angle of incidence
* r is the angle of refraction
* n1 is the refractive index of the first medium
* n2 is the refractive index of the second medium
(b) What is refractive index? Among air and water, which medium
has a higher refractive index?
* Refractive Index: The refractive index of a medium is the ratio
of the speed of light in a vacuum (or air approximately) to the
speed of light in that medium. It indicates how much the light is
slowed down when passing through that medium.
* Comparison: Water has a higher refractive index than air. This
means light travels slower in water than in air.
CHEMISTRY
VI. Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)
13. Formation of precipitate can be observed in the following type
of reaction:
* Answer: (d) double displacement reaction
14. The main constituent of natural gas is:
* Answer: (a) methane
15. The number of single bonds and double bonds respectively in
benzene are:
* Answer: (a) 9 and 3
VII. Answer the following questions (1 mark each)
16. When quicklime is added to water, its temperature increases.
Why?
* Answer: The reaction between quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO)
and water (H2O) is a highly exothermic reaction, producing
calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and releasing a large amount of
heat. This is why the temperature increases. The reaction is also
known as a combination or synthesis reaction.
VII. Answer the following questions (1 mark each)
17. How acids are different from bases?
* Answer: Acids taste sour, turn blue litmus red, and have a pH
less than 7. Bases taste bitter, feel slippery, turn red litmus blue,
and have a pH greater than 7.
18. Which among the following figures given can clean the oil
drop? Why?
* Answer: Figure A (with soap micelles) can clean the oil drop.
This is because soap molecules have a hydrophobic (water-
repelling) tail that interacts with the oil and a hydrophilic (water-
attracting) head that interacts with water. This forms micelles,
which lift the oil droplet away from the surface and allow it to be
washed away.
VIII. Answer the following questions (2 marks each)
19. A dentist suggests a person suffering from tooth decay to use
toothpaste which is basic in nature. Justify his suggestion.
* Answer: Tooth decay is caused by acids produced by bacteria
in the mouth. These acids can erode tooth enamel. Basic
toothpaste neutralizes the excess acid in the mouth, preventing
further damage and helping to protect the teeth.
20. What is an addition reaction? Give one example.
* Answer: An addition reaction is a chemical reaction in which
atoms or groups of atoms are added to a molecule, typically an
unsaturated compound (containing double or triple bonds),
resulting in a single product.
* Example: The addition of hydrogen (H2) to ethene (C2H4) to
form ethane (C2H6):
C2H4 + H2 → C2H6
OR
What is a substitution reaction? Give one example.
* Answer: A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which
an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another
atom or group of atoms.
* Example: The reaction of methane (CH4) with chlorine (Cl2) in
the presence of sunlight to form chloromethane (CH3Cl) and
hydrogen chloride (HCl):
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
21. Write the differences between saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
* Answer:
* Saturated Hydrocarbons:
* Contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.
* Are less reactive.
* Examples: Alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, etc.)
* Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
* Contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon
atoms.
* Are more reactive due to the presence of multiple bonds.
* Examples: Alkenes (ethene, propene, etc.) and Alkynes
(ethyne, propyne, etc.)
IX. Answer the following (3 marks each)
22. Balance the following chemical reactions.
a) Fe + H₂O → Fe3O4 + H2
* Balanced: 3Fe + 4H₂O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

b) CH4 + 02 → CO2 + H₂O

* Balanced: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H₂O

c) H₂ + O2 → H2O

* Balanced: 2H₂ + O2 → 2H2O

OR
Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions:
a) Magnesium + oxygen → Magnesium oxide
* Balanced: 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
b) Zinc + sulphuric acid → Zinc sulphate + hydrogen
* Balanced: Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
c) Silver chloride → silver + chlorine
* Balanced: 2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2
23. A student is given lemon juice, lime water, and pure water in
test tubes A, B, and C respectively. How can he find out the
nature of the liquids with the help of red and blue litmus papers?
* Answer:
* Lemon juice (A): Both red and blue litmus will turn red,
indicating an acidic solution.
* Lime water (B): Red litmus will turn blue, and blue litmus will
remain blue, indicating a basic solution.
* Pure water (C): Neither red nor blue litmus will change color,
indicating a neutral solution.
24. Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the apparatus for
the action of steam on a metal and label the following parts:
(a) Metal sample (b) Delivery tube

* Answer:

X. Answer the following (4 marks each)

25. (a) Write the physical differences between metals and non-
metals.
* Answer:
* Metals:
* Lustrous (shiny)
* Malleable (can be hammered into sheets)
* Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
* Good conductors of heat and electricity
* Solid at room temperature (except mercury)
* Generally hard and strong
* Non-metals:
 * Dull (not shiny)
* Brittle (break easily when hammered)
* Not ductile
* Poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite)
* Can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature
* Generally soft
(b) Draw the electron dot structure for the formation of sodium
chloride.
* Answer:

Part C (BIOLOGY)
XI. Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)
26. One of the following is a function of lymph:
* Answer: (d) to transport fats
27. The hormone responsible for male characteristics is:
* Answer: (b) testosterone
28.In the above figure, X and Y respectively are:
* Answer: (a) X future shoot and Y future root
XII. Answer the following questions (1 mark each)
29. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual
reproduction?
* Answer: Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation into
the population, leading to greater adaptability and evolutionary
potential compared to asexual reproduction.
30.Draw the diagram of an open stomatal pore.

* Answer:

31. The flow of energy is unidirectional in an ecosystem. Why?

* Answer: Energy flows from producers (plants) to consumers
(herbivores, carnivores) and eventually to decomposers. At each
step, energy is lost as heat, making it unavailable to flow back to
previous levels. This one-way transfer is why the flow of energy is
unidirectional.
XIII. Answer the following (2 marks each)
32.Explain sex determination in human beings.
* Answer: In humans, sex is determined by the presence of
specific sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes
(XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
During fertilization, if a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes
an egg (which always has an X), the resulting zygote will be
female (XX). If a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an
egg, the zygote will be male (XY).
33.How is the ozone layer formed in our atmosphere?
* Answer: The ozone layer is formed in the stratosphere when
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun interacts with oxygen
molecules (O2). This high-energy UV radiation causes oxygen
molecules to split into individual oxygen atoms (O). These oxygen
atoms then react with other oxygen molecules to form ozone
(O3).
XIV. Answer the following (3 marks each)
34. How does the adrenaline hormone prepare the body to deal
with a "fight-or-flight" situation?
* Answer: Adrenaline, also known as the "fight-or-flight" hormone,
is released in response to stress or danger. It triggers several
physiological changes:
* Increased heart rate and blood pressure: Provides more
oxygen and nutrients to muscles.
* Increased breathing rate: Enhances oxygen intake.
* Dilation of pupils: Improves vision.
* Increased blood flow to muscles: Prepares them for action.
 * Conversion of glycogen to glucose: Provides a quick source of
energy.
These changes prepare the body to either confront the threat
("fight") or escape from it ("flight").
OR
How does auxin hormone help in the elongation of the stem in
plants?
* Answer: Auxin promotes stem elongation by:
* Cell elongation: Auxin increases the plasticity of the cell wall,
allowing cells to expand.
* Apical dominance: Auxin, produced at the shoot tip, inhibits the
growth of lateral buds, promoting vertical growth.
* Phototropism: Auxin plays a role in the bending of stems
towards light by promoting cell elongation on the shaded side.
* Gravitropism: Auxin also influences the growth response to
gravity, contributing to the upward growth of stems and downward
growth of roots.
Specifically, auxin increases the activity of proton pumps in the
cell membrane. This leads to acidification of the cell wall, which
activates enzymes that loosen the cell wall structure, allowing it to
expand under turgor pressure. XIV. Answer the following (3 marks
each)
35. Write the type of reproduction in the following organisms:
* (a) Plasmodium: Multiple fission (a type of asexual
reproduction)
* (b) Hydra: Budding (a type of asexual reproduction)
* (c) Rhizopus (bread mold): Spore formation (a type of asexual
reproduction)
OR
What are the different methods of contraception?
* Answer: Contraception methods aim to prevent pregnancy.
Different methods include:
* Barrier methods: Prevent sperm from reaching the egg (e.g.,
condoms, diaphragms).
* Hormonal methods: Use hormones to prevent ovulation,
fertilization, or implantation (e.g., birth control pills, injections).
* Intrauterine devices (IUDs): Devices inserted into the uterus to
prevent fertilization or implantation.
* Surgical methods: Permanent procedures to prevent sperm
release or egg release (e.g., vasectomy, tubal ligation).
* Natural methods: Based on awareness of fertility cycles, but
less reliable (e.g., calendar rhythm method, withdrawal method).
* Pea plants with white flowers (WW) are crossed with pea plants
with violet flowers (ww). Write the ratio of various offspring
obtained in the F2 generation with the help of a checkerboard.
* Answer:
* F1 Generation: All offspring will have violet flowers (Ww)
because the violet allele (W) is dominant over the white allele (w).
* F2 Generation: (See checkerboard below)
 * Genotypes: WW, Ww, Ww, ww
* Phenotypes: 3 violet flowers, 1 white flower
* Ratio: 3:1 (Violet:White)
| W | W |
---------------------
w | Ww | Ww |
---------------------
w | Ww | ww |

XV. Answer the following (4 marks each)

37. Draw the diagram of the human brain and label the following
parts:
(a) Pons (b) Cerebellum

* Answer:
XVI. Answer the following (5 marks each)
38. Define photosynthesis. List the events that occur during
photosynthesis. Write the balanced chemical equation for
photosynthesis.
* Definition: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants
and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from
carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.
* Events During Photosynthesis:
* Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
* Conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
* Splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
(photolysis).
* Reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose using the chemical
energy produced.
* Balanced Chemical Equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2

Shrishant.V
A.V.R